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Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture

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Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture A Manual to Address Data Requirements for Developing Countries Cover photo: ©FAO/Daniel Hayduk ©FAO/Rocío Dánica Cóndor Golec ©FAO/Sia Kambou ESTIMATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN AGRICULTURE A MANUAL TO ADDRESS DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Francesco N. Tubiello, Rocío D. Cóndor-Golec, Mirella Salvatore, Angela Piersante, Sandro Federici, Alessandro Ferrara, Simone Rossi, Alessandro Flammini, Paola Cardenas, Riccardo Biancalani, Heather Jacobs, Paulina Prasula, and Paolo Prosperi. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2014 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-108674-2 © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Contents Acknowledgments vii Acronyms viii 1. Introduction 1 2. The Institutional Framework 3 2.1 The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 3 2.2 Existing reporting requirements for mitigation in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use sector under the UNFCCC 4 2.3 National GHG Inventory systems and their role in international processes 6 3. The IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories 9 3.1 The Structure of IPCC Guidelines 9 3.2 The quality of the Emission Inventory 10 3.3 The AFOLU sector and its structure 12 3.4 Reporting methods 16 3.5 Estimation process 17 3.5.1 The identification of Key Categories 18 3.5.2 The selection of methods and measurement 19 3.5.3 The selection and collection of activity data 20 3.5.4 The selection of emission factors or carbon stock change factors 21 4. Addressing Data and Methodological Requirements 23 4.1 Activity data sources 24 4.2 Emission factors 29 4.3 Metadata and emissions categories for Agriculture 29 4.4 Metadata and emissions categories for Forestry and Land Use 33 5. Minimum Data Availability for Developing Countries: Structure and data organization using FAOSTAT as guide 35 5.1 Agriculture 45 5.1.1 Enteric Fermentation 42 5.1.2 Manure management 48 5.1.3 Rice cultivation 55 5.1.4 Synthetic fertilizers 58 5.1.5 Manure applied to soils 64 5.1.6 Manure left on pasture 70 5.1.7 Crop residues 75 5.1.8 Cultivation of Organic soils 82 5.1.9 Burning crop residues 85 5.1.10 Burning – Savanna 90 5.1.11 Energy Use 93 5.2 Forestry and Land Use 100 5.2.1 Forest Land 100 5.2.2 Cropland 109 5.2.3 Grassland 112 5.2.4 Burning – Biomass 115 iii Annexes 1. Glossary: Concepts, Definitions and Symbols 120 2. Data activities: example of national questionnaire on data collection 129 3. Technical Parameters 131 4. Existing reporting requirements for mitigation in the AFOLU sector, under the UNFCCC 175 References 180 FIGURES 1. Robust national GHGI systems are key to accessing funding and support 6 2. Main source and sink categories of 1996 and 2006 IPCC Guidelines 9 3. Evolution of IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Emission Inventories 10 4. Main steps in compiling a GHG Inventory 11 5. GHG emission sources/removals and processes in managed ecosystems 12 6. GHG emission sources/removals and processes in managed ecosystems 15 7 . Categorization of Sources and Sinks of IPCC Guidelines reporting tables, 1996 - 2006 16 8. Equation to calculate GHG emissions/removals 16 9. Inventory development cycle 17 10. Decision tree for the Livestock category 20 11. Tier 1 CH4 Emission Factors from Enteric Fermentation for Cattle 22 12. FAOSTAT Emissions database Sources of Activity Data 24 13. Map of savanna burned areas in 2012 26 14. Savanna dry biomass burned in 2012 27 15. Map of N2O Emissions from Savanna Burned in 2012 28 16. Data structure in the FAOSTAT “Emissions – Agriculture” domain (1) 30 17. Data structure in the FAOSTAT “Emissions – Agriculture” domain (2) 31 18 . Data structure in the FAOSTAT “Emissions – Agriculture” domain (3) 32 19. Data Structure of the “Emissions – Land Use” Domain 34 20. FAOSTAT database Homepage 36 21. The New FAOSTAT Homepage 37 22. The FAOSTAT Emissions database 38 23. Metadata