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Nilar Energy Storage Advanced Nimh Battery Technology the Ultimate Sustainable Energy Storage Solution

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Nilar Energy Storage Advanced Nimh Battery Technology the Ultimate Sustainable Energy Storage Solution Technical manual Nilar Energy Storage Advanced NiMH battery technology The ultimate sustainable energy storage solution. One that is more efficient, safer and has a much smaller environmental footprint than any other solution in its class. Smart Grid solutions A E B D C A. Renewable energy storage – Zero emission, D. Re-conceptualising shopping malls – Energy micro grid solution for industrial application conservation for a greener shopping environment B. Smart energy storage for smart offices – E. EnergyHub – Intelligent energy management Interconnected energy management system of solar power with effective storage with bi-polar technology C. Hybrid Canal Boat – Clean and silent hydrogen propulsion for the inland waterways 3 Contents Nilar batteries and energy storages . 4 The Nilar battery energy storage system. 22 Solutions and applications . 5 Features . 23 The 12 V, 10Ah Energy Module. 6 Nilar battery energy storage systems . 24 System overview. 24 Nilar battery pack features . 7 Nilar Battery Management System (BMS) . 25 Operating features. 8 Configuration . 26 Discharging. 8 Charging . 10 Installation. 27 Self discharge . 11 Cycle life. 11 Nilar system components. 28 Battery packs . 28 Transport . 12 Monitoring unit . 28 Programmable logical controller (PLC) . 29 Recycling. 13 Circuit breaker . 29 Fuse . 29 Safety. 14 Current sensor . 29 Design . 16 Notes . 30 Pack design . 17 Modular design . 18 Electrochemistry . 20 4 Nilar batteries and energy storages Nilar provides customers with high voltage industrial energy storage and battery solutions that are safer and environmentally friendly. Solutions are built on modular and flexible battery packs based on the Nilar battery energy module and integrated battery management systems for high voltage systems. 5 Solutions and applications Enormous infrastructure investments are required to upgrade the grid if it’s going to cope with the long-term demands of the fast emerging electric vehicle market and the rise in distributed energy use from intermittent sources, such as wind and solar power. Postponing upgrades with smart energy storage solutions is the only way forward for many governments and energy providers. But this should not be considered a short-term solution. With the right system, energy storage can act as an effective buffer for many years to come and be equally effective if and when grid upgrades are carried out. Home/Business storage Energy market – Time shifting EV-charge support Power market – Peak shaving Industrial support Power market – Peak shaving Features: Advanced energy storage: • Decrease your power tariffs • Small scale storage • Increase your share of renewable energy • Commercial & Industrial storage • Relieve stress on the grid • EV-charging • Use a solution that is sustainable from cradle to grave • Utility storage • Safer energy storage • Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) • Clean Energy Supply 6 The 12 V, 10Ah Energy Module The 12 V Energy Module is the building block in Nilar’s • The patented Nilar bi-polar design enables Nilar to energy storage and battery solutions. The module is a offer safer, reliable and cost efficient energy storage maintenance-free, energy-optimised battery with high solutions. power capability designed for demanding professional applications. The high energy throughput, long cycle • High energy density with excellent discharge power life, wide operational window and excellent safety and capability over a wide temperature range. environmental characteristics of the nickel-metal hydride technology makes it possible to supply power to a large • The Nilar battery requires very low maintenance, in many number of applications. cases no maintenance, and is a sealed design with no emissions of gases or electrolyte during its service life. • The Nilar battery is easy to transport and is not affected by any costly or complicated transport regulations. • The Nilar battery contains none of the regulated heavy metals mercury, cadmium and lead. The design has been developed to enable a cost efficient recycling process and a high degree of reused materials. 7 Nilar battery pack features Nominal voltage Storage The cell voltage of a battery cell is governed by the Nilar battery packs can be stored several years without electrochemical potentials of the active materials used in loss of performance. the negative and positive electrodes and the electrolyte. For the nickel-metal hydride system used in Nilar battery Maintenance packs, the nominal cell voltage is 1.2 V. Modules in a pack Nilar battery packs use a sealed design that requires and packs are connected in series to achieve a nominal a minimum of maintenance, for many applications no battery voltage between 60 – 600 V in multiples of 12 V. maintenance at all is required. Rated capacity The battery capacity is rated in ampere-hours (Ah) and denotes the quantity of electricity a fully charged battery can deliver at a 5 h discharge to 1 V per cell at +20 °C. Modules have