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Characterizing Methane (CH4) Emissions in Urban Environments (Paris) Sara Defratyka

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Characterizing Methane (CH4) Emissions in Urban Environments (Paris) Sara Defratyka Characterizing methane (CH4) emissions in urban environments (Paris) Sara Defratyka To cite this version: Sara Defratyka. Characterizing methane (CH4) emissions in urban environments (Paris). Other. Université Paris-Saclay, 2021. English. NNT : 2021UPASJ002. tel-03230140 HAL Id: tel-03230140 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03230140 Submitted on 19 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Characterization of CH4 emissions in urban environments (Paris) Caractérisation des émissions de CH4 en milieu urbain (Paris) Thèse de doctorat de l'université Paris-Saclay École doctorale n° 129 Sciences de l’environnement d’Ile-de-France (SEIF) Spécialité de doctorat: météorologie, océanographie, physique de l’environnement Unité de recherche : Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, UVSQ, Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l’environnement Référent : Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris-Saclay, le 19/01/2021, par Sara DEFRATYKA Composition du Jury Valéry CATOIRE Professeur des universités, Président du jury et Rapporteur Université d’Orléans Lilian JOLY Rapporteur et Examinateur Directeur de Recherche, UMR CNSR Sébastien BIRAUD Examinateur Directeur de Recherche, CESD Valérie GROS Examinatrice Directrice de Recherche, LSCE Martina SCHMIDT Examinatrice Chercheuse, UHEI Direction de la thèse Philippe BOUSQUET Directeur de thèse J002 Professeur, LSCE Camille YVER-KWOK Invitée, Co- Encadrante de thèse UPAS Chercheuse, LSCE Jean-Daniel PARIS Invité, Co-Encadrant de thèse Chercheur, LSCE : 2021 Thèse de doctorat NNT 2 3 Acknowledgments First of all, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Philippe Bousquet, Camille Yver-Kwok and Jean-Daniel Paris for supervising my Ph.D., continuous trust and support, and being wise and brilliant mentors. Philippe, thank you for your enthusiastic and wise guidance and encouraging me to be professional and to look at my work from a bigger perspective. Jean-Daniel, thank you for the intellectual discussions during our surveys which have allowed me to better understand the scientific questions behind my work. Camille, thank you for answering my never-ending questions, helping me improve my skills, and showing me that it is possible to manage both, a scientific career and a family with passion. Special regards to Valéry Catoire and Lilian Joly for their acceptance to review this thesis. Many thanks to Sébastien Biraud and Valérie Gros for being part of my PhD jury. I am pleased to thank Dave Lowry, Martina Schmidt and Felix Vogel for being my thesis committee members. I value the constructive and developmental discussions we have shared, which progressed my work. I wish to show my gratitude to the MEMO2 European Training Network and Climate Clean Air Coalition Oil and Gas Methane Science Studies for financially supporting this thesis and providing the opportunity to participate in informative schools, workshops, and conferences. I owe much respect to the Royal Holloway University of London Earth Science Department, especially Rebecca Fisher and Euan Nisbet. Also, respects to the UK’s National Physical Laboratory, particularly Rod Robinson and Jon Helmore for serving as my secondment mentors, and for providing a collaborative measurement opportunity with MEMO2. Additional thanks to James France for organizing the NPL controlled release experiment. Recognition to Jarosław Nęcki and the members of CoMet for allowing me to join an extensive campaign and fulfil my secondment. This experience enriched my knowledge and strengthened skills in the matter of conducting mobile measurements. I am thank for my LSCE colleagues whose assistance was a milestone in the completion of this project. Thanks to Gregoire and Pramod for assisting me with modelling, explaining different concepts and answering my elementary questions. Thanks to Pierre-Yves and Daniel for numerous hours spent in the car during mobile measurements. Recognition to Abdel and Sebastien who introduced me to secrets of completing a Ph.D. at LSCE and shared useful tips to deal with daily struggles. Also, I am indebted to all of the ICOS team, which always find solutions form any technical problems. Thank you all for time spent during lunch and coffee breaks. Without you, my French articulation would definitely be much lower than today. From the bottom of my heart, I would like to express immense appreciation for all my substantially supportive friends who were ready to listen my complains whenever I needed it. Barbara and Sophie, thank you for your extensive support during our Social Sundays. Also, a world without unicorns would not be the same. I also want to thank Yunsong for bringing the Ph.D. candidate office large amounts of enthusiasm and energy. Thank you Juli for hosting me during my UK secondments, and numerous hours of interesting discussions. Do not be shy. Malika, thank you for your help with isotopic measurements and data interpretation. Thanks to all MEMO2 Ph.D. candidates for creating an amazing and support team of young scientists. To my Polish friends, thanks for cheering me up, even from far away, especially Karolcia, Karolina and Piotr who shared their optimism and endless positive energy to get through difficult times. Thanks Ulrich for your endless support and frequent reminders that I am able and ready to finish my Ph.D. Finally, a very warm thanks to my parents and brother who set me off on the road to my Ph.D. a long time ago. Without their continuous support I would not be able to take on the challenge of doing a Ph.D. Thank you for welcoming me always with open arms and the maximum possible support. 4 Contents Figures .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 12 1.1 Global methane budget .............................................................................................................. 12 1.2 CH4 sources and sinks ................................................................................................................. 13 1.3 Anthropogenic CH4 emissions .................................................................................................... 17 1.3.1 Agriculture CH4 emissions ....................................................................................... 17 1.3.2 Fossil fuels ............................................................................................................... 18 1.3.3 Waste management ................................................................................................ 20 1.3.4 Biomass and biofuel burning ................................................................................... 20 1.3.5 Uncertainties in sectoral CH4 emissions .................................................................. 21 1.3.6 Particular role of cities ............................................................................................ 22 1.4 CH4 national and regional emissions – example of France and Île-de-France region ……………… 23 1.5 Mitigation action in Île-de-France region ………………………………………………………………………………. 25 1.6 A key role of local mobile measurements …………………………………………………………………………...... 27 1.7 Thesis objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 28 2 Instrument performance in laboratory and field conditions ………………………………………………………………. 30 2.1 Principles of cavity ringdown spectroscopy and analyzer description ……………………………………. 31 2.2 Laboratory tests ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 32 2.2.1 Initial test …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 32 2.2.1.1 Continuous measurements repeatability …………………………………………..…….. 33 2.2.1.2 Allan deviation …………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 2.2.1.3 Short-term and long-term repeatability …………………………………………………… 34 2.2.1.4 Ambient pressure and temperature dependence ………………………………....... 35 2.2.1.5 Calibration ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 37 13 2.2.1.6 C2H6 correction for δ CH4 …………………………………………….………………………….. 38 2.2.1.7 Initial test - summary …………………………………………………..………..……………….. 40 13 2.2.2 δ CH4 results from CRDS G2201-i versus IRMS …………………………..……………………… 40 2.2.2.1 Continuous simultaneous measurements ………………………………………………… 41 2.2.2.2 MEMO2 isotopic tanks ……………………………………………………………………………... 41 2.3 Mobile measurements set-up ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44 13 2.3.1 δ CH4 measured during in-situ mobile measurements ………………………………….….. 46 13 2.4 Testing of the mobile set-up for δ CH4 …………………………………………………………………………………. 47 2.4.1 Inlet position ……………………………………………..………………………………………………………. 48 2.4.2 Target gas measurements ……..…………………….…………………………………………………….. 49 13 2.4.3 Gas release experiment δ CH4 measure ………………………………….…………………………
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