DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Progress of Metal–Air Batteries—A Mini Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Progress of Metal–Air Batteries—A Mini Review applied sciences Review Recent Progress of Metal–Air Batteries—A Mini Review Chunlian Wang 1, Yongchao Yu 2, Jiajia Niu 3, Yaxuan Liu 2, Denzel Bridges 2, Xianqiang Liu 3, Joshi Pooran 4, Yuefei Zhang 3 and Anming Hu 1,2,* 1 Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China 2 Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA 3 Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China 4 Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 June 2019; Accepted: 6 July 2019; Published: 11 July 2019 Featured Application: This paper can provide the basic knowledge on metal-air batteries for beginners and relevant comprehensive review for researchers. Abstract: With the ever-increasing demand for power sources of high energy density and stability for emergent electrical vehicles and portable electronic devices, rechargeable batteries (such as lithium-ion batteries, fuel batteries, and metal–air batteries) have attracted extensive interests. Among the emerging battery technologies, metal–air batteries (MABs) are under intense research and development focus due to their high theoretical energy density and high level of safety. Although significant progress has been achieved in improving battery performance in the past decade, there are still numerous technical challenges to overcome for commercialization. Herein, this mini-review summarizes major issues vital to MABs, including progress on packaging and crucial manufacturing technologies for cathode, anode, and electrolyte. Future trends and prospects of advanced MABs by additive manufacturing and nanoengineering are also discussed. Keywords: metal–air batteries; laser processing; 3D printing 1. Introduction 1.1. Market Demand and Technical Tendencies With the continued growth of the global economy, the demand for energy has significantly increased. Unfortunately, Earth’s conventional non-renewable energy resources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are limited. Hence, the development of new energy devices is important for a sustainable society. Innovative biofuel batteries, supercapacitors, and metal–air batteries are among the most suitable candidates to meet the energy storage demand [1–6]. Among the various power storage devices currently on the market, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have the best performance. However, 1 it is still a challenge to achieve high capacity (>200 mA h g− ) in LIBs and to meet safe energy storage requirements for electric vehicles [7,8]. Recently, MABs attracted significant attention as they can operate in an open-air atmosphere. MABs consist of metal anodes and an air cathode. The MAB cathode uses oxygen from ambient air, which leads to significant battery weight reduction, which has unprecedented advantages for many applications. Compared to other batteries, especially Lithium-ion batteries, which currently dominate the market share, MABs are cheap, because the cathode source (oxygen from air) is abundant and the anode can be made using low-cost metals, such as, Al, Zn, Fe. Figure1 shows the application of MABs as the energy storage system for various technologies. MABs Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2787; doi:10.3390/app9142787 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl.Appl. Sci.Sci. 20192019,, 99,, 2787x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 ofof 2222 technologies. MABs are attractive not only as compact power sources for portable electronics and areelectric attractive vehicles not onlybut also as compact as compelling power sourcesenergy fortransfer portable stations electronics or energy and electricstorage vehiclesdevices butto manage also as compellingenergy flow energy among transfer renewable stations energy or energy generators, storage su devicesch as towind manage turbines energy and flow photovoltaic among renewable panels, energyelectric generators, grids and end-users. such as wind turbines and photovoltaic panels, electric grids and end-users. FigureFigure 1.1. ApplicationsApplications ofof metal–airmetal–air batteriesbatteries asas energyenergy sourcesource andand storagestorage systems.systems. TheoreticalTheoretical energyenergy densitydensity isis anan importantimportant factorfactor