Book Reviews

Encyclopedia of Mission and .

Edited by Jonathan Bonk. New York: Routledge, 2007. Pp. xviii, 473. $190.

It was no mean task to attempt an beyond traditions of national narratives discussed but only in the separate entry encyclopedia on a topic of such vast to a more cross-cultural and comparative on that topic. scope. The series editor recognized this perspective. It is worth noting that the concept challenge by asking for a volume that The editor, Jonathan Bonk, allowed of mission is not treated parochially as would focus only on “central themes” the contributors considerable scope to a Western or Christian phenomenon. and not cover “specific missionaries develop their topics, and the results are There are interesting essays on “reverse or mission organizations” (p. xi). It is generally of very high quality. Nonethe- missions,” from the South to the North, important that readers understand this less, it is not always easy to use this vol- as well as discussion of mission activity limitation, as the volume is misleadingly ume, and it does require some hunting in Buddhism and Islam. While some entitled, being neither encyclopedic nor and imagination to track down some entries take a pro-mission stance or about missionaries per se, even though subtopics. The index is very helpful, but address the concerns of practitioners, many significant figures (e.g., John Mott) the See also notations are not used con- as in the very lengthy entry on models do get extensive coverage. sistently. For example, the entry on war of contextualization (which argues the Although the volume is intended does not cross-reference China or opium, case for missiological anthropology to “provide the nonspecialist with an although the discussion of missionaries and contextualization as necessary for overview” (p. xi) and is therefore of most and the Opium Wars would have been a “effective Christian missions” [p. 95]), the value to students, the specialist reader good supplement to the war entry, which vast majority adhere to accepted standards will also find much that is useful here, focuses mainly on U.S. history, using the of scholarly objectivity. from the essays that deal with emerging Civil War and World War I. With its strong commitment to areas of research such as fiction, film, and In addition, readers will inevitably cross-cultural, comparative study and music to the study of visual culture in find gaps or sections that do not deliver to ecumenism, this volume deserves essays on photography and archaeology. what one might expect. The entry on art, for a wide readership among students of It offers access to research tools in entries instance, covers only Asian Christian art. religious history, comparative religion, on archives, bibliography, biography, Most disappointing to me was the entry and globalization. It will prove a worthy and online resources and hence is a on North America, which is really just a addition to any reference library. convenient starting place for further survey of the church and faith in the face —Margo S. Gewurtz study and research. Above all, however, of its now-dominant nominalism. There is it is the thematic breadth, with entries a passing reference to the denominations Margo S. Gewurtz is Professor of Humanities at York ranging from “Africa” to “War,” and the that sent missionaries abroad but nothing University, Toronto. A Canadian, her scholarship topics that occur across multiple entries is included about domestic missions to focuses on Sino-Western cultural contacts; she (e.g., indigenization) that may prove the Chinese, Jews, and others. Missions has published numerous essays on Canadian most useful to scholars who wish to go to the Native American peoples are missionaries and their Chinese coworkers.

The Primitivist Missiology of can afford to ignore Groves, Anthony Norris Groves: A Radical but Müller’s decision to run his orphanage Influence on Nineteenth-Century on “faith” principles owed more to the Protestant Mission. example of A. H. Francke, as recorded in H. E. F. Guericke’s biography, than to By Robert Bernard Dann. Victoria, B.C.: Groves. Some of Dann’s claims for the Trafford Publishing, 2007. Pp. 302. Paperback influence of Groves lack substance. The C$31.04 / US$26.99 / €21.04 / £13.95. undoubted parallelism between Groves’s principles and those of , for Anthony Norris Groves (1795–1853), a scholarship, founded on wide reading example, does not prove indebtedness, for freelance in Baghdad and in both primary and secondary sources. there is no evidence that Allen had read , is a neglected figure in mission Dann rightly identifies Groves as one of Groves’s Memoir or any of his writings. historiography. Originally an Anglican, the principal forerunners of the “faith A more important issue raised by this he was closely associated with the early mission” tradition, as Groves not only book, however, has less to do with history Christian (or Plymouth) Brethren, notably repudiated the conventional apparatus than with the interpretation of the New through his brother-in-law, George of mission support but also was skeptical Testament. Dann commends Groves as Müller. of the linkage of missions with Western possessing greater firsthand insight into This book by Robert Dann, which is civilization. the problems of cross-cultural mission based on a Ph.D. dissertation submitted to Dann wears his admiration for than Henry Venn or Rufus Anderson, the University of Liverpool, aims to rescue Groves on his sleeve, and this book has yet he is ambivalent about missiologies Groves from his neglect by missiologists. the resulting strengths and weaknesses of constructed on the premise of cultural In many respects it is a work of impressive a panegyric. No interpretation of Müller or differentiation. This ambivalence stems

156 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 32, No. 3 from his endorsement of Groves’s native sexuality, body language, and identity and the use of parody and parallel “primitivism,” that is, his belief that the moderation resulting in spontaneous liturgy in rebellion and martyrdom. In New Testament contains a single blueprint cultural syncretism. Part 3 recounts miracle part 7, local native elites reverse roles and for church and mission practice. Living by healings of children and studies paintings appropriate a procession for sociopolitical faith, Groves believed, was “the method of the Virgin of Guadalupe, demonstrating purposes. intended by the Master when he originally the role of popular native beliefs in The diverse mosaic presented in this entrusted the Great Commission to his launching the cult. Gender is treated in part work gives a provocative picture of cultural disciples” (p. 170). If the New Testament 4 in the writings of native visionary nuns, convergence in Mexican Catholicism. enjoined one missionary method and and part 5 deals with the Inquisition and —Sherron George one ecclesiology, it followed that Groves racism, idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, “did not expect Indian churches to be and toleration of Jewish converts. Part Sherron George, Liaison and Theological Education very different from English churches” 6 explores the musical conquest and the Consultant for South America for Presbyterian (p. 252). Dann cites with evident approval indigenous use of music to construct World Mission of the PC(USA), resides in Brazil. the leader , who claimed that what was needed in the Indian churches was “not Western nor Eastern culture but Biblical culture” (p. 252). Dann’s case is more subversive of missiological orthodoxy than he admits, but it deserves careful evaluation. —Brian Stanley

Brian Stanley, a contributing editor, is Director of the Centre and a Fellow of St. { FULLER online } Edmund’s College, Cambridge. learning without leaving the field

Religion in New Spain.

