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Nigella Damascena L Ital. J. Agron. / Riv. Agron., 2008, 2:125-130 Comparative Study in Seed Yield and Flowers Attractivity to Bee Visitors Between Nigella Sativa L. and Nigella Damascena L. ( Ranunculaceae ) Grown Under Semiarid Conditions Shahera Zaitoun 1* , Abd Al-Majeed Al-Ghzawi 2, Nezar Samarah 2, Ahmad Alqudah 2 1Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan 2Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Science and Technology P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan Received: 14 January 2008. Accepted: 23 July 2008. Abstract This experiment was carried out during the growing season 2005 at the campus of Jordan University of Science and Technology (32°22” N, 35°49” E), Jordan. Two different Nigella species were used in this experiment; Nigella sativa L. and Nigella damascena L. This study was aimed to identify the bee visitors of Nigella species and the pollination requirements of Nigella flowers grown under semiarid conditions. The results showed that flowers of both Nigella species were visited by seven different bee visitors. However, flowers of N. damascena were more attractive to bees than N. sativa flowers. N. damascena produced on average significantly higher plant, more number of branches per plant, more seed yield, total seed weight and higher number of capsules per plant. On the other hand, N. sativa pro - duced its flowers and matured nearly two weeks earlier than N. damascena. There is no interaction between Nigel - la species and pollination treatments for all yield parameter. N. damascena was higher in number of ovaries, seeds per capsules, seed set percentage, seeds per plant and total seed weight than N. sativa under treatments conditions. Also, flowers of both Nigella species under open treatment produced higher yield compared to other pollination treatments. Key-words : Nigella sativa , Nigella damascena , pollination, Black cumin, emasculation. Introduction droecium comprises a large number of stamens. While the gynoecium is composed of a variable Nigella L. ( Ranunculaceae ) includes about 20 number of multi-ovule carpels, developing into species such as ( Nigella sativa L., Nigella dam - a follicle after pollination, with single fruits par - ascena L., and Nigella arvensis L.). They are tially connected to form a capsule-like structure widely distributed in Mediterranean regions and West Asia (Hegnauer, 1973). Nigella species with single fruits. Nigella seeds are small, rough consumption has increased during last few years surface and an oily white interior (Zohary, especially in Middle East countries; therefore 1983). Nigella appears to be potential multi-purpose The reduction in flower size and other char - crops of possible interest (Riaz et al., 1996). acters correlated with flower size, plant height Nigella sativa and Nigella damascena are herba - and leaf size may be an adaptive response to ceous plant of annual growth. Both Nigella drought or low pollinator abundance (Strid, species have determinate flowers, producing 1969; Andersson, 1997; 2003). Pollination plays hermaphrodite flowers which characterized by an important role in flowering plant reproduc - the presence of nectariferous petals and the an - tion and fruit set for plant communities (Cor - * Corresponding Author: Tel.: 00962 79 5576112; Fax: 00962 64 772846. E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]. 125 Zaitoun S., Al-Ghzawi A.Al.M., Samarah N., Alqudah A. bet et al., 1991; Buchmann and Nabhan, 1996). tween plants within the row and one meter The reproductive system of Nigella plants is spaced between replication. Granular fertilizers self-pollination with some extent of cross polli - DAP (Diammonium phosphate 18% N and 46% nation (McGregor, 1976; Elmer, 2004). More - P2O5) was added to the soil before planting at over, Irregular of yield is a common problem in a rate of 100 kg ha -1 . Plants were planted under seed set of Nigella cultivated under semiarid con - rainy condition but to prevent effect of drought ditions, the variations in crop production have on crop during growth plants were irrigated by been related to pollination failure (Wilcock and drip irrigation to maintain 70-90% from field ca - Neiland, 2002) or drought effect (Strid, 1969). pacity (Rowarth et al., 1997) dependent on ten - Some researchers reported that the bees is the siometers. Weeds were controlled by hand, when main pollinator to most plant flowers in natural needed. and semi-natural condition during flowering stage (Richards, 1986; Buchmann and Nabhan, 1996) Pollination studies and sometimes flies and butterflies (Schneider et Five pollination treatments, open pollination al., 1994). The main Nigella flower pollinators (natural pollination by insects and wind), cross were honeybees (Ricciardelli and