a capacity rating of 10 Ah. Modules in a pack and packs are connected in parallel to achieve rated battery capacity in multiples of 10 Ah. Operating voltage Typical cell operational voltage is 1.6 V during charge to 1 V per cell at discharge corresponding to 16 to 10 V for a 12 V module. Operating temperatures The batteries can be operated in temperatures from -20 °C to +50 °C. Intermediate state of charge Batteries can be stored or operated at an intermediate state of charge without loss of performance. Installation The design is a sealed design. At normal operating conditions Nilar battery packs do not produce any emissions and require no forced ventilation to remove flammable gases generated during operation of the battery. Reliability The Nilar battery is a stable electrochemical system regarding structural integrity of its components. There is no corrosion of components resulting in premature and unpredictable critical damage to the battery or any type of sudden death. The design is shock and vibration resistant. The end-of-life characteristics of Nilar battery packs display a graceful decline in performance over the life of packs. 8 Operating features Discharging 15 0.2C 14 0.5C Discharge performance 1C 13 After a moderate initial voltage drop the discharge 2C voltage is stable over more than 80 % of the discharge 12 3C and ends with a distinct knee at end of the useful 11 Voltage [V] Voltage capacity. Discharge voltage is dependent on discharge 10 rate, temperature and the state of charge. The discharge 9 voltage decreases with increased discharge rates and decreasing temperature. The discharge performance is 8 affected moderately at elevated temperatures but at low 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Capacity temperatures the effect of temperature on discharge performance is more pronounced, mainly due to the Figure 1. increase in resistance at low temperatures. The discharge Typical voltage profiles for constant current discharges with capacity, or the run-time to end of discharge, is mainly various discharge rates. Charging and discharging made at +20 °C. affected by discharge rate and temperature. Delivered capacity depends on the selected discharge cutoff voltage and decreases with increasing discharge cutoff voltage. 15 40 °C Test currents in this manual are expressed as multiples 20 °C of the rated capacity value denoted by C. E.g. a discharge 14 0 °C current of 2C for a Nilar battery pack with a rated capacity 13 -20 °C of 10 Ah equals 20 A. 12 11 Voltage [V] Voltage 10 9 8 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Capacity Figure 2. Constant current discharge with 0.2C at various temperatures. The battery was fully charged at +20 °C, acclimatized for 12 h at test temperature and then discharged. 9 100% 1V/Cell 120% 1.05V/Cell 100% 80% 1.1V/Cell 80% 60% 60% Capacity 40% Capacity 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% 0 1 2 3 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Discharge rate (C-rate) Temperature (°C) Figure 3. Figure 4. Available constant current discharge capacity for various Constant current discharge capacity at various temperatures. discharge cutoff voltages. Constant current discharge with The battery was fully charged at +20 °C, acclimatized at test 0.2C at +20 °C. temperature for 12 h and then discharged with 0.2C to 1 V per cell at test temperature. 20 40 °C Discharge cutoff voltage 20 °C Recommended minimum discharge cutoff voltage is 1.1 0 °C to 1 V per cell depending on discharge rate, battery size 15 and environmental conditions. Lower cutoff voltage can be used at low temperatures and high discharge rates 10 for better utilization of the capacity. Discharge to low voltage may result in deep discharge, or in extreme cases 5 reversed polarity, of one or several cells in the battery (mΩ/Cell) Cell resistance before the entire battery reaches the pre-set discharge 0 cutoff voltage. Deep discharging, and especially reversed 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% polarity, will have a detrimental effect on the performance. State of charge Pack voltage and module voltages are available for monitoring by the 15-pin signal connector. Figure 5. Cell resistance at various temperatures and charge levels. 30 s pulse duration and a discharge pulse current of 3C. Discharge resistance The resistance varies with temperature and state of charge. At +20 °C the optimum resistance is achieved at 80 to 30 % state of charge. Below 20 % state of charge the resistance increases significantly. The resistance increases with decreasing temperature. 10 Charging Nilar charging systems Recommended charge procedure Nilar battery packs require optimized charge procedures The recommended charge procedure is constant and charge settings to ensure performance and service current charge with charge termination based on life. Constant current chargers modified to enable control rate of temperature increase (dT/dt) together with a from the Nilar charging system are required. Packs with maximum allowed pressure and pack temperature. The modules connected in series, with a rated pack capacity recommended charge rate is 0.3C to dT/dt corresponding of 10 Ah, can be charged with constant current chargers to 0.3 °C in 2 minutes.
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