Edited by Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole. MASTER OF ARTS in Global Leadership “As a result of studying in Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, the MAGL program, I have 2007. Pp. ix, 358. $39.95. • an accredited degree designed identified my gift-mix and for Christian leaders engaged in am using these to contribute In this volume, sixteen professors of Latin towards building the Lord’s American history and related fields offer ministry, wherever they are Kingdom. As a pastor, the recent revisionist scholarship on religious MAGL program is shaping me culture in diverse regions and indigenous • a collaborative approach to into a missional leader and groups in Mexico throughout the colonial a manager of change rather period. The editors, Susan Schroeder and education through learning than being merely Stafford Poole, provide excellent intro- groups of peer leaders from around ductions and a creative organization of the the world a maintenance pastor.” sixteen essays. Schroeder is professor of colonial Latin American history at Tulane • engaging online courses that University in New Orleans, and Poole explore theories, practices, and is a Roman Catholic priest and research historian. The scholars mine a wealth of global contexts of missional resources and listen to indigenous voices leadership JAPHET NDORIYIBIJYA to demonstrate that “native populations Field Coordinator, African Evangelistic in New Spain had great agency in the Enterprise (Rwanda) shaping of colonial religion” (p. 2). They nullify the stereotype that the Spanish conquest annihilated indigenous culture and religions. To the contrary, “religious convergence and continuity were the rule for colonial natives who selectively used the Catholic church and Spanish legal devices to maintain what was theirs” (p. 2). Part 1, “Encounters, Accommodation, and Outright Idolatry,” analyzes the ambivalence of Mixtecas with two hearts Theology • Psychology • Intercultural Studies and one God who converted nominally without abandoning traditional beliefs. www.fuller.edu/magl It also examines the defiance of Zapotecs 1.800.999.9578 who hanged those who reported their native communal rituals. Part 2 shows

July 2008 157 Dictionary of Mission Theology: the integration of theology and mission Evangelical Foundations. that shapes the outlook of this work: “All theology is intrinsically missiological Edited by John Corrie. Downers Grove, Ill.: since it concerns the God of mission and InterVarsity Press, 2007. Pp. xvii, 461. $32. the mission of God. This means that all theological categories are inherently John Corrie, a tutor in mission studies it contains substantial essay articles on missiological and all missionary categories at Trinity College in , England, major issues and themes in mission, with are profoundly theological.” The aim is to has assembled a notable international a focus on theological aspects, arranged “think missiologically about theology” roster of Protestant evangelical authors alphabetically from Accommodation to and at the same time to “think theologically to write the more than 160 articles in this Zion. Each article includes an up-to-date about mission” (p. xv). very welcome handbook of missiology. bibliography. The dictionary features articles on More than the usual reference dictionary, In his introduction Corrie describes central Christian doctrines and helpful essays on relating the Christian message to people of other religions; on theologies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; and on issues that reflect the wholeness of God’s mission to redeem humanity and all of creation, including human rights, HIV/AIDS, and gender. Contributors from the Majority World have written most of the articles. STUDY WITH THE BEST! With an emphasis on contextualization, it is especially instructive to have their perspectives on topics such as ances- Senior Mission Scholars / Fall 2008 tors, culture, development, ethnicity, marketplace theology, power, syncretism, Dr. JuDith E. LingEnfELtEr anD Dr. ShErwooD g. LingEnfELtEr terrorism, and witness, along with other Dr. Judith E. Lingenfelter, former director of the Ph.D. program in intercultural rubrics. education in the School of Intercultural Studies at Biola University, has spent a This reference work is a rich addition lifetime learning and teaching cross-culturally. Her recent to the resources that are needed for more writing includes Teaching Cross-Culturally: An Incarnation- informed and effective participation in al Model for Learning and Teaching God’s mission. (2003), which she co-authored with —Gerald H. Anderson her husband. Gerald H. Anderson, a senior contributing editor and Director Emeritus of the Overseas Ministries Dr. Sherwood G. Lingenfelter is pro- Study Center, formerly taught on the faculty of Union fessor, provost, and senior vice presi- Theological Seminary in the Philippines. dent at Fuller Theological Seminary. He has served as consultant to SIL over the last two decades in Papua New Guinea, Borneo, Philippines, Africa, and Latin America. He also contributes regularly to mission conferences and training seminars. His most recent publica- tion, coauthored with Dr. Paul R. Gupta, is Breaking Tradition to Accomplish Christian Responses to Asian Vision: Training Leaders for a Church Planting Movement (2006). Challenges: A Glocalization View on Christian Higher Education in East Asia. Dr. DianE B. Stinton Dr. Diane B. Stinton is professor of theology and coordinator of the Master of The- Edited by Philip Yuen Sang Leung and Peter ology in African program at Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya. Previ- Tze Ming Ng. Hong Kong: Chinese University ously she taught in the Department of Biblical and Religious of Hong Kong, Chung Chi College, Center for Studies and was assistant chaplain at Daystar.ASwahili the Study of Religion and Chinese Society, speaker, she was a part-time lecturer in African Christian the- 2007. Pp. 553. HK$100. ology at Nairobi Evangelical Graduate School of Theology. ACanadian who was born in Angola, Dr. Stinton is a mem- This volume, edited by two scholars of ber of the International Association for Mission Studies, the the Chinese University of Hong Kong Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians, and the (CUHK), commemorates the fifty-fifth anniversary of Chung Chi College, Ecumenical Symposium of East African Theologians. She is one of the four constituent colleges of author of Jesus of Africa: Voices of Contemporary African CUHK and the only one with a religious Christology (2004) and editor of Aspects of Contemporary (Protestant) background. The editors African Theology (forthcoming). collected twenty-one articles written by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean scholars Overseas Ministries study Center and by two Westerners (Robert D. 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 Woodberry and Mark R. Mullins). Most articles focus on Christian higher www.OMSC.org (203) 624-6672, ext. 315 education in a single nation: China, Japan, or Korea. Two articles, however, compare

