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Institut des sciences humaines et sociales Université de Liège Struggling around “dagong”: discourses about and by migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta Ph.D. dissertation Submitted by Eric Florence to obtain the degree of ‘Doctor in political and social sciences’ Thesis supervisors: Jean-Philippe Béja, Directeur de recherche au CERI (Paris) Marco Martiniello, Directeur de recherche au FNRS Academic year 2007-2008 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want first to express my sincere gratitude to Caroline for her presence, for her constant and decisive support during these eight years. I dedicate this work to her. Tom’s smile and laughter have provided me with precious additional energy towards the end of this dissertation. I wish to thank my parents for having encouraged me all along the way. My father passed away just one week before the final achievement of this work, I also dedicate it to him. I am particularly grateful to my thesis supervisors Jean-Philippe Béja and Marco Martiniello. From my first mail which described a still rather vague project to the conclusion of this dissertation, Jean-Philippe Béja has guided me thanks to his communicative enthusiasm, to his quick and insightful feedbacks despite often long periods without hearing of me. I am thankful to Marco Martiniello for his great availability, his confidence and his rigorous supervision of my dissertation. I want to thank also Thomas Scharping and Pierre Verjans for having accepted to provide feedbacks within very short notice on my work, both in May and November 2007. The assistance of several Chinese journalists and editors has proved crucial for carrying out fieldwork in China. I wish to thank them for their invaluable help. The many discussions I have had with Guy Massart on an ethnography of the state have also been helpful in building theoretical and empirical questioning. Likewise, the exchanges shared with Xiang Biao, Pun Ngai, Zhao Yuezhi, Rachel Murphy, Helga Leitner and Sarah Mahler have contributed to bringing about this dissertation. I would like to thank my colleagues from CEDEM, Hassan Bousetta, François Gemenne, Sonia Gsir, Jérôme Jamin, Jean-Michel Lafleur and Emanuelle Letexier for having checked and having made suggestions on specific parts of this dissertation. On the whole, I have had the chance to work within a highly stimulating and positive research atmosphere at CEDEM. I am grateful to Regina and Henri, Marie-Rose and Germain for the “logistical” assistance they have provided and which has also been of critical importance during the last few months of writing this manuscript. Eventually, thanks to their eagerness to communicate their experiences, to their kindness and the confidence they granted me with, the migrant workers met in China have somewhat enlivened this dissertation. In this sense, it is perhaps also theirs. REMERCIEMENTS Pour sa présence, son soutien constant et déterminant tout au long de ces huit années de cheminement, ma gratitude va d’abord à Caroline, ma compagne. Je lui dédie ce travail. Merci à Tom pour ses sourires et rires qui ont été un supplément précieux d’énergie dans la dernière ligne droite. Je souhaite exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance envers mes parents qui n’ont eu de cesse de m’encourager. Je dédie aussi ce travail à mon père qui nous a quittés une semaine avant l’accomplissement de cette thèse. Je voudrais remercier particulièrement Jean-Philippe Béja et Marco Martiniello, mes directeurs de thèse. De mon premier courrier lui faisant état d’un projet des plus balbutiants, jusqu’à la conclusion de cette thèse, Jean-Philippe Béja m’a épaulé par son enthousiasme communicatif, ses feedbacks rapides et avisés malgré de souvent longs silences de ma part. Je remercie très vivement Marco Martiniello pour sa disponibilité, sa confiance, ses encouragments, ainsi que sa supervision rigoureuse de ma thèse. Merci aussi à Thomas Scharping et à Pierre Verjans d’avoir accepté de réagir à mon travail dans des délais très brefs, en mai et novembre 2007. L’aide de plusieurs journalistes et éditeurs chinois a été décisive pour la réalisation de la recherche de terrain en Chine, qu’ils en soient ici remerciés. Les partages d’expériences et les nombreuses discussions avec Guy Massart autour d’une ethnographie de l’Etat ont nourri la réflexion dont cette thèse est le fruit. De même, les échanges avec Xiang Biao, Pun Ngai, Zhao Yuezhi, Rachel Murphy, Helga Leitner et Sarah Mahler ont également contribué à l’élaboration de ce projet. Merci à mes collègues du CEDEM, Hassan Bousetta, François Gemenne, Sonia Gsir, Jérôme Jamin, Jean-Michel Lafleur et Emmanuelle Letexier pour leurs relectures et suggestions quant à certaines parties de cette thèse. D’une manière générale, dans le cadre du CEDEM, j’ai eu le privilège de travailler au sein d’une atmosphère de recherche et de vie particulièrement stimulante et positive. L’aide « logistique » de Régina et Henri, Marie-Rose et Germain a aussi joué un rôle important dans les derniers mois de rédaction. Je leur témoigne ici ma reconnaissance. Enfin, par leur envie de communiquer leurs expériences, par leur gentillesse et la confiance qu’ils m’ont accordée les travailleurs migrants rencontrés en Chine ont fait vivre cette thèse qui est peut-être un peu la leur aussi. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 9 PART I : RESEARCH QUESTIONS , METHODOLOGY AND 16 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1 A Review of the literature and main research questions and 17 hypothesis ............................................................................. 1.1 A review of scholarly works on discourse and representation of rural 17 migrants ................................................................................................ 1.2 Why a study of discourse about and by migrant workers? .................. 23 1.3 Research questions and hypothesis ..................................................... 25 2 Methodology ........................................................................ 27 2.1 Discourse and discourse analysis: main concepts and methods used 27 2.2 The Chinese written press : continuities and changes ....................... 32 2.3 Presentation of the bodies of texts studied in this dissertation .......... 35 2.3.1 Sources on early migration (1950-1958 and late 1980s-early 1990s) .......................... 35 2.3.2 Shenzhen official daily newspapers .............................................................................. 36 2.3.3 Magazines for migrant workers .................................................................................. 39 2.3.4 Fieldwork, interviews and observation ......................................................................... 43 2.3.4.1 The setting and context of the interviews ......................................................... 44 3 2.3.4.2 Nature of interviews carried out ........................................................................ 45 2.3.4.3 Note on the successive fieldwork sojourns and their status within my 47 research process ..................................................................................................... 3 Domination and resistance: theoretical framework ............. 50 3.1 James C. Scott: Weapons of the Weak and Domination and the Arts 52 of Resistance : main arguments and concepts ..................................... 3.1.1 Everyday forms of resistance ......................................................................................... 53 3.1.2 From everyday forms of resistance to the public and hidden transcripts ........................... 57 3.1.3 Maintaining the public transcript and struggling over its limits ..................................... 59 3.2 Major criticisms of Scott’s framework ................................................. 63 3.2.1 Scott’s ahistorical, rational and strategizing subject ....................................................... 63 3.2.2 The continuity between the hidden transcript and public outburst .................................. 66 3.2.3 Romanticization of resistance? .................................................................................... 68 3.2.4 Neglect of influence of medias ...................................................................................... 69 3.2.5 Governing through the shaping of wants and values ................................................... 70 3.2.6 A narrow conception of hegemony ................................................................................. 72 3.3 On different readings of Gramsci’s hegemony .................................... 73 3.3.1 Hegemony as a common discursive framework .............................................................. 77 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 78 PART II : THE PUBLIC TRANSCRIPT OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE 79 SHENZHEN MAINSTREAM PRESS 4 4 The socio-economic and political context of the Pearl 80 River Delta ............................................................................ 4.1 Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta region in the reform Era ....... 80 4.2 Migration to the Pearl River Delta ....................................................... 81 4.3 Local officials, investors and migrant workers .................................... 84 4.4 Regimes of the work-place ..................................................................