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Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Sewage In Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions Lucas Seghezzo Promotor: Prof. dr. ir. Gatze Lettinga, Hoogleraar in de anaërobe zuiveringstechnologie en hergebruik van afvalstoffen Co-promotoren: Dr. ir. Grietje Zeeman, Universitair docent bij de sectie Milieutechnologie Dr. Carlos Mario Cuevas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. Henk Folmer (Wageningen Universiteit) Dr. ir. Ronald Mulder (Paques B.V., Nederland) Dr. ir. Bas van Vliet (Wageningen Universiteit) Prof. dr. Fernando Fernández-Polanco (Universidad de Valladolid, España) Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool WIMEK Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions Lucas Seghezzo Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 26 mei 2004 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula. CIP – DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Author: Seghezzo, L. Title: Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in subtropical regions Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands – with references – with summaries in English, Dutch, and Spanish. Publication year: 2004 ISBN: 90-8504-029-9 Subject headings: anaerobic treatment; domestic wastewater; sewage; UASB reactors; subtropical regions; sustainability assessment; sustainable development. Para Adriana, Natalia y Mateo “...que hay algunos que se cansan en saber y averiguar cosas que, una vez sabidas y averiguadas, no importan un ardite al entendimiento ni a la memoria...” (... because there are people who strive to know and find out things which, once known and found out, are not worth a straw to neither knowledge nor memory...) Don Quijote de la Mancha FOREWORD This thesis ends an era in my life and will hopefully open the doors of my future career. However, the story of this thesis has many “beginnings”. The first beginning goes as far back as the mid 60s. I was born in one of the “Communities of the Ark” founded by the Italian philosopher and spiritual leader Lanza del Vasto (Shantidas), a close disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. The community was based on the principles of non-violence, religious tolerance, simplicity, self-sufficiency, social justice, and respect for nature. Three decades later, these principles oriented my research to a subject related to sustainable development. The second beginning could be traced to the late 70s and early 80s. My mother used to tell me, with profound admiration, about the way her father, Augusto Raúl Cortazar, managed to obtain his Doctor degree at the University of Buenos Aires while working and taking care of the family. His perseverance, integrity, and outstanding scientific career have always been a source of inspiration to me. Somewhere in this period my father came out with the idea of building a little anaerobic digester to recycle our organic wastes and get energy for the family house in Villa Muñoz (Córdoba), former seat of the Community, and later in Vaqueros (Salta), where the family had moved in 1978. For a number of reasons this idea never materialized and I always felt that, eventually, it was going to be my task to build one. The third beginning stretches during my university years in Salta (1983-1990). I wrote my first paper on anaerobic digestion in 1983 for a course given by the late Ennio Pontussi, a pioneer of environmental concerns in Salta. Somewhat later, in the alternative magazine “Mutantia”, I read the story of a Mexican “ecological house” called “Xochicalli” where an anaerobic digester played a central role. This house/project was owned/directed by Jesús Arias Chávez, who I had the privilege to meet later in the Netherlands. With the sketches of Xochicalli, I finally built my own 1-m3 anaerobic digester with the help of some friends. It was quite a job to keep it running, and the energy rewards were very meager (just one or two kettles of hot water per day). In 1990, I defended my graduate thesis about the use of greenhouses to heat up anaerobic digesters. For some years, I kept doing research on anaerobic digestion and I started to run into more and more papers with the strange acronym “UASB” on them, written by someone called Gatze Lettinga and his co-workers. The last and definitive beginning started by the end of 1993, when I received a letter signed by Prof. Lettinga Himself inviting me for a course on anaerobic treatment (I have to admit that it was a photocopy). The costs were enormous to me, but I decided that attending this course was more an investment than a luxury. While doing this course I learnt about the M.Sc. program at Wageningen University. Back in Salta, on a sunny Saturday morning, after going through all the brochures I brought with me, my wife Adriana finally suggested: ¿…y si nos vamos a Holanda? (What if we go to the Netherlands?). And there we went, undeterred by the colossal amount of paperwork required, the entrance examination, the English test, and all the uncertainties ahead of us. While doing the M.Sc., I inevitably heard about the Ph.D. program! Es larga la carretera/cuando uno mira atrás/vas cruzando las fronteras/sin darte cuenta quizás. (The highway is long/when you look back/you cross frontiers/without noticing)1. 