158 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 32, No. 3 the situation in China with either that in and Indians in a colonial society that ringers, and cantors for mass. Nicholas Japan or that in Korea, and two articles are favored the Spanish conquerors and Robins argues that the priests’ use and not geographically specific: Woodberry’s worked against the conquered Indians in abuse of these charges and demands for chapter “The Social Impact of Missionary Upper Peru. Despite the Spanish priest’s services created unbearable tensions and Higher Education” (pp. 99–120) and religious significance and important role in conflicts that eventually led to the great Kim Hyun Sook’s chapter “Changing the community, he devised many notorious Indian Rebellion of 1780–82, with its Paradigms in Theological Education: and scandalous ways to extract material tragic human loss. Robin uses extensive Dreams and Visions of Higher Education” gain from the Indian communities (through primary documentation in his significant (pp. 421–40). excessive fees for baptisms, weddings, research. The editors of this volume introduce funerals, saints-day celebrations, and Within the larger context of conflicts the new term “glocalization” to emphasize commercial activities). Other sources of between the royal authorities and the “the interactive relationship between benefit for the priest included domestic church, the Spanish Bourbon Crown began globalization and localization, the interplay services, cooks, muleteers, sacristans, bell to curtail some of the church’s power and and the mutual influences between them. Hence, glocalization not only emphasizes the ‘global,’ but also the ‘local’” (p. 3). This volume on Christian higher education in China, Japan, and Korea is focused on topics such as nationalism and cosmopolitanism, Christian identity and visions, and indigenization processes. The concluding chapter states that “all the Christian institutions in the three countries have contributed to the development of modern civil societies in carrying Prepare for the unexpected. out their missions. . . . The enterprise of Christian higher education is . . . a global undertaking which includes the enterprises of the Chinese, Japanese and Being called is different than being prepared. Korean counterparts as well” (p. 548). The apostle Paul was both. So when he Over 20 percent of the world unexpectedly found himself in chains, he was population lives in China, Japan, and Korea prepared to show love and compassion for his (2007 est.). It is therefore very important to prison guards. And they listened to him. know what is happening in these nations, How about you? Chances are you’re called, and it is time to prioritize studies done by but are you prepared to take the Good News scholars who are in East Asia. This Chung into places where you feel “uncomfortable”? At Bethel Seminary, we are committed Chi College volume gives exceptional to knowing and teaching as much as we can insight into what is really happening in about cultures near and far. Because if you are these countries—a struggle for Christian called to a culture different from your own, it is identity (adaptation and creativity) amid important to understand that culture and love religious and ideological pluralism and its people. “internal secularization.” It is exciting Bethel has two programs specifically to observe the increasing freedom of crafted for cross-cultural ministry. Doctor of Ministry in Global and Contextual Chinese scholars to do vital research in the Leadership through our distance learning history of religions, including the history program, and the M.A. in Global and of Christianity. Contextual Studies, available through either —Jan A. B. Jongeneel our traditional classroom setting or distance learning program. Jan A. B. Jongeneel, a contributing editor, is The unexpected is going to happen. Preparing you to handle it is what we do best. Professor Emeritus of Missiology at Utrecht Learn more by calling 800-255-8706, ext. 6288. University. He is also editor of the series MISSION (Boekencentrum, Netherlands) and the series Studies in the Intercultural History of Christianity (Peter Lang, Germany). Take the Next Step. Change Your World.

Priest-Indian Conflict in Upper Peru: The Generation of Rebellion, 1750–1780.

By Nicholas A. Robins. Syracuse, N.Y.: St.Paul • San Diego •New York Syracuse Univ. Press, 2007. Pp. ix, 315. Philadelphia •Washington D.C. •New England $59.95; paperback $29.95. www.bethel.edu Here is an extraordinary account of the day-to-day interactions between priests

July 2008 159 privileges; one result was the expulsion of exploitative system against the Indian Theology in the Context of World the Jesuits from the colonies in 1767. Robin communities persists. Tragic human loss Christianity: How the Global shows that this empowering of the royal may be avoided by providing justice and Church Is Influencing the Way authorities affected the economic interests retribution where state and society have We Think About and Discuss of the parish priests, “forcing” them to inherited unjust and exploitative relations Theology. devise ways to maintain and increase their and structures. income by further exploiting the Indian —Tito Paredes By Timothy C. Tennent. Grand Rapids: communities. Zondervan, 2007. Pp. xxi, 295. $24.99. The significance of Robin’s work is Tito Paredes is the Director of CEMAA (Evangelical that it can also provide lessons to be learned Center of Andean-Amazonian Mission) in Lima, In Theology in the Context of World in present-day Latin America, particularly Peru, and Professor of Anthropology and Mission Christianity, Timothy Tennent addresses in those countries (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, in the PRODOLA program of the Evangelical two contemporary realities that have been and others) where in some way the University of the Americas, San José, Costa Rica. coming into increasingly clear focus in recent times. First, the center of gravity for Christianity has shifted into the South of the Majority World; second, non-Christian world religions are part of the everyday Reduced price on the seventh context for most Christians. These realities volume (2001–2004) imply that Majority World Christian theology needs to “be heard as part of the normal course of theological study $34.95 in the West” (p. 15) and that theological (1/2 off while supplies last) issues arising from the encounter with non-Christian religions need to be part of And don’t miss the Christian theological reflection. “Theology is our attempt to understand the biblical prepublication price on the revelation within the framework of our eighth volume (2005–2008) particular historical and cultural setting” (p. 251). The genius of Christianity is that it is both culturally and theologically $45.95 translatable, meaning that “kerygmatic (1/3 off until 12/31/2008) essentials of the Christian faith [can] be discovered and restated within an infinite number of new global contexts” (p. 16). rder a Ound Olume Of the Tennent does not abandon systematic O B V theology, despite its acknowledged limitations. The book has a chapter for each of the eight classical doctrines of InternatIonal BulletIn systematic theology (God, revelation, humanity, Christ, salvation, Holy Spirit, of IssIonary esearch church, and last things) to demonstrate M r how to do theology in the way he “Missionary Gold” for every theological library and scholar of mission studies. Sixteen recommends. For example, the chapter issues of the IBMR.Bound in red buckram with vellum finish and embossed in gold on the doctrine of God is entitled “Is the Father of Jesus the God of Muhammad?” lettering. Limited edition. Each volume is numbered and signed by the editors. The doctrine of humanity is framed by guilt and shame. Christology focuses on Christ as healer and ancestor in Africa. The ecclesiology chapter addresses the Speaking About What We much-discussed issue of Muslim believers and their relationship with mosque and Have Seen and Heard: church. The excellent concluding chapter is entitled “The Emerging Contours of Evangelism in Global Global Theology.” Readers will no doubt challenge Perspective different aspects of this wide-ranging work, but it provides an excellent guide Eleven selections from the International Bulletin of for restoring the natural connection Missionary Research between missiology and theology in today’s world. OMSC Publications, 167 pages, $19.95 —Gorden R. Doss