inin evaluatingevaluating thethe performanceperformance ofof variousvarious batterybattery configurations.configurations. Figure2 2 shows shows theoreticaltheoretical energyenergy density,density, specific specific energy, energy, and and nominal nominal cell cell voltagevoltage ofof didifferentfferent metal-air metal-air batteries batteries (MABs) (MABs) [ [9].9]. AsAs oxygen,oxygen, directlydirectly suppliedsupplied fromfrom thethe surroundingsurrounding environment,environment, isis involvedinvolved inin thethe cathodecathode asas anan oxidantoxidant duringduring thethe dischargedischarge period,period, MABsMABs showshow considerablyconsiderably higherhigher energyenergy density.density. Although,Although, theoretically,theoretically, lithium–airlithium–air batteriesbatteries (LABs)(LABs) oofferffer thethe 1 bestbest combinationcombination ofof thethe highesthighest theoreticaltheoretical energyenergy densitydensity (5928(5928 WhWhkg kg−−1)) andand highhigh cellcell potentialpotential (nominally(nominally 2.962.96 V),V), iron–airiron–air batteriesbatteries (FABs)(FABs) possesspossess thethe smallestsmallest theoreticaltheoretical energyenergy densitydensity andand cellcell voltagevoltage (nominally(nominally 1.281.28 V).V). Al-,Al-, Zn-,Zn-, andand Fe–airFe–air batteriesbatteries areare alsoalso thethe researchresearch hotspotshotspots becausebecause ofof economiceconomic andand safetysafety considerations.considerations. InIn thethe presentpresent paper,paper, aluminum–airaluminum–air batteriesbatteries (AABs),(AABs), zinc–airzinc–air batteriesbatteries (ZABs),(ZABs), iron–airiron–air batteriesbatteries (FABs),(FABs), andand lithium–airlithium–air batteriesbatteries (LABs)(LABs) havehave beenbeen reviewedreviewed withwith aa focusfocus onon workingworking principleprinciple andand devicedevice configuration,configuration, andand performanceperformance progress.progress. InIn addition,addition, majormajor technologytechnology barriersbarriers havehave beenbeen identified,identified, and and possible possible solutions solution discussed.s discussed. Emerging Emerging advanced advanced manufacturing manufacturing methods, methods, such such as 3D as printing3D printing and laserand laser processing processing techniques, techniques, for the for development the development a high-performance a high-performance rechargeable rechargeable MABs, haveMABs, also have been also discussed. been discussed. 1.2. Working Principles 1.2. Working Principles TheThe workingworking principleprinciple ofof MABsMABs didiffersffers fromfrom thatthat ofof traditional traditional ionic ionic batteries. batteries. TheThe traditionaltraditional ionicionic batteriesbatteries involveinvolve thethe transformationtransformation ofof metallicmetallic ionsions fromfrom thethe anodeanode toto thethe cathode.cathode. InIn MABs,MABs, metalsmetals oror alloysalloys transformtransform toto metallicmetallic ionsions atat anodeanode andand oxygenoxygen transformstransforms toto hydroxidehydroxide ionsions atat thethe cathode.cathode. Figure Figure 33 showsshows the operation of of a a MAB MAB in in aqueous aqueous or or non-aqueous non-aqueous electrolyte electrolyte medium. medium. In Inan an aqueous aqueous electrolyte electrolyte system, system, oxygen oxygen diffuses diffuses in intoto batteries batteries through through the the gas didiffusionffusion layerlayer andand transformstransforms intointo receivingreceiving electronselectrons formingforming oxygenoxygen anions.anions. In aa non-aqueousnon-aqueous electrolyteelectrolyte system,system, oxygenoxygen receivesreceives electronselectrons andand transformstransforms intointo oxygenoxygen anion.anion. MetalsMetals releaserelease electrons,electrons, transformtransform toto Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2787 3 of 22 Appl.Appl. Sci.Sci. 20192019,, 99,, xx FORFOR PEERPEER REVIEWREVIEW 33 ofof 2222 metallicmetallic ions ions andand dissolvedissolve intointo electrolytes.electrolytes. TheseThese processesprocesses willwill be be reversible reversible during during a a chargingcharging procedureprocedure ofof aa rechargeablerechargeable MAB.MAB.MAB. FigureFigure 2.2. TheoreticalTheoretical specific specificspecific energies, energies, volumetric volumetric energy energy densities, densities, and and nominal nominal battery battery voltages voltages of of variousvarious metal–airmetal–air batteriesbattebatteriesries (MABs)(MABs) [[9].