Peranan, Kandungan & Penyampaian Radio Dalam

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Peranan, Kandungan & Penyampaian Radio Dalam Jurnal Komunikasi Borneo 2021 Vol. 9 Jun eISSN: 2289-859X PERANAN, KANDUNGAN & PENYAMPAIAN RADIO DALAM ARUS PENDIGITALAN DI MALAYSIA THE ROLE, CONTENT & DELIVERY OF RADIO IN THE CURRENT OF DIGITALIZATION IN MALAYSIA Intan Soliha Ibrahim Fakulti Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah [email protected] Juliana Abdul Wahab Pusat Pengajian Komunikasi, Universiti Sains Malaysia Tarikh dihantar: 20 Disember 2019 / Tarikh diterima: 22 Mac 2020 Abstrak: Peranan radio sebagai alat penyampaian maklumat, hiburan dan pendidikan tidak boleh dinafikan. Secara umumnya, sebelum kehadiran televisyen dan pendigitalan ke atas industri radio konvensional, setiap rumah di Malaysia pasti memiliki set radio kerana fungsi radio yang penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Teknologi penyiaran digital telah diguna di Malaysia pada tahun 1996 apabila Astro secara rasmi beroperasi sebagai radio dan televisyen digital berbayar pertama negara. Sebelum Astro beroperasi, kerajaan telah membentuk National Telecommunication Policy (1994-2020) (NTP). NTP dibentuk untuk memastikan pertumbuhan perkhidmatan telekomunikasi dan penggunaannya menyokong pembangunan kebangsaan, sejajar dengan aspirasi negara. Radio yang merupakan salah satu alat komunikasi moden tertua di negara ini sudah semestinya mengalami banyak perubahan secara fizikalnya apabila teknologi penyiaran digital diperkenalkan di negara ini. Akses kepada radio tidak lagi terhad kepada penyiaran FM semata-mata, malah teknologi internet telah meledakkan pertumbuhan industri radio tempatan apabila lebih banyak stesen radio atas talian diperkenalkan. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa peranan radio samada sebagai sumber maklumat dan hiburan adalah bergantung kepada tujuan industri penyiaran sesebuah negara dibentuk yang dapat dibahagikan kepada dua peranan utama iaitu sebagai pemberi maklumat yang dapat dilihat sebagai agen pembangunan negara/nasional. Di Malaysia, pembangunan pesat dalam industri radio selepas era digital secara umumnya masih mengekalkan peranan radio sebagai agen penyampai maklumat, hiburan dan pendidikan kepada masyarakat. Selain itu radio juga boleh berperanan untuk memaksimakan keuntungan berdasarkan kepada kandungan hiburan semata-mata terutamanya apabila industri radio ditubuhkan berdasarkan kehendak pasaran. Malah peranan radio turut mengubah kandungan dan corak penyampaian radio. Kata kunci: radio, peranan, kandungan, penyampaian, pendigitalan Abstract: The role of radio as a means of conveying information, entertainment and education cannot be denied. In general, before the advent of television and digitization of the conventional radio industry, every home in Malaysia must have a radio set because of its important radio function in the life of the community. Digital broadcasting technology was used in Malaysia in 1996 when Astro officially operated as the country's first paid digital radio and television. Prior to Astro's operation, the government formed the National Telecommunication Policy (1994-2020) (NTP). The NTP was formed to ensure the growth of telecommunication services and their use supports for national development, in line with national aspirations. Radio, which is one of the oldest modern communication tools in the country, must have undergone many physical changes when digital broadcasting technology 54 Jurnal Komunikasi Borneo 2021 Vol. 9 Jun eISSN: 2289-859X was introduced in the country. Access to radio is no longer limited to FM broadcasting alone, in fact internet technology has spurred the growth of the local radio industry as more online radio stations were introduced. The results of the study show that the role of radio either as a source of information and entertainment depends on the purpose of the broadcasting industry of a country is formed which can be divided into two main roles, namely as an informant who can be seen as a national / national development agent. In Malaysia, the rapid development in the radio industry after the digital era in general still maintains the role of radio as an agent of information, entertainment and education to the community. In addition, radio can also play a role in maximizing profits based on entertainment content alone, especially when the radio industry is established based on market needs. Even the role of radio also changes the content and pattern of radio delivery. Keywords: radio, role, content, delivery, digitization PENGENALAN Radio dan televisyen adalah dua komponen utama bidang penyiaran dan digambarkan oleh ramai pengkaji komunikasi sebagai fenomena sosial. Ini adalah jelas kerana kedua-dua medium berperanan terhadap pemodenan masyarakat dan negara seperti yang disebut oleh Lerner,1958; dan Karthigesu, 1994. Lerner dan