Order from: OVERSEAS MINISTRIES STUDY CENTER Gorden R. Doss is Associate Professor of World 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 Mission at Seventh-day Adventist Theological (203) 624-6672, ext. 309 FAX (203) 865-2857 E-MAIL [email protected] Seminary, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Note: These prices do not include shipping and handling. Michigan. North American by birth, he grew up in Malawi (1954–70) and later served there as For details and other OMSC publications, visit www.OMSC.org/books.htm. a missionary, working in theological education (1976–82 and 1987–97).

160 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 32, No. 3 Christian Education Worldwide: and evangelical/Pentecostal schools. The Mission Possible—the Role of book clearly demonstrates the historic Mission Schools in the Twenty-first interdependence between Christian Century. education and missions. —James E. Plueddemann By Frank Andrews Stone. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford Publishing, 2007. Pp. 243. Paperback James E. Plueddemann is Professor of Missions, C$27.31 / US$23.75 / €18.52 / £12.28. Evangelism, and Intercultural Studies at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois. He For too long the disciplines of missiology helpful if this broader understanding of served for thirteen years in Nigeria as director of and Christian education have been Christian education were more prominent Christian Education for the Evangelical Churches separated by a wall of benign neglect. in the rest of the book. of West Africa and for ten years as the international While missiologists concentrated on A short history of missions makes director of SIM (formerly the Sudan Interior distant cultures, Christian educators the important point that throughout Mission). ignored the global church. Christian the centuries, Christian education has Education Worldwide helps to break down gone hand in hand with mission efforts. this wall of neglect. The aim of the book Stone looks at Christian education using is to investigate how Christian education theologies described by Stephen Bevans functions in worldwide mission. and Roger Schroeder: Type A, saving Christian education is broadly defined souls and extending the church; Type Blood and Fire, Tsar and as educational ministries in the local B, discovery of truth through interfaith Commissar: The Salvation Army in church, in parochial schools, and in church- dialogue; and Type C, liberation and Russia, 1907–1923. related universities, Bible colleges, and transformation (p. 33). seminaries. Stone also quotes a delightful Subsequent chapters give a short By Tom Aitken. Carlisle, Eng.: Paternoster definition by Cassandra Jones: “Christian overview of the history of missions and a Press, 2007. Pp. xxi, 319. £19.99 / $33.99. education is a lifelong discipleship process list of theological schools in Brazil, Chile, that is experienced in family life, worship, Kenya, Uganda, Lebanon, Palestine, Tom Aitken, a New Zealander, is a [and] Bible study” (p. 1). While the primary India, Indonesia, Korea, and Japan. The freelance writer and lecturer in history, emphasis of the book is on the role of formal author also provides a brief snapshot literature, and the arts. This book is the schooling in missions, it would have been of Roman Catholic, mainline Protestant, twenty-seventh in the Paternoster series mission insurance Customized! Since 1980, Adams & Associates International has been providing mission-specific policies to mission groups of all sizes, as well as to individuals. We can provide options and solutions from our extensive portfolio of missionary specific coverages— in many cases even customizing to meet your particular needs. When insurance companies sell you “off the shelf“ policies, you often pay for extra coverage that you don’t need. Or even worse, you may not get the coverage you do need.

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July 2008 161 “Christian History and Thought” and is and religious resistance to its novel Aitken does not cover the return of the the second volume in this series on the militancy. Salvation Army to Russia following the international Salvation Army. Aitken covers the Army’s revivalist collapse of the Soviet regime, but he does Aitken reviews Salvation Army tactics and the resistance to it in Russia pay tribute to Salvationists who remained history beginning with its 1865 birth as (apart from a company of fellow evangel- true to their calling. an East London home mission. Before its icals like Lord Radstock and V. A. Pashkov) Students of Christianity will find this reconnoitering visits to Russia in 1907, the from the Russian Orthodox Church and to be an impressive work in a neglected Army had spread its Christian empire to culture. A master of Russian literature and field of mission history. areas of British imperial influence in North religion, Aitken in his analyses superbly —Norman H. Murdoch America, Central and South America, captures the struggle of the Army to India, Japan, Africa, Australasia, and establish its corps (churches), make con- Norman H. Murdoch, Professor Emeritus of History western and northern Europe. The Army verts, wrestle with the state and church, at the University of Cincinnati, is the author of was part of a mass of missionary activity and provide social services. What the Origins of the Salvation Army (Univ. of Tennessee established to “civilize” the heathen, Army began in 1907 as a campaign against Press, 1994) and Soldiers of the Cross, Pioneers to turn the population toward a robust dreaded anarchy, rampant drunkenness, of Social Change: Susie Swift and David Lamb evangelical Protestant faith. In many and other social evils ended with the (Crest Books, 2006). cases the Salvation Army met political Bolshevik war on religion in 1917–23.

