Université De Montréal L'intérieur Et L'extérieur Dans L'architecture De Rem Koolhaas (1971-1997) Par Michel Moussette

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Université De Montréal L'intérieur Et L'extérieur Dans L'architecture De Rem Koolhaas (1971-1997) Par Michel Moussette Université de Montréal L’intérieur et l’extérieur dans l’architecture de Rem Koolhaas (1971-1997) par Michel Moussette o Faculté de l’Aménagement Thèse présentée à la Faculté des Études Supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de PhD en Aménagement Août 2004 o © Miche! Mousselle, 2004 jr qocc V .ûO Q Université de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and pub!ish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, flot substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. _____________f Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée: L’intérieur et l’extérieur dans l’architecture de Rem Koolhaas (1971-1997) présentée par: Michel Moussette a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: président-rapporteur directeur de recherche cc-directeur de recherche membre du jury examinateur externe représentant du doyen de la FES C Résumé Ce projet de recherche explore la question des rapports intérieur-extérieur dans les projets de l’architecte néerlandais Rem Koolhaas (1944-). 11 s’agit de définir et de comprendre ce qui semble être un phénomène nouveau en architecture, soit l’intégration à l’ensemble du projet des conflits générés par les frictions entre l’espace délimité interne et le monde externe. Nous serions en face d’un mode de mise en interaction du dedans et du dehors qui s’oppose radicalement à celui du projet moderne où la continuité n’était recherchée que lorsque cela ne comportait aucun risque pour le bâtiment en tant qu’entité. Il ne s’agirait pas non plus du modèle postmodeme qui, malgré une image d’intégration des conflits et des contradictions propres aux espaces urbains contemporains, maintenait cette intégration à un niveau formel. À travers l’étude des bâtiments et des écrits de Koolhaas, nous tenterons de définir les différentes stratégies architecturales utilisées par l’architecte pour ouvrir ses projets sur le dehors. Nous verrons comment ces stratégies d’ouverture et de recherche de conflit se conjuguent à d’autres stratégies qui. elles, visent à prévenir la désintégration complète du projet architectural en tant qu’entité. Le Kunsthal de Rotterdam, que nous considérons comme étant un projet-charnière dans l’oeuvre de Koolhaas, fera l’objet d’une étude approfondie qui s’appuiera sur des documents d’archives du Netherlands Architecture institute. Mots-clés [kunsthal] [koolhaas] [orna] [espace] [architecture] [ville] [intérieur] [extérieur] [limite] [contradiction] o o Abstract This thesis explores the question of inside-outside relationships in the projects of Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas (1944-). The objective is to define and to understand what seems to be a new phenomena: the use in architecture of the frictions generated by the relation between enclosed space and the city. In Modem architecture, continuity and transparence have been mainly used in situations where the architectural entity could flot be endangered. In Postmodern architecture, the conflicts and contradictions ofcontemporary urban spaces have ofien been readily integrated into buiit projects, but this integration bas rareiy resulted in anything more than an image of conflicts and contradictions. The different architectural strategies used by Koolhaas to open his architecture to the outside will be studied through an analysis ofhis projects arid writings for the period 1971-1997. We shaH also see how these strategies ofopenness are cornpensated by another set of strategies that seek to preserve the building as a functionai entity. The Rotterdam Kunsthal, a pivotai project in Kooihaas’ calTeer, wiil be the object of an in-depth case study that uses archivai material from the Netherlands Architecture institute. Keywords : [kunsthal] [koolhaas] [ornai [space] [architecture] [city] [interior] [exterior] [limit] [contradiction] Q ‘t’ Q Table des matières CHAPITRE PREMIER. — Problématique 1.1. Le contexte général du questionnement initial Ï 1.2. État de la question 3 1.2.]