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Alternaria Blight: a Chronic Disease in Rapeseed-Mustard

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Alternaria Blight: a Chronic Disease in Rapeseed-Mustard Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 2010 1(1): 1-11 Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 1(1): 2010 1 Alternaria blight: a chronic disease in rapeseed-mustard P.D. Meena1, R.P. Awasthi2, C. Chattopadhyay1*, S.J. Kolte2 and Arvind Kumar1 1Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research (ICAR), Sewar, Bharatpur 321303 (Rajasthan) India, 2G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145 (Uttarakhand) India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Alternaria blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. has been reported from all the continents of the world affects most cruciferous crops and is one among the important diseases of rapeseed- mustard causing severe yield losses with no proven source of transferable resistance in any of the hosts. The pathogen is greatly influenced by weather with the highest disease incidence reported in wet seasons and in areas with relatively high rainfall. A. brassicae can affect host species at all stages of growth, including seed. Symptoms of the disease are characterized by formation of spots on leaves, stem and siliquae. Identification of signal molecules for induced resistance, development of bioformulations and disease forecasting module will enable trigger newer strategies for eco-friendly disease management for providing safer Alternaria blight free production of rapeseed-mustard with improved crop health. Key words: Alternaria blight, rapeseed-mustard, symptoms, variability, pathogen biology, survival Introduction Nepal (Shrestha et al., 2005). Alternaria affects Rapeseed-mustard is group of crops contributes most cruciferous crops, including broccoli and 32% of the total oilseed production in India, and it cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.), is the second largest indigenous oilseed crop. Out field mustard and turnip (B. rapa L. (synonym: B. of 75.55 m tones of estimated rapeseed-mustard campestris L.), leaf or Chinese mustard (B. juncea), produced over 30.51 m ha in the world, India Chinese or celery cabbage (B. pekinensis), cabbage produces 7.36 m tones from 6.18 m ha with 1190 (B. oleracea var. capitata), rape (B. campestris), kg/ha productivity (GOI, 2009). Despite and radish (Raphanus sativus). A. brassicae and A. considerable increase in the productivity and brassicicola are cosmopolitan in their distribution. production under Technology Mission, huge A. raphani and A. alternata is widespread in the amount of money is spent on the import of edible Northern hemisphere (Jasalavich et al., 1995). oil. A wide gap exists between the potential yield Different species of Alternaria on Brassica spp. and the yield realized at the farmer’s field, which vary in host specificity. Alternaria brassicae also is largely because of number of biotic and abiotic produces a host-selective pathotoxin ‘dextruxin B’ stresses to which the rapeseed-mustard crop is (Pedras and Smith, 1997). The pathogens are greatly exposed. Among the biotic stresses, Alternaria influenced by weather with the highest disease blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae incidence reported in wet seasons and in areas with (Berk.) Sacc. has been reported from all the relatively high rainfall (Humpherson-Jones and continents of the world and is one among the Phelps, 1989). Black spot of oil seed rape, cabbage, important diseases of Indian mustard causing up to cauliflower and mustard crops have been reported 47% yield losses (Kolte, 1985) with no proven from many countries, viz., India (Kadian and source of transferable resistance in any of the hosts. Saharan, 1983), Italy (Tosi and Zazzerini, 1985), Average yield losses in the range of 32-57 per cent USA, UK and several other European countries due to Alternaria blight have been reported from (Gladders, 1987), Canada (Berkeramp and Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 1(1): 2010 2 Kirkham, 1989; Conn and Tewari, 1990), Iran seed development, seed weight, colour of seed and (Nourani et al., 2008) etc. percent oil content in seed and the quality of seed. Diagnostic symptoms Identity and Biology of the Pathogen Symptoms of the disease are characterized by Genus Alternaria was described by Nees in 1816 formation of spots on leaves, stem and siliquae. A. with A. tenuis as the type and only member of the brassicae and A. brassicicola can affect host species genus, which later was renamed as A. alternata as at all stages of growth, including seed. On seedlings, type species. No clear consensus on Alternaria symptoms include dark stem lesions immediately taxonomy emerged for over 100 years. Elliot (1917) after germination that can result in damping-off, or suggested that the genus could be organized into