True Confucians, Bold Christians: much at stake politically. The Christian Korean Missionary Experience; Gospel was seen as subversive, but the A Model for the Third Millennium. Christian Confucian scholars were com- mitted to living out the imperatives of the By Antton Egiguren Iraola. New York: Rodopi, Gospel whatever the cost. The story of their 2007. Pp. 328. Paperback $99 / €66. devotion to Christ and the courage with which they accepted the consequences of Antton Egiguren Iraola, a Spanish-born kenotic model as lived out with great radical obedience to what they believed the Franciscan, is associate professor at the courage by Korean Confucian scholars Gospel required is deeply moving. In the Catholic University of Leuven. In this who embraced the heart of the Christian end the movement was cruelly crushed, rich study he issues a compelling call for message while fully engaging “in a resulting in the martyrdom of virtually a return to the kenotic model of Jesus. transforming intercommunication with all the leading figures and hundreds of “One of the strongest personal convictions their own culture and people” (p. 35). ordinary believers. The Protestant mis- that grew from my years in Asia is that Ricci’s seminal writings played a sion arriving at the end of the nineteenth mission is the result of falling in love with critical role in Korea in introducing the century owed much to the seeds sown in the historical Jesus. It is this love that is faith to a scholarly Confucian community blood by these “true Confucians and bold capable of activating a missionary praxis in the eighteenth century. Virtually bereft Christians.” that proceeds from compassion” (p. 79). of officially sanctioned clerical guidance, Given its price, this eminently Drawing on twenty years of mission- the members of this community thought readable and extensively documented ary experience in Thailand and Korea their way through to a thoroughly con- resource may have less of a readership and his fascination with Catholic mission textualized understanding of Christian than it surely merits. in China, the author explores strategies essentials and their implications for social —Paul A. Rader associated with these three fields. They transformation, which boldly challenged include conquest (characteristic of the the status quo. Fresh winds of Confucian Paul A. Rader, D.Miss., is the former international early mission to the Kingdom of Siam), reformist scholarship were then blowing, leader of the Salvation Army. He served for twenty- the accommodation model of Matteo provoking stiff resistance from an two years in Korea and, after retirement, as president Ricci in sixteenth-century China, and the entrenched conservative hierarchy with of Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky.

Christian Remnant—African Folk sectlike people with the felt responsibility Church: Seventh-day Adventism in of proclaiming an end-time message Tanzania, 1903–1980. worldwide. “Folk church” designates a minority that has become a religious By Stefan Höschele. Leiden: Brill, 2007. Pp. majority, but in a certain tension with its xv, 621. €139 / $199. social environment. The initiative for this mission, which The dynamic growth of Christianity way minority Christian denominations arose in the Adventist Church in Germany in sub-Saharan Africa during the past have developed into dominant churches under the leadership of L. R. Conradi, half century constitutes one of the most in some societies. was informed by the German Protestant interesting developments in the history Christian Remnant—African Folk concept of reaching a Volk in its entirety. of religions. This study, which traces the Church highlights two poles in the thought This concept, together with the comity growth of the Seventh-day Adventist and development of Adventism in principle, fostered the development Church in Tanzania, opens a window on Tanzania. The “remnant” motif, stemming of folk churches. There were successes a neglected field in this arena, namely, the from the Millerite movement, indicates a and setbacks, tensions with colonial

162 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 32, No. 3 and local authorities, and struggles “remnant” ecclesiology inspired a strong The Encounter Between regarding traditional culture and religion. sense of mission and corporate identity. Christian and Traditional African Considerable dislocation was caused by Purpose and identity have been maintained Spiritualities in Malawi: The the internment of German missionaries in the folk church by Sabbath worship Search for a Contextual Lomwe during World War I. Also notable during services, Sabbath-school Bible-study Christian Spirituality. this time was the success of Pare Christians lessons, camp meetings, and involvement in supporting the faith of “alien” Christians in evangelistic outreach teams. Observance By Francis G. Masuku. Lewiston, N.Y.: on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria. of the Sabbath, though difficult at times, Edwin Mellen Press, 2007. Pp. 396. $119.95 Changes in missionary methods in has reinforced the sense of corporate / £74.95. response to sociopolitical change are noted. identity. Emphasis on personal communication of This is the most analytic and In this book Francis Masuku, a Lomwe the message and establishment of schools thoroughly researched study of the Roman Catholic priest from southeastern was supplemented by medical work, establishment and development of the Malawi and spiritual director and lecturer production and distribution of literature, Adventist Church in a single country of at Kachebere Major Seminary, explores and public evangelism in emerging urban which I am aware. the encounter of Christian and traditional centers. —Russell L. Staples African spiritualities among the Lomwe, Höschele gives attention to the who migrated in the twentieth century influence of theology in the shaping of Russell L. Staples, Professor Emeritus of World from Portuguese-ruled Mozambique to an Adventist identity. Eschatological Mission at Andrews University, Berrien Springs, British-ruled Malawi, where 90 percent of hope, in conjunction with doctrines of Michigan, was engaged in pastoral ministry and them became Roman Catholics. conditional immortality and resurrection theological education in South Africa and Zimbabwe Masuku first reviews the theological, of the body, slowly displaced traditional for twenty years. historical-contextual, and anthropological ancestor-related beliefs. The eschatological concepts of spirituality. He then sum- marizes the coming of the Catholic missionaries, painting a bleak picture of their well-meaning efforts to plant the Gospel in Malawi. This section suffers from a lack of historical perspective. African Immigrant Religions in Discussion follows of missionaries after America. Vatican I (1870), who imposed their religion and Western culture on willing Edited by Jacob K. Olupona and Regina converts without knowing much about Gemignani. New York: New York Univ. Press, African Traditional Religion, which they 2007. Pp. v, 352. $75; paperback $23. dismissed as simply paganism, idolatry, or superstition. Any religious dialogue During the period of slavery (1619–1865), structures of adaptation and their tense that took place happened privately in the African population in the United States relations with other Muslim groups. But the lives of the Lomwe Christians, as the grew from a few hundred to roughly 4.5 the majority of contributions focus on the missionaries would have seen their views million. This “African-American” popula- burgeoning African immigrant churches as syncretistic. tion has become a permanent feature of and their critical role in shaping both In subsequent chapters Masuku American society, both contributing to immigrant identity and incorporation into deals with the contemporary relationship and impacted by its culture in profound the wider society. The wide-ranging issues between Christianity and Lomwe ways. Since the late 1960s, however, the examined include transnational networks, Traditional Religion. The discussion, United States has been the chief destination the impact of migration on religious which is based on fifty in-depth interviews of a new wave of African immigrants. By commitment, gender relations and female with priests, nuns, catechists, and lay 2005 there were 1.2 million new African participation, implications for the “black Catholics, shows a good understanding of immigrants officially residing in the church” concept, connection to trends Lomwe culture and Traditional Religion. United States. They have received scant within global Christianity, and attitudes The interviews reveal that Catholic attention in immigrant studies and recent to civic and political involvement. leadership, though now Lomwe, still assessments of America’s new religious One area curiously neglected is strictly rejects Traditional Religion. The diversity, however, partly because of the complicated link between race and priests show some good insights into the their relatively small numbers and partly religion. Overall, however, this volume is possibilities Vatican II (1962–65) offers because affinity with the much larger an important and seminal work, enlivened for religious dialogue, but they do not African-American population renders by the fresh ethnographic research that communicate any of these points to the them virtually invisible. The publication informs the variety of its perspectives. laity, who still believe that their ancestor of African Immigrant Religions in America The profound sense of mission that char- veneration, spirit possession, and initiation is the first major work to address this acterizes African immigrant churches is rites (which, according to the church’s deficit. noted but not explored, yet it is clear that teaching, are paganism or idolatry) involve This book includes contributions from the African element must be considered in serving multiple gods. a number of leading African scholars in assessments of the manifest transformation Masuku’s major theological con- the United States. Its central claim would of America’s cultural and religious tribution is to show that the Bible is open surprise many: namely, that within a landscape by post-1965 immigrants. to people of other cultures, as revealed matter of only a few decades, the new —Jehu J. Hanciles by God’s covenant with all people, by African immigrants are already “making the universal presence of God’s wisdom, significant social and cultural impact, Jehu J. Hanciles, a Sierra Leonean, is Associate and by the existence even in Jesus’ days especially through the proliferation of Professor of Mission History and Globalization of faith outside of Israel. Such theology, religious communities” (p. 1). A couple at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, as represented by Karl Rahner, for ex- of chapters provide inviting overviews California. ample, is solidly based on Vatican II and of African Muslims, highlighting their related documents. Masuku maintains

