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Phasing out Plastics Report Phasing out plastics The construction sector Sam Pickard and Samuel Sharp September 2020 Readers are encouraged to reproduce material for their own publications, as long as they are not being sold commercially. ODI requests due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. For online use, we ask readers to link to the original resource on the ODI website. The views presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of ODI or our partners. This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Cover photo: Building bricks. © Iker Urteaga/Unsplash Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Simon Corbey, Katherine Adams, Jannik Giesekam, Craig White, Fiona McGarvey, Dan Sharp, Natalie Brighty, Renilde Becqué, Helen Picot, Dan Plechaty, and Kingsmill Bond for their insights and comments on drafts of this paper. They also gratefully acknowledge guidance and data from Arnulf Grübler. The support and assistance of Natalie Brighty, Elizabeth Tribone, Emma Carter, Jessica Rennoldson, Poilin Breathnach, Deborah Eade and Garth Stewart with its editing and production are gratefully acknowledged. The paper was prepared with support from ClimateWorks Foundation and the 11th Hour Project. The views expressed in this document are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of ODI, ClimateWorks Foundation or the 11th Hour Project. 3 Contents Acknowledgements 3 List of tables and figures 6 Acronyms and abbreviations 7 Executive summary 9 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Background 13 1.2 Context 13 1.3 Methodology 14 1.4 Structure of the report 15 2 Plastics in the construction sector 16 2.1 Sector overview – main types, uses and trends 16 2.2 The lifespan of plastics in construction 17 2.3 End-of-life treatment 18 2.4 Regions and markets 19 3 Uses of plastics in construction 20 3.1 By plastic type 20 3.2 Profiles 21 3.3 Pipes, tubes, gutters and fittings 22 3.4 Flooring 22 3.5 Cables 23 3.6 Insulation 23 3.7 Liners 23 4 Plastics in the construction sector in 2050 24 4.1 Vision 2050 – sustainable living in compact cities 24 4.2 Alternative ways to meet construction demand for plastic materials in 2050 29 4 5 Pathways to 2050 33 5.1 Technical possibilities for change 33 5.2 Directions and trends 34 5.3 High-level political-economy analysis 36 6 Outcomes in 2050 40 6.1 Material forecasts 40 6.2 GHG emissions and sustainability considerations 40 6.3 Waste 41 7 Conclusions 43 References 44 5 List of tables and figures Tables Table 1 Total global consumption of different plastic types by the construction sector in 2015 20 Table 2 Changes in built area under the LED and the IEA’s buildings analysis scenarios 25 Table 3 Plastic uses and alternatives for different pipe requirements 31 Table 4 Indicated timescales for technical advances to achieve the low-plastic-demand scenario 33 Table 5 Estimated change in fossil-fuel plastic demand in 2050 41 Figures Figure 1 Potential to reduce plastics demand in the construction sector in 2050 11 Figure 2 How to cut demand for fossil-fuel plastics by 2050 14 Figure 3 Global construction-sector consumption of polymer resins 16 Figure 4 Indicative lifetimes of plastic-containing products used in the construction industry 17 Figure 5 End-of-life fate of construction-sector plastic waste in Europe in 2018 19 Figure 6 PVC applications in the EU 21 Figure 7 Examples of PVC flooring-market estimates 22 Figure 8 Total floorspace projections under various scenarios 25 Figure 9 Illustration of housing footprints (m2 per capita) for new houses built in different countries 26 Figure 10 Construction activity in the residential and commercial sectors 2020–2050 for longer-lived buildings 27 Figure 11 Material efficiency strategies across the building construction value chain 29 Figure 12 Whole-life cost (net present value) of installing different window frames 30 Figure 13 Service life of window types, as reported in industry literature 30 6 Acronyms and abbreviations ASBP Alliance for Sustainable Building Products BAU business as usual BEIS UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy BIM building information modelling BREEAM building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method CCC Committee on Climate Change CDC US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DCLG UK Department for Communities and Local Government ECB ethylene copolymer bitumen EIT European Institute of Innovation and Technology ERFMI European Resilient Flooring Manufacturers’ Institute ESWA European Single ply Waterproofing Association EU European Union EVA ethylene vinyl acetate GABC Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction GAIA Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives GHG greenhouse gas HDPE high-density