Karthigesu menghubungkan peranan tersebut dengan rancangan yang disiarkan kepada masyarakat. Malah kajian yang dijalankan oleh Katz dan Wedell (1978) serta Md Rozalafri, Mohd Daly, Rahmahtunnisah, Nursyamimi, dan Nur Jamilah (2014) memperlihatkan bahawa masyarakat boleh dibujuk menerusi kandungan siaran. Lantaran itu, McLeish (1978; 2005) menterjemahkan radio sebagai sebuah medium buta yang mempunyai keupayaan untuk mempengaruhi pemikiran masyarakat. Bagaimanapun Scanell (1996) tidak melihat radio sebagai sebuah alat yang berupaya mempengaruhi masyarakat, sebaliknya beliau menyifatkan radio sebagai sebuah perkakasan. yang digunakan oleh stesen radio dalam menyampaikan kandungan radio. Walau bagaimanapun, perbezaan konsep radio ini tetap tidak mempengaruhi peranan yang dibawa oleh radio sebagai alat penyampaian maklumat, hiburan dan pendidikan. Kajian yang dijalankan oleh Asiah (1996) dan Darussalam (2005) menonjolkan kepentingan peranan radio sebagai penyalur maklumat kepada masyarakat. Walau bagaimanapun, penswastaan dan difusi teknologi digital yang berlaku terhadap industri penyiaran telah merubah status quo peranan bidang radio konvensional. Radio konvensional tidak lagi dilihat sebagai sebuah medium yang berkepentingan dalam menyalurkan maklumat berat kepada masyarakat. Senario tersebut tidak sama seperti situasi yang diterangkan oleh Asiah (1996) dan Darussalam (2005) yang mengkaji tentang perkembangan dan pembangunan industri radio dari era awal 1920-an sehingga era pembentukan Malaysia. Justeru itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti perubahan yang berlaku terhadap peranan, kandungan dan penyampaian radio dalam era digital. Hal ini kerana radio merupakan salah satu alat komunikasi moden tertua di negara ini sudah semestinya mengalami banyak perubahan secara fizikalnya apabila teknologi penyiaran digital diperkenalkan di negara ini. Akses kepada radio tidak lagi terhad kepada penyiaran FM semata-mata, malah teknologi internet telah meledakkan pertumbuhan industri radio tempatan apabila lebih banyak stesen radio atas talian diperkenalkan. Contohnya, teknologi penyiaran digital telah diguna di Malaysia pada tahun 1996 apabila Astro secara rasmi beroperasi sebagai radio dan televisyen digital berbayar pertama negara. Sebelum Astro beroperasi, kerajaan telah membentuk National Telecommunication Policy (1994-2020) (NTP). NTP dibentuk untuk memastikan pertumbuhan perkhidmatan telekomunikasi dan penggunaannya menyokong pembangunan kebangsaan, sejajar dengan aspirasi negara. Ia berfungsi sebagai pemangkin ke arah pertumbuhan dan pembangunan sektor 55 Jurnal Komunikasi Borneo 2021 Vol. 9 Jun eISSN: 2289-859X telekomunikasi dalam usaha untuk menjadi sektor moden, canggih dan sofistikated. NTP turut meliputi servis komunikasi radio seperti perkhidmatan radio di telefon, CT2, Satelit, maritim, radio amatur dan radio frekuensi tinggi. Tidak mustahil, dengan perkembangan teknologi ini berlakunya perubahan terhadap peranan, kandungan dan penyampaian yang dimainkan oleh industri radio negara dari tahun 1996 sehingga 2016. METODOLOGI KAJIAN Makalah ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam proses pengumpulan data dan menganalisis data kajian. Wimmer dan Dominick (2003) mentakrifkan pendekatan kualitatif sebagai satu proses pertanyaan dalam memahami masalah yang tidak melibatkan statistik dan pertanyaan soalan yang fleksibel bagi memahami isu yang dikaji. Pendekatan ini diguna bagi menjelaskan sesebuah fenomena tanpa memanipulasi situasi sebenar atau konteks kajian. Dalam konteks kajian ini pendekatan kualitatif diaplikasi bagi menjelaskan perubahan peranan kandungan dan penyampaian radio dalam era digital. Untuk tujuan itu, kajian ini menggunakan kaedah temu bual dan penyelidikan sejarah bagi meneliti perubahan yang berlaku terhadap peranan, kandungan dan penyampaian industri radio dari tahun 1996 sehingga tahun 2016. Kaedah ini digunakan bagi tujuan memahami perubahan yang berlaku terhadap industri radio konvensional dalam era digital. Sarjana-sarjana yang mengkaji bidang radio turut menggunakan kaedah tersebut. Dunaway (2000) mengguna kaedah temu bual dalam memahami bagaimana proses dan tekstur penerbitan radio digital mempengaruhi penerbit radio dalam membuat keputusan estetik bagi menghasilkan kandungan siaran radio di United Kingdom. Manakala, O’Neill (2007, 2008, 2010) meneliti perkembangan dan pembangunan industri radio di Kanada dan United Kingdom menggunakan kaedah temu bual dan analisis dokumen yang berkaitan seperti polisi dan keratan akhbar. Bagi memahami perubahan tersebut, kajian ini mengumpul data menerusi temu bual mendalam. Temu bual ini melibatkan informan yang terdiri daripada pihak penyiar kerajaan dan swasta. Informan yang dipilih untuk ditemu bual adalah berdasarkan kepada penglibatan dalam industri radio. Dalam konteks kajian ini pendekatan
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