[9].9]. FigureFigure 3.3. SchematicSchematic diagrams diagrams of of MABs MABs working working principles principles for for ( (aa)) non-aqueous non-aqueous electrolyte, electrolyte, and and ( (bb)) aqueousaqueous electrolyte. electrolyte. For MABs, oxygen and metals participate in electrochemical reactions. Specific reaction formulas ForFor MABs,MABs, oxygenoxygen andand metalsmetals participateparticipate inin electrochemicalelectrochemical reactions.reactions. SpecificSpecific reactionreaction formulasformulas areare asas EquationsEquations (1)(1,2): and (2): are as Equations (1,2): n+ Anode: M M + ne− (1) Anode:Anode: MM ⇌⇌ MMn+n+ ++ nene-- (1)(1) Cathode: O2 + 2H2O + 4e− 4OH− (2) 2 2 −− ⇌ -- The reaction kinetics of FABsCathode:Cathode: in the OO alkaline2 ++ 2H2H2OO aqueous ++ 4e4e ⇌ electrolyte4OH4OH are shown in Equations(2)(2) (1) and (6)TheThe [10 reactionreaction].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Electrolyte Panel
    Lab Dept: Chemistry Test Name: ELECTROLYTE PANEL General Information Lab Order Codes: LYTE Synonyms: Electrolytes; Lytes CPT Codes: 80051 – Electrolyte panel Test Includes: Carbon Dioxide, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium concentrations reported in mEq/L, and AGAP (Anion Gap). Logistics Test Indications: The maintenance of osmotic pressure and water distribution in the various body fluid compartments is primarily a function of the four major electrolytes, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3-. In addition to water homeostasis, these electrolytes play an important part in the maintenance of pH, regulation of proper heart and muscle functions, involvement in electron transfer reactions, and participation in catalysis as cofactors for enzymes. Lab Testing Sections: Chemistry Phone Numbers: MIN Lab: 612-813-6280 STP Lab: 651-220-6550 Test Availability: Daily, 24 hours Turnaround Time: 30 minutes Special Instructions: N/A Specimen Specimen Type: Blood Container: Green top (Li Heparin) tube, preferred Alternate tube: Red, marble or gold top tube Draw Volume: 0.6 mL blood Processed Volume: 0.2 mL serum/plasma Collection: Routine blood collection. Mix tubes containing anticoagulant by gentle inversion. Note: Venipuncture samples are preferred, but capillary specimens will be accepted. Special Processing: Lab Staff: Sample must be run within one hour of collection for CO2 stability. Centrifuge specimen, remove serum/plasma aliquot into a plastic sample cup. Avoid prolonged contact with separated cells. Store at refrigerated temperatures. Patient Preparation: None Sample Rejection: Mislabeled or unlabeled specimens Interpretive Reference Range: See individual analyte procedures Critical Values: See individual analyte procedures Limitations: See individual analyte procedures Methodology: See individual analyte procedures References: See individual analyte procedures Updates: 2/8/2016: Update alt tube types .
    [Show full text]
  • Next Generation Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
    NEXT GENE ATION ANODES Next Ge eratio A odes for Lithium-Io Batteries Seco d Quarter Progress Report 2018 De is Dees, Poi t-of-Co tact Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 Phone: (630) 252-7349 E-mail: [email protected] Bria Cu i gham, DOE-EERE-VTO Tech ology Ma ager U.S. Department of Energy, Battery R&D Phone: (202) 287-5686 E-mail: [email protected] Table of Co te ts Overview (page 2) 1. Research Facilities Support (page 5) CAMP Facility Support Activities (ANL) (page 5) Characterization and Optimization of Si Slurry by Zeta Potential (ORNL) (page 7) Thermodynamic Understanding and Abuse Performance (SNL) (page 9) Hydro/Solvothermal Synthesis and Scale-up of Silicon and Silicon-containing Nanoparticles (ANL) (page 10) 2. Characterization, Diagnostics, and Analysis (page 12) Spectroscopic Characterization of Cycled Si Electrodes: Understanding the Role of Binder (ORNL) (page 12) EQCM Studies of Silicon Anodes (ANL) (page 13) Effect of silicate thickness on the electrochemical performance of silicate-coated silicon nanoparticles (ANL) (page 15) Calendar-life versus Cycle-life aging of Lithium-ion Cells with Silicon-Graphite Composite Electrodes – Electrolyte Analysis (ANL) (page 17) 3. Materials Advancements (page 18) Continued Study of Lithiation Effect of the Poly(Acrylic Acid) Binders on the Silicon Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries (ANL) (page 19) Probe the relationships between functional electrolytes structure and SEI property for Si materials (LBNL) (page 21) Silicon Surface Modification Using