polyethylene IEA International Energy Agency IPA UK Infrastructure and Projects Authority LDPE low-density polyethylene LED low energy demand LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design NBS National Building Specification OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PE polyethylene PIR polyisocyanurate PP polypropylene PS polystyrene PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene PUR polyurethane PVC polyvinyl chloride RICS Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors SDG Sustainable Development Goals 7 TEPPFA European Plastic Pipe and Fittings Association UK United Kingdom UKCES UK Commission for Employment and Skills UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlement Programme US United States USCB United States Census Bureau WEF World Economic Forum WGBC World Green Building Council 8 Executive summary Background most top-down and circular-economy analyses, we take a bottom-up approach to assess the Today, almost all plastics are made from fossil-fuel use of six main (‘bulk’) plastics1 in four sectors raw materials (oil, gas and coal) and use fossil-fuel – packaging, construction, automotive, and energy in their manufacture. Globally, they were electrical and electronic appliances. These sectors the source of about 4% of greenhouse gas (GHG) together accounted for around 60% of plastics emissions in 2015 (Zheng and Suh, 2019) – more consumption in 2015, while the six bulk plastics than the whole continent of Africa. By 2050, on accounted for 80% of all plastics production current trends, emissions from plastics will be three (Geyer et al., 2017). times present levels. Simply put, current trends in These sector studies illustrate both the plastic production and use are incompatible with technical and high-level political feasibility of averting catastrophic climate change. phasing out fossil plastics production and use in Analyses and campaigns on the negative these sectors. They do not assess the likelihood aspects of plastics have focused predominantly of it being achieved, nor explore in detail the on plastic waste, ocean pollution and threats to economic, political and behavioural dimensions human health. The climate impacts of plastics of these changes. must be filtered into this discourse to inform solutions to the various challenges posed by Method current plastic consumption. Tackling these challenges separately will not suffice. Better Our analysis uses current trends to forecast materials handling and waste management may business-as-usual (BAU) demand for plastics help with pollution and waste, but will not in the sector in 2050. We then investigate address plastic’s climate footprint. Similarly, the the different uses of each bulk plastic type substitution of plastics derived from fossil fuels in the sector today to provide a basis for with ones from carbon-neutral sources will still reducing future consumption in a low-plastics- cause waste and pollution. To have any chance of consumption scenario. We estimate the technical managing these challenges, we must scale down potential to reduce the use of new plastic the problem. It is imperative from a climate materials compared with BAU in 2050 by and broader environmental perspective that we considering the potential for dematerialisation curtail the consumption of new plastic materials. and reuse (avoiding the need for new plastic demand) and substitution (shifting the Context demand for new plastics to demand for other materials). The implications of this reduction This technical analysis serves part of a broader and the opportunities to manage residual research project investigating the technical plastic production (for example, by using potential for phasing out virgin plastic materials recycled plastics) are covered holistically in the produced from fossil fuels by 2050. Unlike companion synthesis report. 1 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PUR), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 9 Plastics in construction today construction are optional or substitutable. In The construction sector is the second-largest many cases, plastics have been used to replace consumer of plastic resins globally (65 million previous materials, rather than to create entirely tonnes (Mt) in 2015) and its consumption has new products. Plastics use is not primarily based been growing at a rate of 4.3% per year for on consumer demand or taste, but on producer the past two decades (Geyer et al., 2017). Few or supplier choice. applications involve products that are entirely At a general level, plastic-containing made from plastic. Rather, plastics tend to be products tend to be manufactured in domestic used as subcomponents or additives in more and regional markets rather than transported complicated
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