July 2008 163 Think on These Things: Harmony and Diversity that this biblical basis and its official By Wisnu Sasongko Roman Catholic interpretation allow “I paint what I can see, what I can touch, what I Catholic theologians not only to promote can feel—a utopia of love expressed in the inculturation but also to pursue a genuine encounter between Christian and reality of life. All of that inspires me in my ar- traditional Lomwe spirituality. tistic way,” says Wisnu Sasongko, a graduate of The author’s arguments are im- the Faculty of Fine Art, Institut Seni Indonesia, pressive, but it is disappointing that he Yogyakarta. This book includes “All Dreams Con- does not devote more space to telling us nected,” a 28-minute DVD about Sasongko and how such a genuine encounter of two his art. spiritualities could take place. I can easily 96 pages and a DVD, $29.95 imagine how Lomwe ancestors could be venerated alongside Catholic saints, Christ on the Bangkok Road: The Art of Sawai Chinnawong but I would be interested to read how Sawai Chinnawong of Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, is known for por- divination, spirit possession, witchcraft, traying Christianity through a Thai graphic idiom. and sacrificial libations would fare in a Sawai is an ethnic Mon whose Buddhist ancestors dialogue between Christianity and Lomwe migrated to Thailand from Myanmar. His drawings spirituality. This book is a serious and careful and paintings, inspired by traditional art from central attempt to describe the current unofficial Thailand, reflect a deep Christian faith. dialogue between Christianity and African 80 pages, $19.95 Traditional Religion and to prepare for its transformation into a more official Look Toward the Heavens: dialogue. It is a good tool for all who want The Art of He Qi to go beyond inculturation to the dialogue of spiritualities. He Qi, a noted con- A major drawback of this book is its temporary Chinese Christian artist, is a professor price. It would have been desirable to at Nanjing Union Theological Seminary. He hopes produce a much less expensive Malawian to help change the “foreign image” of Christian- edition. Since Malawians cannot afford ity in China through his art and, at the same time, to it, I recommend it to those who can. My copy will be available in Mzuzu University supplement Chinese art the way Buddhist art did in Library. ancient times. —Klaus Fiedler 128 pages, $19.95 Klaus Fiedler, Associate Professor in the Department A Time for My Singing: of Theology and Religious Study at the University of Witness of a Life Malawi, is the author of Christianity and African by Nalini Marcia Jayasuriya Culture: Conservative German Protestant “I come from a land of rich, ancient, and Missionaries in Tanzania, 1900–1940 (Brill, 1996). diverse cultures and traditions. While I carry the enriching influences of both West and East, I express myself through an Asian and Christian consciousness with respect for all confessions of religious faith,” says Nalini Jayasuriya of Sri Lanka. Her book offers richly diverse and evoca- Reconstructing Christianity in tive expressions of faith from an Asian perspec- China: K. H. Ting and the Chinese Church. tive. Her reminiscences are included. 128 pages, $19.95 By Philip L. Wickeri. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 2007. Pp. xxv, 516. Paperback $50.

Philip Wickeri’s study of K. H. Ting (b. For Sale: Sacred Art by Asian Christians 1915), today the only Protestant bishop More than 150 pieces of sacred art by Asian Christians, in China, arises from over twenty-five including some of the works reproduced in these art books, years of friendship with Ting. Based on are now available for sale. For more information and to interviews with the bishop and on his view the online gallery, visit www.OMSC.org/art.html. writings, the book is the first exploration by a trusted “old friend” of Ting’s life and contemporary Chinese church history. To Ting, the welfare of the Chinese church and the nation are bound together. In fact, Gifts from OMSC Publications an equally fitting title for the book, and for Ting’s consuming desire, might have been Overseas Ministries Study Center “Reestablishing the Church and the Chinese 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 Nation.” A concern for “running the church Visit www.OMSC.org/books.htm or call (203) 624-6672, ext. 315 well” underpins Ting’s life and work. The importance of the book, however, goes beyond its content and conclusions.