    [Show full text]
  • Elements of Electrochemistry
    Page 1 of 8 Chem 201 Winter 2006 ELEM ENTS OF ELEC TROCHEMIS TRY I. Introduction A. A number of analytical techniques are based upon oxidation-reduction reactions. B. Examples of these techniques would include: 1. Determinations of Keq and oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials. 2. Determination of analytes by oxidation-reductions titrations. 3. Ion-specific electrodes (e.g., pH electrodes, etc.) 4. Gas-sensing probes. 5. Electrogravimetric analysis: oxidizing or reducing analytes to a known product and weighing the amount produced 6. Coulometric analysis: measuring the quantity of electrons required to reduce/oxidize an analyte II. Terminology A. Reduction: the gaining of electrons B. Oxidation: the loss of electrons C. Reducing agent (reductant): species that donates electrons to reduce another reagent. (The reducing agent get oxidized.) D. Oxidizing agent (oxidant): species that accepts electrons to oxidize another species. (The oxidizing agent gets reduced.) E. Oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction): a reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another. 1. For example, the reduction of cerium(IV) by iron(II): Ce4+ + Fe2+ ! Ce3+ + Fe3+ a. The reduction half-reaction is given by: Ce4+ + e- ! Ce3+ b. The oxidation half-reaction is given by: Fe2+ ! e- + Fe3+ 2. The half-reactions are the overall reaction broken down into oxidation and reduction steps. 3. Half-reactions cannot occur independently, but are used conceptually to simplify understanding and balancing the equations. III. Rules for Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions A. Write out half-reaction "skeletons." Page 2 of 8 Chem 201 Winter 2006 + - B. Balance the half-reactions by adding H , OH or H2O as needed, maintaining electrical neutrality.
    [Show full text]
  • All-Carbon Electrodes for Flexible Solar Cells
    applied sciences Article All-Carbon Electrodes for Flexible Solar Cells Zexia Zhang 1,2,3 ID , Ruitao Lv 1,2,*, Yi Jia 4, Xin Gan 1,5 ID , Hongwei Zhu 1,2 and Feiyu Kang 1,5,* 1 State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (H.Z.) 2 Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 3 School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang Province, China 4 Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China; [email protected] 5 Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China * Correspondences: [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (F.K.) Received: 16 December 2017; Accepted: 20 January 2018; Published: 23 January 2018 Abstract: Transparent electrodes based on carbon nanomaterials have recently emerged as new alternatives to indium tin oxide (ITO) or noble metal in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) due to their attractive advantages, such as long-term stability, environmental friendliness, high conductivity, and low cost. However, it is still a challenge to apply all-carbon electrodes in OPVs. Here, we report our efforts to develop all-carbon electrodes in organic solar cells fabricated with different carbon-based materials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene films synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Flexible and semitransparent solar cells with all-carbon electrodes are successfully fabricated.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
    A Review of Cathode and Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Yemeserach Mekonnen Aditya Sundararajan Arif I. Sarwat IEEE Student Member IEEE Student Member IEEE Member Department of Electrical & Department of Electrical & Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Computer Engineering Florida International University Florida International University Florida International University Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Abstract—Lithium ion batteries are one of the most technologies such as plug-in HEVs. For greater application use, commercially sought after energy storages today. Their batteries are usually expensive and heavy. Li-ion and Li- based application widely spans from Electric Vehicle (EV) to portable batteries show promising advantages in creating smaller, devices. Their lightness and high energy density makes them lighter and cheaper battery storage for such high-end commercially viable. More research is being conducted to better applications [18]. As a result, these batteries are widely used in select the materials for the anode and cathode parts of Lithium (Li) ion cell. