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Newsletter014.Pdf Number 14 • June 1999 R ELIEF AND R EHABILITATION NETWORK RRN 14 newsletterImproving aid policy and practice in complex political emergencies Editorial: Mapping Gender Violence In this issue... n Sierra Leone, rebel forces rape women far there is to go. Governments excel at and girls as spoils of war and to punish proclaiming their commitment to women’s Ithem for their perceived support of human rights while pursuing policies that Articles .................. 1 opposing forces. In Pakistan, women victims undermine women’s rights. Thus, while of sexual violence face serious bias if they governments have condemned the use of ♦ Editorial: Mapping Gender take their cases to court: laws and those who rape in war they fail to investigate and Violence ............................ 1 apply them devalue women’s testimony and prosecute rape as a war crime. States also ♦ Markets, Migration and expose them to prosecution for illicit sex if neglect the threat of sexual violence against Forced Prostitution ............ 2 they cannot prove rape. Not so long ago, refugee women. The physical design of ♦ Gender, HIV/AIDS and these problems would have gone without camps forces women to search far afield for notice. Rape in war was treated as an inevita- firewood, thus risking attack. Moreover, Emergencies ...................... 4 ble, if unfortunate, facet of war; women were policies governing rations reinforce women’s ♦ Microfinance after blamed for sexual violence, and husbands subordinate status by handing out supplies Hurricane Mitch ................ 7 were excused for beating their wives. to male heads of household only. Women More than 50 years after the Universal dependent on men for basic food and News ................... 10 Declaration on Human Rights promised supplies may be trapped in abusive relation- ♦ respect for human rights to all people, ships or forced to exchange sex for food. Refugees and Reproductive activists have forced governments to ack- The articles that follow show why it is Health ............................. 10 nowledge the pervasiveness of violations of crucial to imagine how much better it could ♦ Women’s Rights in Bosnia 11 women’s rights and their own duty to stop be. Sexual violence in war or against ♦ Early Warning and UN them. Just in the past year we have displaced and refugee women has serious strengthened the standards that prohibit health consequences for women injured or Reform ............................ 12 ♦ abuses of women’s rights and seen them exposed to sexually transmitted diseases. Reform of the French Aid applied. The July 1998 statute creating an Many women still do not enjoy reproductive Administration................. 13 International Criminal Court, negotiated by and sexual autonomy; their choices are ♦ Rwanda: The View of the member states of the UN, explicitly confers controlled through violence, coercion and French Parliament ........... 14 on the court jurisdiction over rape, sexual discrimination. And women seeking slavery, and other forms of sexual violence. economic opportunity find themselves ♦ Groupe URD ................... 15 ♦ Another landmark came in September 1998 working in slave-like conditions that profit The Environmental Response when the International Criminal Tribunal only their ‘owners’ and the local police. Network .......................... 15 for Rwanda punished sexual violence in a Change requires action on many fronts: ♦ Interactive ICVA .............. 16 civil war and denounced rape as an act of dismantling the structures that reinforce ♦ SPHERE Newsletter ......... 16 genocide for the first time. In March 1999, women’s inequality, responding to the governments at the UN Commission on the immediate concerns of women, and crafting Status of Women created a means of remedies that meet women’s real needs. Country Updates . 17 enforcing the Convention on the Almost five years after women demanded ♦ Ethiopia and Eritrea ......... 17 Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination action in Beijing, it is past time to make ♦ Armenia .......................... 18 Against Women – women will finally be improving women’s lives a priority. ♦ able to report violations of their rights and Bosnia-Herzegovina ........ 23 demand inquiries into abuses. Regan Ralph, Executive Director, Women’s ♦ Albania............................ 24 These advances are worth celebrating, Rights Division, Human Rights Watch, but the articles in this Newsletter show how Washington DC, USA ISSN: 1353 8713 Training................ 26 Publications ......... 33 © Overseas Development Institute, 1999. Conferences......... 28 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Markets, Migration and Forced Prostitution Madeleine Rees, UNHCHR, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina As head of a peace-keeping mission which is 97 per The issue of prostitution causes considerable conflict. cent male, I cannot turn my back on the subject There is substantial difficulty in finding a definition of [trafficking] and I cannot be so naive to think that my trafficking which serves the purpose of protecting all staff are not visiting brothels which hold women in rights (including freedom of movement, and social and slavery. economic rights) without differentiating because of a Elizabeth Rehn, Special Representative of the UN moral or political stance on the issue of sex work. Thus Secretary General, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a speech far there has been no internationally accepted legal to the Council of Europe, March 1999 redefinition of trafficking since the 1949 Convention. This censures all migration for the purposes of his article illustrates how peace-keeping and the prostitution, whether voluntary or involuntary. free market – in particular its application in Tcountries in transition – impacts on the lives of those It is inaccurate to state that most women voluntarily – who have no alternative but to survive within these in the true sense of the word voluntary – migrate to frameworks. The focal point is Bosnia and Herzegovina work as prostitutes. It is more realistic to state that they (BiH), but the scenarios that follow have already become choose prostitution as a method of addressing appalling part of the history of other countries in transition and, more- economic and social conditions. Such conditions are over, are a permanent feature of many developing nations. particularly difficult for women in many countries in ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ transition. While this transition is seen as a positive From the Global to the Local move towards capitalism by the West there are appalling consequences in terms of economic protection for those Many of the definitions used to explain society, politics, unable to participate. In the Ukraine, for example, economics and our relation to them frequently allow us female unemployment runs at over 80 per cent despite to ignore the meaning and effect of these terms on those relatively high levels of higher education. As a result who do not control them. In particular, concepts such as many women are faced with little choice but to migrate peace-keeping, the free market economy, economies in in an attempt to improve their living standards. transition, and voluntary migration are seen as positive in the hands of those who have economic and physical hegemony. For those not of the privileged group the impact The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina and reality of such concepts is apposite. The women who arrive in Bosnia and work as prostitutes At issue is the kidnap and transportation of human beings can, theoretically, be divided into two categories: those for the purpose of forced prostitution, and of voluntary who have been kidnapped and forced into prostitution, migration which leads to debt bondage, conditions of and those who came voluntarily but who subsequently slavery, and rape. Men are trafficked; so are young boys. found themselves in conditions which amount to debt But the majority of those affected are female and the age of bondage or slavery. The outcome for both categories is this group is reducing as fear of HIV/AIDS causes ‘users’ the same: they are held in brothels against their will, do to seek ever more, apparently virginal, receptacles. not have access to their passports, and are victims of rape The advantage of a free market is that the entrepreneur and other assault. can assess demand and seek to exploit it. It should come In BiH there are no as no great surprise that the arrival of more than 30,000 reliable statistics on the The arrival of more peacekeepers in BiH created a potential market for sexual number of trafficked than 30,000 services. There has been no shortage of entrepreneurs persons, mainly as a seeking to exploit this. peacekeepers in BiH result of the indiff- created the erence to the issue potential market for Definitions of Trafficking while it was taking root. sexual services. The term ‘trafficking in human beings’ is the one most The Council of Europe, often used to describe migration leading to forced with the assist-ance of prostitution. It has been described by the International OHCHR, held a conference in December 1998 in Tuzla Organisation for Migration as: (see later report) which involved the ministries of the interior of both Entities (the Republica Srpska, (RS), A multi-dimensional structural phenomenon linked to and the Federation which, as a result of the Dayton poverty and unemployment in the countries of origin, Peace Agreement, makes up the State of Bosnia and and to exploitation of this situation by organised crime Herzegovina),
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