164 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 32, No. 3 It’s coming ... That this “insider” biography is being Two key areas need greater attention. published during Ting’s lifetime may First, how did Ting interact with other in fact be the event that ushers in a new Christian colleagues in the post-1949 Lausanne III spring for historical research and writing period: with some of his equally patriotic International Congress on contemporary Chinese Christianity. Anglican priests (Dong Jianwu and Cai Similar to Ting’s historic and even Yongchun) and with those in Shanghai on World Evangelization prescient remark to E. H. Johnson in 1973 (Y. T. Wu and, more recently, Ji Jianhong that “Christians could continue to meet for and Cao Shengjie)? Second, Wickeri worship and fellowship in their homes” could explore further Ting’s search for (p. 184), this biography could conceivably ecclesiological models from Anglican 16-25 October 2010 be another momentous occasion of “an traditions, which may explain Ting’s Cape Town, South Africa export of news for import.” Such would enduring interest in the Oxford Movement provide his sanction for the gathering of, and the Hong Kong Anglican Church. This historic gathering and opening access to, source documents, —Michael Nai-Chiu Poon will help to . . . and for academic inquiry into the post-1949 church. Such intellectual work would help Michael Nai-Chiu Poon is Director of the Centre for • Unify Christian leaders from fulfill the vision for “running the church the Study of Christianity in Asia, Trinity Theological around the globe to accelerate well.” College, Singapore. the evangelization of our lost and suffering world. • Identify the biggest barriers to knowing and following Hannah Moore: A Biography of a Jesus Christ — and develop Nineteenth-Century Missionary strategies to overcome them. and Teacher. • Facilitate the creation of By Isabel B. Weigold. New York: iUniverse, a captivating new vision 2007. Pp. 120. Paperback $12.95; Adobe to reignite the church’s eBook $6. passion for evangelization Hannah Moore (1808–68) was a young and women who returned there after and world mission. child at the beginning of the Second Great their trial and imprisonment in New Awakening. She came of age in an era in Haven, Connecticut. The details of her which missionary work and the abolition life—including missionary work from “The 1974 Lausanne of slavery were intertwined, especially Oklahoma to Africa, battles with tropical Congress was critical among northern Protestant denominations, diseases and other health hazards such as to the evangelism whose adoption of evangelical religion the loss of sight in one eye, disputes with efforts of that day. fueled strong concerns about the evils of her superiors, acceptance of Seventh-day slavery and the importance of abolition. Adventism, and, finally, homelessness— But the issues facing In Hannah’s thirty-five years of mission are so fascinating that the reader will today’s generation work, she became increasingly convinced most likely be turning pages eagerly in are radically different. of the need both to abolish the evil of anticipation of the next adventure of That’s why I strongly support the need slavery and to save souls. Hannah Moore. for a new congress in 2010.” Moore was a feisty woman in a time —Camille Forman when women were expected to be pious —Billy Graham and to be submissive to their (male) Camille Forman is a retired librarian from the Founder, Lausanne Movement superiors. It was unusual for an unmarried University of Connecticut. woman to have a career other than schoolteaching, ideally close to family. The genesis of this book occurred For more information when Isabel Weigold, the town historian of about Lausanne III: Willington, Connecticut, found a letter in Cape Town 2010 the Willington Historical Society archives A Social History of Christianity: that was postmarked Kaw Mendi, West North-West India Since 1800. and how you might Africa. The writer was Hannah Moore, participate, sign up for at that time the only white woman at By John C. B. Webster. New Delhi: Oxford the Lausanne Connecting a mission there, working under the Univ. Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 410. Rs 695 / Point enewsletter at American Board of Commissioners for $55. www.lausanne.org. Foreign Missions. Weigold began a five- year research project that uncovered over John Webster, who went as a missionary 150 letters from or to Hannah Moore. The to Punjab, India, in 1963, has pondered result is a well-constructed biography of an the subject matter of this volume for over amazing woman who devoted her life to forty years. The richness, complexity, and the less fortunate, first among the Cherokee maturity of thought that can develop over The Lausanne Committee and then among the Mende. such a long period of time are wonderfully for World Evangelization While in West Africa, Moore evident in this work. A Social History of became acquainted with the story of Christianity is thoroughly researched, well Email: [email protected] • Web: www.lausanne.org the Amistad slave mutiny from the men organized, and lucidly written.

July 2008 165 LIST YOUR After an introduction that deals with Motyl takes umbrage at those who historiographical issues, Webster pro- characterize America in this way, arguing ceeds to unfold the history of Christian- that “Washington may be imperious, but Positions ity in Northwest India in five chronologi- it is not imperial.” While scholars may cally arranged chapters: “The Beginnings: disagree how to describe the geopolitical 1800–1857,” “The High Imperial Era: status of the United States, there is no dis- 1858–80,” “The North-West in Ferment: agreement that it is the dominant world 1881–1918,” “Towards Independence and power today. Open Partition: 1919–47,” and “Christianity in This atlas is designed to highlight North-West India Since Independence.” the multiple relationships the United Place a summary of your mission- A concluding chapter nicely develops States has with other nations. It is replete related “Positions Open” on the some important themes from the overall with empirical data that describe and OMSC Web site. Summarize your history, and the book ends with a glossary, measure their scope. Already by the end announcement in 100 words includ- bibliography, and index. of World War I, it was clear that America ing Web and e-mail links back to the A number of features greatly strength- had replaced Britain as the leading details on your Web site. en this particular history of Christianity. world power. By the end of the twentieth The first is that it is set in the changing century, that dominance was even more social, political, economic, and religious pronounced. Positions Open will be listed for four context of Northwest India. Christianity This profile of the United States is months and may be renewed. Send is thus rightly seen as part and parcel of presented in chapters on energy, trade, notices of positions open to Daniel J. a much larger and variegated tapestry of capital, people, military, security, soft Nicholas, managing editor, nicholas@ society over time. The second strength power, ideas, and the future. Each topic is OMSC.org. is its ecumenical scope. Such a history summarized and then depicted in excellent could be credibly written by focusing on maps, charts, and graphs. World data A free service of the IBMR, there mainline Protestantism, but the inclusion tables at the end of the book summarize is no charge for these listings and of Roman Catholics, evangelicals, and population, gross national income, energy