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the common consumer electronics and account for higher sale existing and potential developments in the materials used for the worldwide [2]. Lithium, as the most electropositive element making of the best cathodes, anodes and electrolytes for the Li- and the lightest metal, is a unique element for the design of ion batteries such that maximum efficiency can be tapped. higher density energy storage systems. The discovery of Observed challenges in selecting the right set of materials is also different inorganic compounds that react with alkali metals in a described in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • A Highly-Active, Stable and Low-Cost Platinum-Free Anode Catalyst Based on Runi for Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19413-5 OPEN A highly-active, stable and low-cost platinum-free anode catalyst based on RuNi for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells Yanrong Xue1,2,5, Lin Shi3,5, Xuerui Liu1,2, Jinjie Fang1,2, Xingdong Wang2, Brian P. Setzler3, Wei Zhu 2, ✉ ✉ Yushan Yan 1,3 & Zhongbin Zhuang 1,2,4 1234567890():,; The development of cost-effective hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells is limited by the lack of high-performance and low-cost anode hydrogen oxidation reaction catalysts. Here we report a Pt-free catalyst Ru7Ni3/C, which exhibits excellent hydrogen oxidation reaction activity in both rotating disk electrode and membrane electrode assembly measurements. The hydrogen oxidation reaction mass activity and specific activity of Ru7Ni3/C, as measured in rotating disk experiments, is about 21 and 25 times that of Pt/C, and 3 and 5 times that of PtRu/C, respectively. The hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell with Ru7Ni3/C anode can −2 −2 deliver a high peak power density of 2.03 W cm in H2/O2 and 1.23 W cm in H2/air (CO2-free) at 95 °C, surpassing that using PtRu/C anode catalyst, and good durability with less than 5% voltage loss over 100 h of operation. The weakened hydrogen binding of Ru by alloying with Ni and enhanced water adsorption by the presence of surface Ni oxides lead to the high hydrogen oxidation reaction activity of Ru7Ni3/C. By using the Ru7Ni3/C catalyst, the anode cost can be reduced by 85% of the current state-of-the-art PtRu/C, making it highly promising in economical hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Reaction Engineering of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
    Reaction Engineering of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells A new approach to elucidate the operation and control of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells is being developed. A global reactor engineering approach is applied to PEM fuel cells to identify the essential physics that govern the dynamics in PEM fuel cells. Reaction engineering principles are employed to develop a one-dimensional differential PEM fuel cell suitable for elucidating the dynamic performance of PEM cells under well-defined conditions. Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells employ a polymer membrane with acid side groups to conduct protons from the anode to cathode. Water management in the fuel cell is critical for PEM fuel cell operation. Sufficient water must be absorbed into the membrane to ionize the acid groups; excess water can flood the cathode of the fuel cell diminishing fuel cell performance limiting the power output. A schematic of a polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is shown in Figure 1. load e- Figure 1. Hydrogen-oxygen PEM fuel cell. Hydrogen molecules hydrogen in oxygen in dissociatively adsorb at the anode and are oxidized to protons. Electrons travel through an external load resistance. Protons diffuse H+ through the PEM under an e t electrochemical gradient to the y l ro t c cathode. Oxygen molecules adsorb e l at the cathode, are reduced and react hydrogen r E oxygen e m y + water out with the protons to produce water. + water out l Po The product water is absorbed into the PEM, or evaporates into the gas anode cathode streams at the anode and cathode.
