Fingerprint Whorld

The Fingerprint Society Online http://www.fpsociety.org.uk/ Objectives and Scope

FINGERPRINT WHORLD is a quarterly peer- reviewed journal that reflects the aims of The Fingerprint Society, which are to advance the study and application of fingerprints and to facilitate the cooperation among persons interested in this field of personal identification.

It is devoted to the theory and practice of fingerprint identification science and its associated disciplines. To assist the aims, FINGERPRINT WHORLD recognises that its membership is international and multi-disciplinary and as such sees a need for both new and review articles across the spectrum of forensic science evidence- gathering topics to assist in the continual professional development of all stages of the profession.

The views expressed in this journal do not necessarily represent those of the editorial staff of The Fingerprint Society. The editorial staff reserve the right to edit or alter any item received for publication in FINGERPRINT WHORLD.

page 158 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 CONTENTS FINGERPRINT WHORLD OCTOBER 2004 Vol. 30 No. 118

COMMENT Bete Noire!! 161 Dave Charlton, Ug Dip, FFS, Editor

SCIENCE A Fingerprint Powder Formulation Involving 163 Cyano Blue Dye G.S. Sodhi and Jasjeet Kaur

FEATURES Fingerprint for the 21st Century 164 Michael Carling and Ian Gledhill, Lincolnshire Police

Dr Henry Faulds Memorial 166

Circumstantial Evidence and Friction Skin 168 Identification Craig A. Coppock

FERRT Student of the Year 2003 170

LETTER TO THE EDITOR 171

NEWS Norwich fingerprint caught IRA bomber 172 ‘Admit your crimes, you’ll feel better 174

WEBLINKS 176

WEB SITE NEWS An Urgent Update! 177

CONFERENCES 178

society Application Forms 191 business The Rules of the Fingerprint Society 194 A Brief History of the Fingerprint Society 200 Codes of Conduct 202 Guidelines for Authors 204

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 159 THE AIMS OF THE SOCIETY THE To advance the study and application of fingerprints and to facilitate the FINGERPRINT co-operation among persons interested in this field of personal identification. SOCIETY QUAERITE ET INVENIETIS FOUNDED 1974

FOUNDER MEMBERS: D.R. Brooker, Consultants N.J. Hall, S.E. Haylock, M.J. Leadbetter. F.R. Byford, MFS, FRSH, Dr. R. Davis, Dr. R.N. Totty, Prof. J. Verbov, MD, FRCP, Patron: Vacant at this time FRCPCH, FIBiol

PRESIDENT: STEPHEN E. HAYLOCK, FFS Legal Advisor City of London Police, Fingerprint Bureau, D.C. Mount (USA) 37 Wood Street, London EC2P 2NQ. Tel: 0207 601 2333 Life Members J.E. Berry, BEM, FFS, M.J. Leadbetter, BA (Hons), Regional Vice-Presidents: FFS, N. Hall, MFS F. Rogers, FFS (USA), B. Dalrymple (Canada) G. Farncomb, FFS (Northern Australia) R. Plummer, FFS (Southern Australia) Committee Members R. Mackenzie (Strathclyde), M. Valentine (GMP), CHAIRPERSON: VIVIENNE GALLOWAY, FFS V. Galloway (Leicester), S. Haylock (COLP), Leicester Constabulary, Fingerprint Bureau, R. Broadstock (Retired), G. Morgan (Cheshire), St. John’s Enderby, Leicester LE5 9BX. C. McGowan (Lancashire), D. Charlton (Sussex), Tel: 0116 248 2580 G. Dempster (Grampian), C. Patton (PITO), K. Luff (Retired), D. Fairhurst, FFS (Surrey), SECRETARY: M. Leadbetter FFS (Camb.) KATHRYN BOWEN, FFS Warwickshire Police Fingerprint Bureau Scientific Official Publication: Support Unit, High St, Southam, Warwickshire CV47 0HB. FINGERPRINT WHORLD email: [email protected] Published quarterly: January, April, July, October. MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY: PAUL SMITH, FFS EDITOR: DAVID CHARLTON, FFS Warwickshire Police Fingerprint Bureau Scientific Sussex Fingerprint Bureau, Sussex House, Support Unit, High St, Southam, Crowhurst Road, Brighton BN1 8AF. Warwickshire CV47 0HB. Tel: 01273 859013 Fax: 01273 859013 email: [email protected] email: [email protected]