stunted seedlings. A. raphani produces black stripes six groups based upon common characteristics of or dark brown, sharp-edged lesions on the hypocotyl conidia length, width and septation, with each group of the seedling. It grows in the vascular system and designated by a typical species. The need for rapidly infects the entire seedling (Valkonen and additional groups encompassing taxa not covered Koponen, 1990). Spots produced by A. brassicae in his work was clearly recognized. Neergaard appear to be usually grey in colour compared with (1945) proposed three sections for the genus based black sooty velvety spots produced by upon the formation of conidia in long chains A. brassicicola. Spots produced by A. raphani show (Longicatenatae), short chains (Brevicatenatae), or distinct yellow halos around them. However, the singly (Noncatenatae). According to Ellis (1971), symptoms may vary with the host and environment. it contains 44 species. Alternaria species are either Symptoms are first visible on lower leaves with parasites on living plants or saprophytes on organic appearance of black points, which later enlarge to substrate. The host range of pathogenic Alternaria develop into prominent, round, concentric spots of is very broad. It is easy to recognize Alternaria sp. various sizes. With progress, the disease appears by the morphology of their large conidia. They are on middle and upper leaves with smaller sized spots, catenate, formed in chains or solitary, typically when defoliation of lower leaves occurs. Later, ovoid to obclavate, often beaked, pale brown to round black conspicuous spots appear on siliquae brown, multi-celled and muriform (Ellis, 1971). and stem. These spots may coalesce leading to Modern concepts of these genera emerged from the complete blackening of siliquae or weakening of work of Simmons (1967) in his paper “Typification the stem with formation of elongated lesions. of Alternaria, Stemphylium, and Ulocladium”. The Rotting of the seed may be seen just beneath the historical controversy surrounding the taxonomy black spot on siliqua of toria and yellow or brown of these fungi is best illustrated by the fact that most sarson. Spots on mustard siliqua are brownish black “atypical” species have been placed into more than with a distinct grey centre. When older plants one of these genera since their initial identification. become infected, symptoms often occur on the older Simmons (1995) expanded concepts from both leaves, since they are closer to the soil and are more Elliot and Neergaard in loosely organizing the genus readily infected as a consequence of rain splash or into 14 species-groups based upon characteristics wind blown rain. Late infection or infection of older of conidia and catenulation. Additional species- leaves does not characteristically reduce yields and groups discussed in other work include the A. can be controlled through intensive removal of arborescens, A. brassicicola, A. porri, and A. infected leaves (Chupp and Sherf, 1960). Fruit- radicina groups (Roberts et aI, 2000; Simmons, bearing branches and pods show dark or blackened 1995; Pryor and Gilbertson, 2000, 2002). Although spots that result in yield loss due to premature pod the use of species-group designation does not ripening and shedding of the seed. The infection of resolve definitive species boundaries within Alternaria blight on leaves and silique reduces the Alternaria, advantages of its use are that it organizes photosynthetic area drastically. The phase of at the sub-generic level the morphologically diverse infection on silique adversely affects the normal assemblage of Alternaria species and permits the Journal of Oilseed Brassica, 1(1): 2010 3 generalized discussion of morphologically similar Mehta et al., 2002). Thus, air-borne spores of A. species without becoming overly restricted due to brassicae form the primary source of inoculum of nomenclatural uncertainty. In addition, the species- this polycyclic disease (Kolte, 1985). group concept has provided an important framework for hypothesis testing in advanced Variability in Pathogen studies on Alternaria phylogeny. Variation in isolates of A. brassicae is indicated (Mridha, 1983, Vishwanath et al., 1999). Studies Survival on pathogenic variability have to be the foundation Survival of the pathogen on diseased seed or for development of pre-breeding populations as affected plant debris in tropical or sub-tropical India strategic defence mechanism. Three distinct A. has been ruled out (Mehta et al., 2002), unlike the brassicae isolates, A (highly virulent), C situation in temperate conditions (Humpherson- (moderately virulent) and D (avirulent) are Jones and Maude, 1982). In India, oilseed Brassicas prevalent in India (Vishwanath and Kolte, 1997). are sown from late August to November, depending Formation of chlamydospores is reported in A. on the crop, prevailing temperature
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