Persano, 1981; pollinated of caged flowers (emasculated flow - Weber, 1992) as well as bumble-bees ( Bombus lu - ers hand pollinated with pollen grains from oth - corum , Bombus lapidarius ), wasps ( Polistes domi - er plant), self pollinated of caged flowers (emas - nulus , Eumenes pedunculatus , Cerceris arenaria , culated flowers hand pollinated with pollen Philanthus triangulum and Ammophila sabulosa ), grains the same flower), open pollinated emas - Halictus sp., Chrysis sp. and Lasioglossum sp. are culated flowers (plant with emasculated flowers major flower visitors in Austria (Weber, 1992; accessible to naturally occurring insect pollina - 1995). Colletes punctatus and Epeolus fasciatus in tors) and control or cover pollination (prevent Hungarian (Weber, 1993). The roles of insects in pollination by insects by using a net bag with the pollination of Nigella and pollination re - 1x1-mm mesh size) were used in this experi - quirements are not yet evaluated. The main ob - ment. Two Nigella species; N. sativa and N. dam - jectives from this study were to identify the bee ascena were used in this experiment. To com - visitors of both Nigella species (Nigella sativa L., pare between two species the plant height, Nigella damascena L.) and the pollination re - branch per plant, number of champers, capsules quirement of Nigella flowers gr own under semi - per plant, days to flowering and days to har - arid conditions. vesting where recorded during the experiment. After maturation of seeds plants were removed from soil, cleaned and seeds manually separat - Materials and methods ed by hand and the number of seeds per cap - sule, number of seeds per plant and total weight Site description of seeds per plants were recorded. This experiment was careered out during the 2005 growing season in the campus of Jordan Bee visitors University of Science and Technology (JUST), Bees were caught by a national park net by Ramtha (32°22” N, 35°49” E), Northern of Jor - swe ep netting the bees that had visited the flow - dan. This area characterized by semiarid Me di - ers in the transect area. Insect visitors were col - terranean climate with of mild rainy (200-250 lected for one day every three days interval be - mm) winters and dry hot summers. The soils tween 9:00 and 16:00 during the entire flowering used were shallow rocky silt clays. period from May to June. The collected specimens were kept in special storage insect boxes. Vouch - Plant materials er specimens of bees are kept in the Laboratory The seeds were brought from Plant Production of Beekeeping, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Uni - University of Science and Technology. versity of Science and Technology, Jordan. Seeds of both N. sativa and N. damascena were plant - Statistical analysis ed on the 10 th of March 2005 by hand at a com - The experiment was planed as a split-plot of mon rate. Seeds were sown at 15 cm spaced be - randomized completely block design (RCBD) 126 Ital. J. Agron. / Riv. Agron., 2008, 2:125-130 with twelve replicates. Data were analyzed by 45 analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS pro - 40 gram. Differences between treatments means 35 was separated according to least significant dif - n o 30 i ference LSD at 0.05 probability level. t N. sativa a t i N. damascena s i 25 v s e e 20 b f o Results and discussion 15 % Bee visitors 10 Nigella flowers of both species have pollen and 5 nectar but they were non attractive to bees. 0 m s a a . lu s i s ca m r n p il lu tr n tu During the flowering period, a total of 675 bees fe e p x u s e ia a li ig s u in e c r l l b a a rr s sy u e l n p m e re d m a e o t g s n ra r m d s i e u were visited Nigella flowers. 255 bees were vis - is o d u s u n d p h n s e b a ia m A p A s t r r iu o lo is m ce e d h l o u H e t g o B th ited N. sativa flowers, while 420 bees were vis - n io P E n A ss A a ited N. damascena flowers as shown in Figure L BeBeees sppe cicesies (1). All collected insect specimens were Hy - Figure 1. Diversity and visitation frequency of N. sativa and menoptera insects including Apis mellifera , An - N. damascena grown under semiarid conditions. drena spp., Lasioglossum pauxillum , Anthopho - ra albigena , Polistes dominulus, Bombus ter - mophila sabulosa , Halictus sp., Chrysis sp., La - restris, Eucera nigrescens, Anthidium undulatum sioglossum sp., Colletes punctatus and Epeolus and Heriades syriaca ). 66.8% of bee insects were fasciatus were major flower visitors in Austria honeybees, followed by Anthophora albigena and Hungarian (Weber, 1992; 1993; 1995). (7%) and Andrena sp. (6.9%). N. damascena The number of visitors is very important in flowers were more attractive in bee numbers pollination due to increase effective pollinator (35.7% and 64.3% were visited N.
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