. L ‘espace homogène de Ï ‘architecture moderne 4 1.2.2. La postmodernité et la difiérence intérieur-extéricu 7 1.2.3. La critique de tu modernité et / ‘cittuque sur te mur dans d’autres domaines I I 1.2.4. La réhabilitation du modernisme et la recherche de continuité avec la ville 13 1.3. Questionnement 23 1.4. Hypothèse 24 CHAPITRE II. — Méthodologie 2.1. Approche théorique 26 2.1.1. (‘cidre théorique 26 2.1.2. Travaux existants 29 2.2. Choix du cas étudié 41 2.2.]. L’élude de cas 41 2.2.2. Le cas étudié 42 2.2.3. Cueillette des données 46 Q 2.2.4. Analyse et interprétation des données 48 iv CHAPITRE III. — Les premières oeuvres de Koolhaas 3.1. La discontinuité (1971-1981) 55 3.1.1. Le Mur de Berlin comme architecture (197]) 56 3. 1.2. Exodus, oit les prisonniers volontaires de l’architecture (1972) 61 3.1.3. Le Downtown A 1h!etic Club (e. 1976) 66 3.1.4. L ‘histoire de la piscine (1977,) 70 3.1.5. Le Panopticon de Arhem (1979,) 74 3.1.6. Conclusion $0 3.2. La transition de la pureté élémentaire vers la pollution spatiale (1981-1987) $1 3.2. 1. H-Plein, urbanisme, barres d’habitation et école (1980-88) 81 3.2.2. Parc de la Villette (1982) et Melun-Sénart (1987) $7 3.3.3. La Villa Dali ‘Ava 0984-1991) 92 3.3.4 Conchtsion 96 CHAPITRE IV. — Le Kunsthal de Rotterdam (1987-1994) : Analyse des rapports intérieur-extérieur 4.1 Introduction 100 4.1.1. Contexte général 100 4.1.2. Les principaux concepteurs 102 4.1.3. Une revue de littérature 106 4.1.4. Historique du projet 117 Q 4.2. Décomposition spatiale des rapports intérieur-extérieur 139 4.2.1. Les rapports entre l’ensemble du bâtiment et te site 139 4.2.2. Approches 141 4.2.3. Situations et élévations correspondantes 144 4.3. Les rapports intérieur-extérieur et les rapports aux sous-espaces des principaux éléments spatiaux du Kunsthal 159 4.3. 1. La rampe principale 1 59 4.3.2. L ‘Auditorium 174 4.3.3. Le Hait cl ‘exposition 1 1 90 4.3.4. Le Hait d’exposition 2 197 4.3.5. Le Hall d’exposition 3 202 4.3.6. Le Parvis 205 4.3. 7. Le Restaurant 21 0 4.3.8. La Tranchée 214 4.3.9. Les Bureaux 217 4.4. Les textes de présentation du Kunsthal 219 4.4.]. Danger et instctbiliié en architecture ta présentation ciii Kunsthaï dans S,ML,XL 219 1.4.2. La dUficulté est naturelle a;?atyse du texte de présentation du Kunsthat 230 4.5. Les paradoxes Intérieur-extérieur au Kunsthal 235 4.5.]. Le bâtiment ouvert 236 4.5.2. Miner ici communication avec la ville 239 4.5.3. Miner la transparence et différer ï ‘entrée 243 4.5.4. Le paysage urbain intériorisé 247 4.5.5. KooÏhaas et t ‘espace trotté 248 4.5.6. Lci structure et les services qui s ‘entrechoquent 250 4.5.7. La circtttation: une mise en continuité des profondeurs du bâtinient 252 avec ici ville vi 4.5.8. Les seuils difficiles: le danger et la difficulté au-delà de tu notion d’image 257 4.5.9. L ‘intégration du danger et des conflits au bôtiment 261 4.5. /0. La mi.çe en présence des contraires pour créer un champ de 263 tension intérieur 4.5. 11. Les Ïogicjues multiples et la condition cl ‘extériorité 266 4.5.12. Le danger contrôlé: la continuité et la discontinuité remises à leur place 267 CHAPITRE V. — Conclusion : après le Kunsthal 5.1 Les stratégies architecturales relatives au rapport intérieur extérieur dans l’après-Kunsthal 273 5. 1. 1. Un survol des projets 273 5.1.2. L ‘Eclucatorium d’Utrecht (1992-1997) 278 5.2. La grande ville, les contradictions et l’architecture 294 5.3. Vérification de l’hypothèse 299 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 304 vii C Liste des tableaux Tableau I — Tableau comparatif des caractéristiques des différents projets (1971-1979) Tableau 2 — Glissements conceptuels dans le texte de présentation du Kunsthal Tableau 3 — Succession des espaces au Kunsthal et détail des espaces de transition Liste des illustrations Étant donné le grand nombre d’illustrations (plus de 200), nous renvoyons directement aux illustrations el]cs-mêmes.
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