    [Show full text]
  • HIGH ENERGY DENSITY BATTERY for WEARABLE ELECTRONICS and SENSORS Thesis Submitted to the School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY
    HIGH ENERGY DENSITY BATTERY FOR WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND SENSORS Thesis Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering By Asha Palanisamy Dayton, Ohio December, 2016 HIGH ENERGY DENSITY BATTERY FOR WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND SENSORS Name: Palanisamy, Asha APPROVED BY: ___________________________ ___________________________ Guru Subramanyam, Ph.D. Jitendra Kumar, Ph.D. Advisory Committee Chairman Advisory Committee Co-Chairman Department Chair and Professor Senior Research Scientist Department of Electrical and University of Dayton Research Computer Engineering Institute ___________________________ Vamsy Chodavarapu, Ph.D. Committee member Associate Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ___________________________ ___________________________ Robert J. Wilkens, Ph.D., P.E. Eddy M. Rojas, Ph.D., M.A., P.E. Associate Dean for Research and Innovation Dean, School of Engineering Professor School of Engineering ii © Copyright by Asha Palanisamy All rights reserved 2016 iii ABSTRACT HIGH ENERGY DENSITY BATTERY FOR WEARABLE ELECTRONICS AND SENSORS Name: Palanisamy, Asha University of Dayton Advisors: Dr. Guru Subramanyam & Dr. Jitendra Kumar Wearable electronics and sensors are being extensively developed for several applications such as health monitors, watches, wristbands, eyeglasses, socks and smart clothing. Energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries make wearable devices to become more independent from power outlets, or in other words, make device portability. Battery energy density determines how long a battery powered device will work before it needs a recharge. Longer the time before battery needs recharge, better it is for device applications. Therefore, the goal of battery researchers and engineers is to develop a battery that can provide high energy density and longer device operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Galvanic Cell Notation • Half-Cell Notation • Types of Electrodes • Cell
    Galvanic Cell Notation ¾Inactive (inert) electrodes – not involved in the electrode half-reaction (inert solid conductors; • Half-cell notation serve as a contact between the – Different phases are separated by vertical lines solution and the external el. circuit) 3+ 2+ – Species in the same phase are separated by Example: Pt electrode in Fe /Fe soln. commas Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+ (as reduction) • Types of electrodes Notation: Fe3+, Fe2+Pt(s) ¾Active electrodes – involved in the electrode ¾Electrodes involving metals and their half-reaction (most metal electrodes) slightly soluble salts Example: Zn2+/Zn metal electrode Example: Ag/AgCl electrode Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e- (as oxidation) AgCl(s) + e- → Ag(s) + Cl- (as reduction) Notation: Zn(s)Zn2+ Notation: Cl-AgCl(s)Ag(s) ¾Electrodes involving gases – a gas is bubbled Example: A combination of the Zn(s)Zn2+ and over an inert electrode Fe3+, Fe2+Pt(s) half-cells leads to: Example: H2 gas over Pt electrode + - H2(g) → 2H + 2e (as oxidation) + Notation: Pt(s)H2(g)H • Cell notation – The anode half-cell is written on the left of the cathode half-cell Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e- (anode, oxidation) + – The electrodes appear on the far left (anode) and Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+ (×2) (cathode, reduction) far right (cathode) of the notation Zn(s) + 2Fe3+ → Zn2+ + 2Fe2+ – Salt bridges are represented by double vertical lines ⇒ Zn(s)Zn2+ || Fe3+, Fe2+Pt(s) 1 + Example: A combination of the Pt(s)H2(g)H Example: Write the cell reaction and the cell and Cl-AgCl(s)Ag(s) half-cells leads to: notation for a cell consisting of a graphite cathode - 2+ Note: The immersed in an acidic solution of MnO4 and Mn 4+ reactants in the and a graphite anode immersed in a solution of Sn 2+ overall reaction are and Sn .