WEB MASTER: GARY MORGAN, FFS ADVERTISING MANAGER: Cheshire Police, Fingerprint Bureau, Neston Police STEVE MEWETT, FFS Station, Hinderton Road, Neston, Cheshire. Sussex Fingerprint Bureau, Sussex House, Tel: 01244 612414 Crowhurst Road, Brighton BN1 8AF. email: [email protected] Tel: 01273 859006 Fax: 01273 859605 email: [email protected] SUBSCRIPTION SECRETARY: CHERYL McGOWAN SUPPLIES OFFICER: JOHN ROBERTS, FFS Lancashire Fingerprint Bureau, Sussex Fingerprint Bureau, Sussex House, PO Box 77, Hutton, Preston PR4 5SB. Crowhurst Road, Brighton BN1 8AF. TREASURER: MONICA CALLAGHAN, FFS Tel: 01273 859006 Fax: 01273 859605 West Yorkshire Police, Fingerprint Bureau, email: [email protected] Bishopgarth, Westfield Road, Wakefield WF1 3QP. ARCHIVIST: MERVYN VALENTINE, FFS Tel: 01924 208207 Fax: 01924 292918 Greater Manchester Police, Scientific Support Services, Fingerprint Bureau, Bradford Park, Hon. Members and Advisors 3 Bank St., Clayton, Manchester M11 4AA. G. Lambourne, QPM, FFS (UK), M. Carrick (USA), S.G. Durrett, FFS (USA), F. Warboys, OBE, BA, PRESS LIAISON OFFICER: KEN LUFF FFS, T. Kent (UK), S. Hardwick (UK), K. Creer, London based MBE, FBIPP, FRPS, Mr. T. Kent. email: [email protected]

page 160 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 COMMENT

Bete Noire!!

Dave Charlton, Ug Dip, FFS, RFP Editor

“Fingerprinting is too important to be left to fingerprint examiners?” (Prof Starrs, June 1st 2004)

A LEADING US forensic expert has called for a radical review of fingerprint analysis. James Starrs, a professor of law and forensic sciences at George Washington University delivered a keynote speech to the Royal Society of Edinburgh on Tuesday. He told a gathering of UK experts that the current methods for testing fingerprints has not undergone adequately rigorous study and relies too much on an individual’s interpretation.

The early Summer skyline of Edinburgh.

He claimed that the court transcripts of fingerprint examiners’ testimonies should be scrutinised regularly by a third party in order to prevent miscarriages of justice. Starrs said: “The absence of a better criterion for fingerprint identifications bodes ill for their reliability … [There is] a reliance on individual experience, which is personal and unstructured in nature, leading to entirely personal and unverifiable conclusions which are fraught with the danger of built-in bias leading inexorably to erroneous conclusions.” Starrs said the system was in need of new remedies to test both the reliability of the technique and the quality of those making fingerprint identifications. “I would strongly recommend a review of all fingerprint identifications outside the confines of the agency first effecting the identification,” he said.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 161 “I would also maintain that the transcript of the trial testimony of fingerprint examiners should be part of the regular process of checks on their proficiency. In the conference – entitled The Reliability Of Fingerprint Identification, Starrs called for a study that combines traditional fingerprint testing with tests of DNA matter. He said: “Since DNA can be obtained from latent fingerprints, it seems to me long overdue to conduct blind trials to assess whether fingerprint examiners and molecular biologists findings concur.” Also appearing at the conference was Dr James Thorpe, director of Strathclyde University’s forensic unit and Bruce Grant, head of fingerprinting at New Scotland Yard. Oh, and your editor Dave Charlton gave a summing up to the learned audience too!! While Dr Thorpe concentrated on the need for further scientific research, Mr Grant concentrated on the existing data to verify the reliability of fingerprint evidence including 100 years of scientific testing and verification, peer review, historical data, stated cases and practical application. Mr Grant, Head of Fingerprinting at New Scotland Yard explained individuality, uniqueness and the biological concepts behind persistence and permanence. He also emphasised that Babler’s research was an accepted part of fingerprint science that had been long accepted in courts world-wide as proof of the scientific basis of latent print comparison and our practical application of that knowledge. He went on to say that ACE-V methodology was core to the examination process and that this was in line with scientific practice. Mr Grant told the gathering that error rates, as applied to fingerprint examination apply to the notion of practitioner error, and should not be confused with methodological error, which will be zero if the correct methodology is applied. He did concede that ‘to err is human’. Mr Grant conceded that objectivity and subjectivity both have their place within the ACE-V process, and that this is where practitioner error can occur. Mr Grant explained that standards are maintained through attention to training, quality assurance and competency testing. He conceded that technical competency testing may have to be introduced in addition to CRFP registration. This event, while heated, and at time controversial, was at least a step toward fingerprint examination being accepted within academia as a legitimate forensic science. This is to be welcomed. After the debate all the speakers including myself were taken to dinner, where I spent hours over bottles of red wine, talking to Prof Starrs about his views, and about the other fields of research that he has conducted. Should we shun the views of academics just because we don’t happen to agree with them? Of course not. We should be backing ourselves, and proving to the likes of Prof Starrs that we are up to the challenge of scrutiny and that we can aspire to still greater heights of acceptance. Providing the answers to questions of those that would ask them of us, demonstrating that our work is worthy of the title forensic science. “Fingerprinting is too important to be left to fingerprint examiners?” Well, that depends on us. If we are apathetic and accept our scientific status with a blind faith that opens us up to negative scrutiny, then Prof Starrs is right in his assumption. But if we behave as responsible scientists, if we have standardised procedures and methodologies, if we as individuals conduct research and verify the scientific principles we all believe in, then we have nothing to fear. It is up to you. It is up to all of us!! Enjoy the journal.

