Introduction
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INTRODUCTION EDMUND, EARL OF CORNWALL (1249-1300) The accounts of which the first portion is here printed show the revenues during the year ending Michaelmas 1297 from lands and liberties held by Edmund, earl of Cornwall. A brief account of the earl's life and a short general description of his lands and privileges may help to place these accounts in their proper perspective. It may also help to distinguish the earl of Cornwall from his better- known namesake and cousin, Edmund, earl of Lancaster, with whom he is frequently confounded.1 Edmund, styled ' of Almaine ' through his father's connection with Germany, was born at Berkhamsted on 26 December 1249,2 and was the first son of Henry Ill's brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, afterwards king of the Romans, by his second wife Sancha or Sanchia, daughter of Raymond Berengar, count of Provence and sister of Eleanor, wife of Henry III of England.3 He was baptized by his mother's uncle, Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, and was named Edmund in honour of St. Edmund, archbishop of Canterbury and confessor,4 whose canonization was still a recent event. Edmund was not his father's heir, since Richard had one surviving son by his first marriage with Isabella, widow of Gilbert de Clare. This was Henry of Almaine, who was already fourteen years old at the time of Edmund's birth. Henry was, however, 1 In a note in the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, vi. 178—9, I have given some instances of this confusion, especially in the indexes to various calendars of Chancery rolls, and have appended a list of corrections. 2 Cal. inq. p.m., i. 273, and not, as some biographers have stated, 1250, following Matthew Paris who, as a Benedictine, began his year at Christmas (Historia minor, iii. 68). 8 For biographies of Edmund of Cornwall, all inaccurate in details, see G.E.C., Complete peerage (2nd ed.), iii. 433, Doyle, Official baronage of England (1675), and 22 lines appended to the life of Richard, earl of Cornwall, by Professor Tout in the Dictionary of national biography. 4 Hist, minor, iii. 68. The account given in Chronica majora, v. 94, is similar but less detailed. vii Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 23 Sep 2021 at 18:01:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204217100000515X murdered at Viterbo in March 12711 and Earl Richard, broken- hearted at his death, was stricken with palsy in December 1271 and died on 2 April 1272.2 There was no question about Edmund's succession to his father's lands, for he was already twenty-two years of age, and by the end of April King Henry had taken his homage and restored to him the lands which his father had held in chief.3 The shrievalties of Cornwall and of Rutland were also passed on to him, as will be shown later.4 The next notable step in his life, not to be happy in its final outcome, was his marriage to Margaret, sister of Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, on 6 October 1272 in the chapel of Ruislip.5 This marriage ended twenty-two years later in a legal separation.6 It seems strange that, even when Edmund had received his inheritance in full7 and had married so distinguished a bride, he was not yet a knight. The lack was soon made good, however; for on the feast of the .translation of St. Edward (13 October), a week after the wedding, Henry III held a great ceremony at West- minster at which Edmund was knighted, along with Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln, and some fifty other English and foreign nobles.8 At the same time he was invested with the sword of the county of Cornwall from which his earldom took its name.9 Very soon after this, on 16 November 1272, Henry III died, so that the two cousins Edmund, earl of Cornwall, and Edward I, king of England, assumed their new responsibilities almost at the same time. It is not to be expected that the earl's public career would be reflected in the accounts of the stewards of his lands. What is surprising is that a man of his eminence, second only to members of the royal house in rank, should have made so little mark upon the affairs of the kingdom and so little impression upon contem- porary chroniclers. His position did, however, force some public duties upon him. For example, his name was associated with several formal acts of government after the death of Henry III and before Edward I returned from crusade on 2 August 1275.10 1 See his life in Diet. nat. biog. 2 G.E.C., op. cit., iii. 431. 3 C.P.R. 1265-72, p. 647. * Cf. below, p. xxix. 6 Liber de antiquis legibus (Camden Soc.), p. 154. • C.C.R. I2g2-I3oi, p. 63. 7 Wykes, Chronicon (Ann. mon. iv), p. 251. 8 Lib. de antiq. leg., p. 154. • Wykes, loc. cit. 10 Foedera, i. 497 ; C.C.R. 1272-9, pp. 1, 2, 9 ; C.P.R. 1272-81,p. 1. lean find no evidence that he was appointed on Earl Richard's death to step into the place his father had occupied since 1270 as one of the five acting on behalf of Edward during his absence on crusade. Edmund was never, so far as I can tell, mentioned as a locum tenens during this period. viii Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 23 Sep 2021 at 18:01:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204217100000515X Later, on various occasions he acted as locum tenens of the king. The first of these was in 1279, when the king and queen crossed to France to take possession of Ponthieu.1 Edmund was then one of the magnates appointed to take the king's place, the other three being Godfrey Giffard, bishop of Worcester, Thomas Cantelupe, bishop of Hereford, and Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln.2 There is a complete absence of evidence of any activities of these regents, either singly or as a group.3 From April 1282 to Christmas 1284, while the king was campaign- ing in Wales, his cousin acted as his lieutenant in England, under- taking certain duties, mainly legal and parliamentary, that the king was wont to perform in person, and which were communicated to him from time to time in a series of chancery writs. On the next occasion, while Edward I was abroad, carrying out his mission of peacemaker, from 13 May 1286 to 12 August 1289,4 Edmund was left behind with half the king's council to advise him, and a large part of the chancery, though not the chancellor, with all the exchequer, to carry on the administration of England. It seems impossible to decide how far Edmund was personally responsible for the breakdown' of the administration of law and order during this period, but it is this failure of justice that labels this regency still, as it did to contemporary opinion.5 The earl's last appearance in a similar connection was as one of the councillors of the young Edward, son of the king, who was regent during his father's absence in Flanders, from 22 August 1297 to 14 March 1298.6 As to his feudal obligations in the Welsh wars of the reign, it is interesting to note that in 1277 the earl led in person a body of knights numbering fourteen,7 a quota larger than that brought by any other earl, both in proportion to the number of knights' fees held by him, and in actual numbers, the earl of Gloucester coming next with ten.8 In the Scottish war of 1300 he did not fight but instead made fine of 1000 marks for his knights' fees held in chief.9 There was one aspect of Edmund's public service, namely his loans to the king, which has been passed over by his biographers, 1 From 8 May (C.P.R. 1272-g, p. 314) to 19 June 1279 (ibid., p. 316). 2 Ibid., p. 309 ; Foedera, i. 568. The appointment is dated 27 April 1279. 3 Cf. Tout, Chapters in mediaeval administrative history, ii. 62. 4 Cf. C.P.R. 1281-92, p. 248 ; C.C.R. 1288-96, p. 17. 6 See the chroniclers of the period and State trials of the reign of Edward I (Camden Series, 3rd ser. ix), ed. T. F. Tout and H. Johnstone. • C.C.R. 1296-1302, p. 132; C.P.R. 1292-1301, p. 335. ' Parl. writs, i. 198. Cf. C.P.R. 1272-81, pp. 211, 215-17, 221. 8 J. E. Morris, Welsh wars of Edward I, p. 60. • C.P.R. 1292-1301, p. 510. ix Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 23 Sep 2021 at 18:01:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204217100000515X but which shows him coming to his cousin's rescue at times of his greatest need: in 1274, when the financial machinery was not yet working smoothly in England; 1 in 1289 and again in 1297 when Edward was abroad and requiring money for his ' arduous affairs '.2 Even a calculation based almost exclusively on printed sources shows that King Edward drew upon his cousin during his lifetime and on his estate after death for loans to the sum of 27,300 marks, or £18,200.