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Contents Page 1 of 3 FM 3-06 Table of Contents Page 1 of 3 *FM 3-06 (FM 90-10) Field Manual HEADQUARTERS No. 3-06 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 1 June 2003 Contents COVER FIGURES HISTORICAL VIGNETTES PREFACE Chapter 1 URBAN OUTLOOK The Prospect of Urban Operations Urban Perspective Historical Significance of Urban Areas in Warfare Modern Army Urban Operations Chapter 2 URBAN ENVIRONMENT A Complex Environment Urban Terrain Urban Society Urban Infrastructure Chapter 3 URBAN THREAT Asymmetry Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat Operational Principles Urban Threat Tactics Negative Effects of Urbanization Chapter 4 CONTEMPLATING URBAN OPERATIONS Necessi of Urban Operations Characteristics of Major Urban Operations DODDOA-004415 ACLU-RDI 321 p.1 http://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/296784-1/fin/3-06/toc.htm 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 Table of Contents Page 2 of 3 Integration.into Land Operations Chapter 5 FOUNDATIONS FOR URBAN OPERATIONS Urban Operational Framework Fundamentals of Urban Operations General Effects on Operations Chapter 6 URBAN OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Purpose of Urban Offensive Operations Characteristics of Urban Offensive Operations Urban Offensive Operations and Battlefield Organization Forms and Types of Urban Offense Urban Offensive Considerations Chapter 7 URBAN DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Purpose of Urban Defensive Operations . Characteristics of Urban Defensive Operations Urban_ Defensive Operations and Battlefield Organization Types of Urban Defense Urban Defensive Considerations Chapter 8 URBAN STABILITY OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS Purpose of Urban Stability Operations and Support Operations Characteristics of Urban Stability Operations and Support Operations Urban Stability Operations, Support Operations; and Battlefield Organization Types and Forms of Stability Operations and Support Operations Considerations of Urban Stability_ Operations and Support Operations Chapter 9 URBAN COMBAT. SERVICE SUPPORT Urban CSS Characteristics Logistics Preparation of the Theater CSS Functions General Engineer Support Civil-Military Operations Appendix A SIEGE OF BEIRUT: AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN OPERATIONS Overall Strategic Situation Israeli Military Position PLO Military Position Role of Civilians Information Operations Conduct of the Urban Operations Lessons Summary DODDOA-004416 ACLU-RDI 321 p.2 http://atiam.train.anny.mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/296784-1/fin/3-06/toc.htm 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 Table of Contents Page 3 of 3 Appendix _B URBAN INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD Urbanization of IPB Significant Characteristics Threat Considerations Urban IPB Tools and Products Appendix C OPERATIONS IN SOMALIA: APPLYING THE URBAN OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT AND STABILITY General Situation Somali Operations Assess Shape Dominate Transition Summary Appendix D JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL URBAN OPERATIONS Purpose Service Urban Capabilities Urban Functional Combatant Command Capabilities Multinational Considerations SOURCE NOTES GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHENTICATION Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 90-10, 15 August 1979. DODDOA-004417 ACLU-RDI 321 p.3 http://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/296784-1/fm/3-06/toc.htm 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 Cover Page 1 of 2 FM 3-06 (FM 9o-10) URBAN OPERATIONS DODDOA-004418 ACLU-RDIhttp://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/296784-1/fm/3-06/cover.htm 321 p.4 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 Cover Page 2 of 2 JUNE 2003 HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DODDOA-004419 ACLU-RDI 321 p.5 http://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/296784-1/fm/3-06/cover.httn 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 List of Figures Page 1 of 3 Figures Figure 1-1 Full Spectrum Urban Operations 1-2 UO and the Army Imperatives 2-1 Keys to Understanding the Urban Environment 2-2 The Multidimensional Urban Battlefield 273 Broad Urban Patterns 2-4 Basic Internal Street Patterns 2-5 An Urban Model 2-6 Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Their Industrial or Commercial Uses 2-L7 Key Aspects of the Urban Society 2_8 Urban Areas by Population Size 2-9 Simplified Analysis of Urban Society UO—Society Cycle of Effects 10 2- Urban Infrastructure 11 3-1 Threat Operational Principles 3-2 Urban Threat Tactics 3-3 Favored Threat Weapons 3:4 Negative Effects of Urbanization Worldwide Population Projections 4-I Risk Management and the Risks Associated with Urban Operations 4-2 Organization of Historic Joint Urban Operations 4-3 Urban ISR Considerations 4-4 JO Elements and Related Activities 4-5 Public Affairs Principles 5-1 The Urban Operational Framework and Battle Command 5-2 Urban Isolation 5-3 Panama 5-4 The Fundamentals of Urban Operations 5-5 Battlefield Operating Systems 5-6 Urban Maneuver Challenges and Means to Overcome Them 