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Peace Research in Non-Violence Contexts: a Case Study Among the Southwest Nigerian Yorùbá

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Peace Research in Non-Violence Contexts: a Case Study Among the Southwest Nigerian Yorùbá Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Olayinka, Akintayo Sunday (2020) Peace research in non-violence contexts: a case study among the Southwest Nigerian Yorùbá. PhD thesis, Middlesex University / Oxford Centre for Mission Studies. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/32994/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy PEACE RESEARCH IN NON-VIOLENCE CONTEXTS A CASE STUDY AMONG THE SOUTHWEST NIGERIAN YORÙBÁ BY AKINTAYO SUNDAY O. OLAYINKA (AO1026) June 2020 Oxford Centre for Mission Studies Abstract I analyse the abilities of peaceful communities to maintain harmony by making a case study of the Southwest Nigerian Yorùbá in this research. I examine the potential of Yorùbá Christians and Muslims to manage their disputes, crises, and conflicts to avoid violence and maintain peace within their host Yorùbá culture, religion, and values. The qualitative method of inquiry used here involved focus groups and interviews to generate primary data, which I analysed with thick description. One of the main findings showed that the existing Ẹbí (family) theory among the Yorùbá played a significant role in sustaining peace. This theory focuses on the idea of family as the means to keep the Yorùbá in harmony during conflicts. This study, however, further found that the idea of the family alone was insufficient for dealing with the complexity of conflict situations. In addition to the family theory, the Yorùbá Muslims and Christians use other features within the Yorùbá culture, religion, and social life in creative and positive ways to maintain harmony. Such abilities do not exonerate the Yorùbá from occasional conflicts as in many human societies, but they are positive illustrations of their potential to keep the peace. Could these abilities of the Yorùbá meet the requirements of peaceful societies and be given recognition by scholars? This work, although being a research in peace studies also has relevance for anthropology, Christian-Muslim relations, cultural and African studies. Future studies can focus more communities for a better understanding of peace as a contribution to peace and conflict studies. ii PEACE RESEARCH IN NON-VIOLENCE CONTEXTS: A CASE STUDY AMONG THE SOUTHWEST NIGERIAN YORÙBÁ by Akintayo Sunday O. Olayinka BA & MA (University of Ibadan) MSc. (University of Edinburgh) Main Supervisor: Dr. Zoe Marriage Ph.D. Second Supervisor: Prof Olukoya Ogen Ph.D. House Tutor: Dr. Tim Keene Ph.D. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Middlesex University June 2020 Oxford Centre for Mission Studies iii Declarations iv Dedication To my mother Mrs. Alice and late father, Mr. Joseph Adedeji Olayinka ‘To the work! To the work! We are servants of God, Let us follow the path that our Master has trod; With the balm of His counsel our strength to renew, Let us do with our might what our hands find to do.’ (Fanny J Crosby 1820-1915), Baptist Hymnal 1991 number 615. v Acknowledgments I want to thank my supervisor, Dr. Zoe Marriage, and the second supervisor, Prof. Olukoya Ogen for their constant support and encouragement throughout the period of my research. Also, worth mentioning is the support I received from the faculty and colleagues at the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies (OCMS) during my seminar presentations. I am indebted to Pastor Paul Crossley, a friend from Leeds who read some of my work at its early stage with attention on sentence structure. Also, worth mentioning is the encouragement from Leeds City Mission United Kingdom and the Nigerian Baptist Convention through its Global Mission Board. I am thankful to Dr. Tim Keene for serving as my house tutor and chairing my seminars and the pre-viva meeting. Dr. Bernard Farr, a Senior Resident Fellow (now retired) impressed me at my first seminar by asking questions from one of my lengthy footnotes and suggesting how important the material could be if placed within the body of my paper. Dr. Andy Hartropp and Dr. Brainerd Prince commented on my area of interest, attempting to study peace separate from conflict. I say thank you to Dr. Paul Bendor–Samuel, the Executive Director, and Dr. Tom Harvey, the Academic Dean, for their encouragement during my study, and Dr. Marina Behera for her comments during my Dean’s review. I appreciate the support of Dr. Ben Knighton for regularly providing links to newly published academic works, the opportunity for presentations during some of the African Interest Group (AIG) meetings, and his thought- provoking questions during my seminars. To Rev. Andrew Anderson the chaplain (now retired), Dr. Liz Bendor–Samuel and Mrs. Ky Prevette for their spiritual support. Others are Dr. Bill Prevette, Dr. Damon So and Dr. Paul Woods for their pastoral and academic support; Dr. John Padwick and Mr. Brian E. vi Woolnough for their contributions during my seminars; and Dr. David Emmanuel Singh the faculty member with whom I discussed my research proposal during my first residency. Thank you to Mrs. Rachel McIntyre the registrar, Ms. Irim Sarwar the Executive Officer for Quality Enhancement, and student records; and Mrs. Blanche Marslin, the Regnum sales co-ordinator (now retired). Also, to Carole Glendinning (retired), Miss Nicky Clargo the finance manager, and Mrs. Nadine Woods the Development Officer for without their roles, my study would have been much more difficult. To Dr. Peter Passmore of Middlesex University London for suggesting the use of NVivo for processing my data during my presentation at the Middlesex University Summer Conference in London. I also had a chat with Dr. Hae–Won Kim of the OCMS while processing my data with the NVIVO. The OCMS Librarian Mr. Ralph Bates provided me with published works as and when needed throughout the time of my study. Finally, I want to thank my wife, Morayo for her patience during my study while she worked and still looked after our children. I want to thank our children, Oluwadara, Oluwadunsin and Oluwatise for their endurance while we moved from one location to another as a pastor’s family, thereby changing their schools during their developmental stages. I thank the LORD that they have not missed out on anything important that the Grace of the LORD Jesus Christ has not replaced. ‘Great is Thy faithfulness, O God my Father, there is no shadow of turning with Thee; Thou changest not, Thy compassions, they fail not. As Thou hast been Thou forever wilt be.’ Thomas Chisholm (1866–1960) vii Table of Contents Abstract--- .................................................................................................................... ii Declarations ................................................................................................................ iv Dedication .................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents....................................................................................................... viii List of Figures and Photographs ................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER ONE .......................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Question ................................................................................................6 1.1.1 Main Research Question ................................................................................6 1.1.2 Subsidiary Questions .....................................................................................7 1.1.3 Problem and Hypothesis ................................................................................7 1.2 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................8
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