in the FAOSTAT Emissions database 39 24. The “Browse Data” option 40 25. “Download data” option 40 26. The FAOSTAT “Browse data” section 41 27. The FAOSTAT “Download Data” webpage 43 28 . “Number of Heads of Sheep” from the FAOSTAT database 46 29. “Number of Heads of dairy cattle” from FAOSTAT database 47 30. “Number of Heads of Cattle” from the FAOSTAT database 47 31. “Livestock Sub-Categories of the FAOSTAT Emissions database 48 32. “Stock of Laying Animals” from the FAOSTAT database 53 33. “Stock of Chickens, etc.” from the FAOSTAT database 54 34. Manure Management Items from the FAOSTAT Emissions database 54 35. Paddy rice area harvested, from the FAOSTAT database 59 36. Fertilizers Archive, from the FAOSTAT database 63 37. Fertilizers data set from the FAOSTAT database 63 38. Synthetic Fertilizers Items from the FAOSTAT Emissions database 64 39. Manure Applied to Soils Items from the FAOSTAT Emissions database 69 40. Manure Left on Pasture Items from the FAOSTAT database 75 41. Area harvested and Yield data 80 iv 42. Crops Residues items 80 43. Organic Soils Data from the FAOSTAT database 87 44. Area harvested data from the FAOSTAT database 90 45. Burning Crops items 91 46. “Area Burned” data 94 47. Data on the Area Equipped for Power Irrigation, from the AQUASTAT database 98 48. The “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010” Homepage 103 49. Forestry Area from the FRA database 104 50. Carbon Stock Data Set from the FRA database 106 51. Cropland items from the FAOSTAT Emissions database 111 52. Grassland items from the FAOSTAT Emissions database 114 53. Burning - Biomass items from the FAOSTAT Emissions database 118 54. Example of a FAOSTAT Questionnaire 130 TABLES -1 1. Emission factor for methane for animal category, kg CH4 head by IPCC area 131 -1 2. Emission factor for methane for animal category, kg CH4 head by country 132 3. Nitrogen excreted in manure for animal category, kg N head-1 by IPCC area 139 4. Typical Animal Mass, kg by IPCC area and animal category 139 5. Share of manure treated in MS lagoon for each animal category, by IPCC area 140 6. Share of manure treated in MS slurry for animal category by IPCC area 140 7 . Share of manure treated in MS solid storage for animal category by IPCC area 141 8. Share of manure treated in MS dry lot for animal category by IPCC area 141 9. Share of manure treated in MS daily spread for animal category by IPCC area 142 10. Share of manure treated in MS digester for animal category by IPCC area 142 11. Share of manure treated in MS pit below one month for animal category by IPCC area 143 12. Share of manure treated in MS pit above one month for each animal category, by IPCC area 143 13. Share of manure treated in other MS for each animal category, by IPCC area 144 14. Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in MS slurry for each animal category, by IPCC area 144 15. Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in MS lagoon for each animal category, by IPCC area 145 16. Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in MS solid storage or each animal category, by IPCC area 145 17 . Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in MS dry lot for each animal category, by IPCC area 146 18. Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in MS daily spread for each animal category, by IPCC area 146 19. Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in MS digester for each animal category, by IPCC area 147 20. Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in MS pit below and above one month for each animal category, by IPCC area 147 21. Fraction of applied organic N fertilizer in other MS for each animal category, by IPCC area 148 22. Emission factor for direct N2O emissions for manure management system, -1 kg N2O-N (kg N) , by IPCC area 148 23. Percent of N losses due to runoff and leaching during solid and liquid storage of managed manure, by IPCC areaa 149 24. Emission factor for indirect N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of N -1 on soils and water surfaces, kg N2O-N (kg NH3-N + NOx-N) , volatilised by IPCC area 149 25.
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