5-7 Urban Effects on Fire Support Systems DODDOA-004420 ACLU-RDIhttp://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atia/adIsciview/public/296784-1/fm/3-06/figs.htm 321 p.6 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 List of Figures Page 2 of 3 5-8 Methods to Overcome Urban Communications Challenges 5-9 Compressed Tactical Factors 6-1 Initial Attack in Brittany 6-2 Subsequent Disposition of Forces in Brittany 6-3 Envelopment Isolates an Urban Area 6-4 Turning Movement 6-5 Infiltration 6-6 Penetration 6-7 Frontal Attack 6-8 Metz Envelopment 6-9 Metz Final Assault 6- Required Urban Reconnaissance Capabilities 10 6- Shaping Through Isolation 11 6- Critical Sensor-to-Shooter Links 12 6- Reactions to Isolation 13 6- Initial Attack to Isolate Hue 14 6- Subsequent Attack to Isolate Hue 15 6- Final Attack to Isolate Hue 16 6- Coordination of SOF and Conventional Capabilities 17 67 Inchon-Seoul Campaign, September 1950 18 71 An Urban Area Incorporated Into a Larger Mobile Defense 7-2 German Attacks to Seize Stalingrad 7-3 German Attacks to Seize Stalingad, September 1942 7-4 Soviet Attacks Trap German 6th Army 7-5 Retrograde Through an Urban Area 8-1 Characteristics of Stability Operations and Support Operations Urban Stability Operations and Support Operations 8-3 Adaptability 9-1 CSS Characteristics DODDOA-004421 ACLU-RDI 321 p.7 http://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atiatadlsciview/public/296784-1/fm/3-06/figs.htm 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 List of Figures Page 3 of 3 The Urban Environment and Essential Elements of Logistic 9-2 Information 9-3 CSS Functions 9-4 General Principles of the Law of War 9-5 General Engineer Support 9-6 Civil Affairs Functional Skills A-1 The City of Beirut A-2 Initial Conduct of the Urban Operation A:3 Israeli Probe of PLO Defenses A-4 Initial Israeli Attack A-5 Final Israeli Attack B-1 The Steps of IPB B-2 Relevance of Key Urban Environment Elements B-3 Significant Urban Terrain Characteristics B-4 Significant Urban Societal Characteristics B-5 Significant Urban Infrastructure Characteristics B-6 Continuum of Relative Interests B-7 Urban IPB Tools and Products C-1 Phases of US Involvement in Somalia C-2 Map of Somalia D-1 USAF E-8 JSTARS Platform D-2 USN MK45 Lightweight Gun System D-3 USN MK V Special Operations Craft D-4 USAF AC-130 Gunship DODDOA-004422 ACLU-RDI 321 p.8 http://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/296784-1/fm/3-06/figs.htm 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 Historical Vignettes Page 1 of 1 Historical Vignettes Rome: A Microcosm of Urban Warfare Seeing the Urban Area and Its Parts Tempo Identifying Soldiers from Civilians Information and the Media Cultural and Religious Instability Food and Water Shortages Urban Insurgencies Crime and Criminal Organizations Applying the Urban Operational Framework: Panama — December 1989 Example of Simple Communications Innovation: Israel's Six-Day War — 1967 The Operational Context of Urban Operations: Brittany Ports — August to September 1944 Forms of Attack in the Urban Offense: Metz — 1944 Isolating the Urban Area: Hue City — _January to February 1968 Creative Task Organization: Using Artillery in the Direct Fire Role Bold Operational Maneuver to Seize an Urban Area: Inchon and Seoul, Korea — September 1950 Urban Defense in a Major Operation: Stalingrad — August 1942 to January 1943 Defensive Combat Power: Suez — October 1973 Assessment of Security and Force Protection: Belfast, Northern Ireland Support of and Coordination with Civilian Authorities: The 1992 Los Angeles Riots Base Security: Tan Son Nhut, Vietnam — Tet 1968 Combat Stress: Chechnya — 1994 to 1996 Siege of Beirut: An Illustration of the Fundamentals of Urban Operations Analysis of an Urban Area's Underlying Terrain: Mitrovica, Kosovo Shifting Civilian Interests and Intent Operations in Somalia: Applying the Urban Operational Framework to Support and Stability DODDOA-004423 ACLU-RDI 321 p.9 http://atiam.train.army.mil/portal/atia/adlsc/view/public/296784-1/frn/3-06/vignettes.htm 12/27/2004 FM 3-06 Preface Page 1 of 3 Preface Doctrine provides a military organization with a common philosophy, a language, a purpose, and unity of effort. To this end, FM 3-06 discusses major Army operations in an urban environment. This environment, consisting of complex terrain, a concentrated population, and an infrastructure of systems, is an operational environment in which Army forces will operate. In the future, it may be the predominant operational environment. Each urban operation will be distinct from any other—any other urban operation as well as similar types of operations in other environments. Each operation will differ because of the multitude of combinations presented by the threat, the urban area itself, the major operation of which it may be part (or the focus), and the fluidity of societal and geo-political considerations. Therefore, there will always exist an innate tensiyn between Army doctrine, the actual context of the urban operation, and future realities. Commanders are responsible to strike the proper balance between preparing for future challenges and maintaining the capability to respond to current threats.
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