links. Pentecostals in the story gives the reader use, CO2 emissions, balance of trade with a much fuller and more accurate picture the United States, legal emigrants to the of the nature of Christianity in this part United States, military spending, arms www.OMSC.org/ of India. A third feature worth noting is imports from the United States, and land openings.html the attempt to tell the story of the Indian area for all the member states of the United Christian community, not primarily that of Nations as of 2005. the Western missionaries. This is extreme- As the single largest consumer of ly difficult to do, given that many of the oil—60 percent imported from other sources for such a history are missionary parts of the world—the United States OMSC Student Seminars sources. A fourth feature is the rich analy- is preoccupied with national security, on World Mission sis of Dalit, or outcaste, communities, which means maintaining control over which make up the great majority of the sources of supply. There are 500,000 January 2009 Christians in Northwest India. Here U.S. military personnel stationed in some Webster’s previous scholarship on the 735 military bases around the world. Dalits stands him in good stead. Whether U.S. foreign and military policies I highly recommend this work in the post–Cold War era have made the “Your Next Step to anyone interested in the history of country more secure is far from certain, . The focus on one but it is generally conceded that conduct in Mission” region of India allows the author to portray of the war on terror after 9/11 has eroded the complexity of Christian experience international confidence in the United there and adds greatly to our general States. A monthlong survey of the Chris- understanding of Christianity in the non- This is an excellent resource that tian world mission, cosponsored by Western world. should be in all academic libraries. 30 seminaries. Reduced rates for —Arun W. Jones —Wilbert R. Shenk students from cosponsoring schools and mission agencies. Schools offer Arun W. Jones is Associate Professor of Evangelism Wilbert R. Shenk, a contributing editor, is Senior students credit for one, two, three, or and Mission at Austin Presbyterian Theological Professor of Mission History and Contemporary four weeks. Seminary, Austin, Texas. Culture at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California. January 5–9 and 12–16 Held at Mercy Center, Madison, Con- necticut. The sessions of weeks one and two survey the Christian world Please beware of bogus renewal notices. A genuine IBMR renewal mission. Multiple presenters. The State of the American Empire: How the USA Shapes the World. notice will have a return address of Denville, NJ 07834 on the outer January 19–30 Held at OMSC. By Stephen Burman. Berkeley: Univ. of envelope, and the address on the California Press, 2007. Pp. 128. $50; paperback reply envelope will go to PO Box $19.95. 3000, Denville, NJ 07834-3000. For details, visit www. Please e-mail [email protected] omsc.org/january.html Not everyone agrees that the United States or call (203) 624-6672, ext. 309, with is an empire. In a review essay in Foreign any questions. Thank you. Affairs (July/August 2006), Alexander J.

166 International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 32, No. 3 Following Jesus as Mission Seminars for International Church Leaders, Missionaries, Mission Executives, Pastors, Educators, Students, and Lay Leaders

September 8–12, 2008 How to Develop Mission and Church they face as third-culture persons. Cosponsored by St. John’s Archives. Ms. Martha Lund Smalley, special collections librar- Episcopal Church (New Haven). Eight sessions. $145 ian and curator of the Day Missions Collection at Yale Divin- ity Library, New Haven, Connecticut, helps missionaries and November 3–7 Understanding the Western Missionary Move- church leaders identify, organize, and preserve essential records. ment IV: The Second World War and the Old Age of the Cosponsored by First Presbyterian Church (New Haven). Eight Western Missionary Movement. Dr.Andrew F. Walls, honor- sessions. $145 ary professor,University of Edinburgh, and former director of the Centre for the Study of Christianity in the Non-Western World, September 15–19 The Internet and Mission: Getting Started. presents OMSC’s fourth Distinguished Mission Lecture- In a hands-on workshop, Mr. Wilson Thomas, Wilson Thomas ship series—five lectures with discussions. Consultation with Systems, Bedford, New Hampshire, and Dr. Dwight P. Baker, participants on topics of interest. Cosponsored by Areopagos, OMSC associate director, show how to get the most out of the American Baptist International Ministries, Evangelical Cov- World Wide Web for mission research. Eight sessions. $145 enant Church World Mission, United Methodist General Board of Global Ministries, and Wycliffe International. $115 September 22–26 Doing Oral History: Helping Christians Tell Their Own Story. Dr. Jean-Paul Wiest, director of the Jesuit Bei- November 10–14 Mission in Europe—East and West. Dr. Pe- jing Center, Beijing, China, and Ms. Michèle Sigg, DACB proj- ter Kuzmič, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary and Evan- ect manager, share skills and techniques for documenting mis- gelical Theological Seminary, Osijek, Croatia, explores the new sion and church history. Cosponsored by Wycliffe International. context and new role for missions in a changed Europe, both East Eight sessions. $145 and West. Cosponsored by Black Rock Congregational Church (Fairfield, Connecticut) and Wycliffe International. Eight ses- October 6–10 Communicating Gospel Truth to the Totally sions. $145 Unreached. Rev. Ajith Fernando, Youth for Christ, Sri Lanka, leads participants in considering how the Gospel can be commu- November 17–21 Multicultural Partnerships: Strategies for nicated to people with worldviews that are very different from Training and Leadership. Dr.Judith E. Lingenfelter,Biola Uni- the biblical worldview. Cosponsored by Christian Reformed versity, and Dr.Sherwood G. Lingenfelter, Fuller Theological World Missions, CrossGlobal Link, Rolling Hills Covenant Seminary, focus on strategies for building communities of trust Church (Rolling Hills, California), and and the U.S. Center for and for equipping leaders to empower team members from dif- World Mission. Eight sessions. $145 ferent cultural backgrounds to work more effectively together. Cosponsored by Christar, InterVarsity Missions, Mennonite October 13–17 Culture, Interpersonal Conflict, and Chris- Central Committee, Moravian Church Board of World Mission, tian Mission. Dr. Duane H. Elmer, Trinity Evangelical Divinity SIM USA, and The Mission Society. Eight sessions. $145 School, helps Christian workers strengthen interpersonal skills and resolve conflicts among colleagues, including host-country December 1–4 The Gospel of Peace Engaging the Muslim peoples. Cosponsored by Episcopal Church / Mission Person- Ummah (Community). Dr. David W. Shenk, Eastern Menno- nel and Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod World Mission. Eight nite Missions, explores the church’s calling to bear witness to sessions. $145 the Gospel of peace in its engagement with Muslims whether in contexts of militancy or in settings of moderation. Cospon- October 20–24 Nurturing and Educating Transcultural Kids. sored by Eastern Mennonite Missions–Global Ministries and St. Ms. Janet Blomberg and Ms. Elizabeth Stephens of Interaction Andrew’s Episcopal Church (Livingston, Montana). Eight ses- International help you help your children meet the challenges sions. $145

December 8–12 Exploring Images of Jesus in Various Cul- OVERSEAS MINISTRIES STUDY CENTER tures. Dr. Diane B. Stinton, Daystar University, Nairobi, exam- 490 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 ines God’s revelation of Christ as recorded in the New Testament and then explores human reflection on Christ in later centuries and (203) 624-6672, ext. 315 [email protected] across various cultures. Cosponsored by Mennonite Central Com- For details, visit www.OMSC.org/study.html mittee and World Vision International. Eight sessions. $145