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Materials Design for All-Solid-State Batteries: from Bulk to Thin Films
    applied sciences Review Advances in Materials Design for All-Solid-state Batteries: From Bulk to Thin Films Gene Yang 1, Corey Abraham 2, Yuxi Ma 1, Myoungseok Lee 1, Evan Helfrick 1, Dahyun Oh 2,* and Dongkyu Lee 1,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; [email protected] (G.Y.); [email protected] (Y.M.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (E.H.) 2 Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering, San José State University, San José, CA 95192-0080, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.O.); [email protected] (D.L.) Received: 15 June 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 9 July 2020 Featured Application: All solid-state lithium batteries, all solid-state thin-film lithium batteries. Abstract: All-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are one of the most fascinating next-generation energy storage systems that can provide improved energy density and safety for a wide range of applications from portable electronics to electric vehicles. The development of SSBs was accelerated by the discovery of new materials and the design of nanostructures. In particular, advances in the growth of thin-film battery materials facilitated the development of all solid-state thin-film batteries (SSTFBs)—expanding their applications to microelectronics such as flexible devices and implantable medical devices. However, critical challenges still remain, such as low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, interfacial instability and difficulty in controlling thin-film growth. In this review, we discuss the evolution of electrode and electrolyte materials for lithium-based batteries and their adoption in SSBs and SSTFBs.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Electrolyte Batteries
    SOLID ELECTROLYTE BATTERIES John B. Goodenough and Yuhao Lu Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin Project ID: ES060 DOE Vehicle Technologies Annual Merit Review Meeting May 9-13, 2011 This presentation does not contain any proprietary or confidential information. 1 The University of Texas at Austin Overview Timeline Barriers • Project Start Date-Oct. 2009 • Lithium-ion solid electrolyte. • Project End Date- Sept. 2010 • Choice of redox couples. • Percent complete: 100% complete • Flow-through- cathode cell design Budget Partners • Funding received in FY09-FY10 – $315K • Karim Zaghib of Hydro Quebec • Funding received in FY10-FY11 – $315K 2 The University of Texas at Austin Milestones Develop and test a suitable test cell. (Jan. 10) Completed Optimize components of the cell. (Apr. 10) Completed Develop a lithium/Fe(NO3)3 cell. (July. 10) Completed Design of a new cell (Sept. 10) Completed Test flow-through cell (Jan. 11) Completed 3 The University of Texas at Austin Typical Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) Cell e- e- - Separator + Li+ Anode Li+ Cathode (Reducing Agent) (Oxidizing Agent) Li+ SEI layer Electrolyte Capacity limited by Li solid solution in cathode and loss in SEI layer Voltage limited by Eg of carbonate electrolyte. 4 The University of Texas at Austin Why Oxides? E E Co: 4s0 Co: 4s0 Co(II): t4e2 µLi 4.0 eV Co(IV): t5e0 EFC EFC (pinned) Co(III): t6e0 Co(III): t6e0 O: 2p6 O: 2p6 N(E) N(E) Li CoO (0<x<0.55) LiCoO2 1-x 2 2- + Holes form peroxide (O2) for x> 0.55 or H inserted from electrolyte.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 13: Electrochemical Cells
    March 19, 2015 Chapter 13: Electrochemical Cells electrochemical cell: any device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa March 19, 2015 March 19, 2015 Voltaic Cell -any device that uses a redox reaction to transform chemical potential energy into electrical energy (moving electrons) -the oxidizing agent and reducing agent are separated -each is contained in a half cell There are two half cells in a voltaic cell Cathode Anode -contains the SOA -contains the SRA -reduction reaction -oxidation takes place takes place - (-) electrode -+ electrode -anions migrate -cations migrate towards the anode towards cathode March 19, 2015 Electrons move through an external circuit from the anode to cathode Electricity is produced by the cell until one of the reactants is used up Example: A simple voltaic cell March 19, 2015 When designing half cells it is important to note the following: -each half cell needs an electrolyte and a solid conductor -the electrode and electrolyte cannot react spontaneously with each other (sometimes carbon and platinum are used as inert electrodes) March 19, 2015 There are two kinds of porous boundaries 1. Salt Bridge 2. Porous Cup · an unglazed ceramic cup · tube filled with an inert · separates solutions but electrolyte such as NaNO allows ions to pass 3 through or Na2SO4 · the ends are plugged so the solutions are separated, but ions can pass through Porous boundaries allow for ions to move between two half cells so that charge can be equalized between two half cells 2+ 2– electrolyte: Cu (aq), SO4 (aq) 2+ 2– electrolyte: Zn (aq), SO4 (aq) electrode: zinc electrode: copper March 19, 2015 Example: Metal/Ion Voltaic Cell V Co(s) Zn(s) Co2+ SO 2- 4 2+ SO 2- Zn 4 Example: A voltaic cell with an inert electrode March 19, 2015 Example Label the cathode, anode, electron movement, ion movement, and write the half reactions taking place at each half cell.
    [Show full text]