1 Charly García (1972) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work described in this thesis was mostly performed at the Laboratory of Environmental Studies (Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, LEA) belonging to the Research Council of the National University of Salta (Consejo de Investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Salta, CIUNSa). The LEA is located within the Research Institute on Non Conventional Energy Sources (Instituto de Investigación en Energía No Convencional, INENCO), directed by Dr. Luis Saravia. Wageningen University (the Netherlands), the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek van de Tropen en Ontwikkelingslanden, WOTRO), the International Foundation for Science (IFS), Aguas de Salta S.A., the Government of Salta, and the CIUNSa (through several research projects) funded this work. I am very grateful to many people who supported me in writing this thesis. First of all, I would like to thank my “promotor”, Prof. Dr. ir. Gatze Lettinga, for his inspiring and motivating guidance throughout this research. His passion for anaerobic wastewater treatment and his commitment to sustainable development and global justice encouraged me to start and go on with the long and painstaking process of doing a Ph.D. thesis on this subject. Gatze: we shall overcome!2 because The line it is drawn/the curse it is cast/the slow one now/will later be fast/as the present now/will later be past/the order is/rapidly fadin’./And the first one now/will later be last/for the times they are a-changin’.3 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my “co-promotoren”, Dr. Grietje Zeeman and Dr. Carlos M. Cuevas, who managed to supervise my work in a framework of friendship, freedom, and openness. Without their support and helpful comments and criticisms of the typescript at various stages in its development, this thesis would never have been completed. My thanks to my colleagues and students from Salta whose input helped to shape this thesis, especially to Viviana Liberal, Walter Tejerina, Alejandra Torrea, María Laura Castañeda, Ana María Paroni, Raquel Guerra, Silvia González, Marcelo Gutiérrez, Ana Cristina da Silva Wilches, Patrick Todd (who also translated the summary to Dutch), Jimena Lasci, Martín Iribarnegaray, Carolina Carmona, Julio Cabral, and María Estela Figueroa. A special thanks goes to Aníbal Trupiano for his sustained interest on anaerobic treatment (no matter what), his skillful management of the most varied practical problems in the pilot plants, and his enduring friendship. I acknowledge the continuing support of the company Aguas de Salta S.A. and its CEO José Luis Guarch, not only for allowing the pilot plants to be built within the city’s main sewage treatment plant, but also for financial and logistic support. Within this company, thanks are also due to Raúl Escobar, Gastón Raimundo, Fernando Vera (siempre presente cuando se lo necesitaba), Oscar Alemán, Ernesto Lizárraga, Ricardo Sánchez, and all the employees in charge of the never-ending task of taking composite samples. A number of people have helped make this thesis better than it might have been, from the very beginning, and even before. I am especially grateful to Mario Kato (who suggested me to work first 2 Lyrics derived from Charles Tindley's gospel song "I'll Overcome Some Day" (1900) 3 Bob Dylan (1963) with pre-settled sewage), Pedro Córdoba (who introduced me into the world of chemical oxygen demand and volatile fatty acids), Nidal Mahmoud (with whom I learnt how to perform specific methanogenic activity tests), Elías Razo Flores, Jules van Lier, Bert Hamelers (whose desk I invaded for a while), Wendy Sanders, Luis Cardón, Irene Upton, Renato Leitão, and several anonymous referees, each of whom has provided constructive criticisms of earlier versions of one or more of the chapters. I am thus most grateful to all of them for making this text possible. I enjoyed the relaxed yet stimulating working atmosphere at the experimental hall in Bennekom, where I had the opportunity to have all kinds of interesting conversations, especially with Bas Buys, Claudia Pabón, Hardy Temmink, Adriaan Mels, Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld, Elena Córdoba, and Katja Grolle. Thanks are also due to Hellen Elissen, Tarek Elmitwalli, Hamed El-Mashad, Marcel Zandvoort, Arie Janssen, Bert Willemsen (my roommate), Eun-Hee Choi, and Titia de Mes. I would also like to express my gratitude to the other members of the Sub-Department of Environmental Technology who, in a way or another, made a contribution to my work or well-being during my different stays in Wageningen: Joost van Buuren, Vinnie de Wilde, Dale Rudrum (my former roommate at IMAG), Adrie Veeken, Piet Lens, Look Hulshof Pol, Sjon Kortekaas, Marcus Vallero, Marina Marchioretto, and Esnati Chaggu.
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