page 162 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 SCIENCE

A Fingerprint Powder Formulation Involving Cyano Blue Dye

by G.S. Sodhi* and Jasjeet Kaur**

* Department of Chemistry, S.G.T.B. Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007 (India) ** Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women (University of Delhi) Jhilmil Colony, Delhi-110095 (India)

Cyano blue dye is used for enhancing cyanoacrylate-developed latent fingerprints. We have prepared a novel dusting composition based on this fluorescent stain. The proportion of the dye in the formulation is 1%, the remaining being an adhesive mixture of common items. The powder gives sharp and clear prints on a wide range of absorbent and non–absorbent surfaces, including multi-colored ones. The fluorescent nature of cyano blue assists in developing weak prints. To a mixture of talc (1.0g) and aluminium powder (1.0g), a solution containing cyano blue (0.02g) in alcohol (10ml) was added. The contents were stirred vigorously and then allowed to dry at room temperature for 4-7 days. The dried mass was ground with a mortar and pestle and the fine powder was stored in a tightly stoppered vessel. The powder was applied to the surface impinged with the latent fingermark with a camel hair brush. The excess powder was blown off. The surface was photographed. The formulation has been used to detect latent fingerprints on multi-colored surfaces, especially paper. Weak imprints on both white and multicolored surfaces may be detected under long wavelength ultraviolet radiation. It also detects latent prints on non-absorbent surfaces. Good quality prints have been lifted from lamination sheets. Thus the present method may be extended for obtaining fingerprints on laminated documents, such as archeological scripts, certificates, driving licenses and identity cards. Fingermarks have been visualized on obverse and waxed, reverse sides of postal stamps. Prints may also be developed on polythene bags- commonly used for carrying household items. Other surfaces on which an unscrupulous element is likely to leave his fingerprint impressions include glassware; steel handles, knobs and almirahs; bakelite switches and switchboards; bonechina and porcelain crockery; polished furniture; and enameled utilities like cars, washing machines and refrigerators. The present formulation gives good results on all these surfaces.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT One of us (G.S.S.) is grateful to the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, for sanctioning a Research Project of which the present work is a part.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 163 FEATURES

Fingerprint for the 21st Century by Michael Carling and Ian Gledhill, Lincolnshire Police

A number of forces have been going through the same process as Lincolnshire Police “ how can we speed up Fingerprint submissions and process times” A couple of years ago we put into practice a system of Fingerprint submissions delivered and collected by vans driven around the county every day. This proved to be highly successful. Nine months ago we started looking into the possibilities of speeding up the process even further. Would it be possible for fingerprints to be transmitted directly from the crime scene to the fingerprint bureau using wireless technology, the images loaded onto NAFIS or similar database systems and searched directly. In this was it possible to complete the fingerprint process in a matter of minutes or hours from the time the marks were discovered. The significance and implications of this are far greater than a rather useful improvement in process times. What it does is take fingerprints from being a technique largely overshadowed by DNA testing to the forensic evidence of choice. Fingerprints become the only type of forensics that can produce evidence sufficient to convict within an hour of the evidence being found. Such a system has now after months of research been running in Lincolnshire Police since June 2004. It is a joint project between ourselves, Professor Nigel Allinson and Dr Jeevandra Sivarajah of Sheffield University, the Home Office Police Standards Unit and Vodafone plc. The system uses Vodafone GPRS data transmission cards in laptops to transmit the images to the fingerprint bureau as an attachment to an e-mail. The data transmission speeds are typically of the order of 16 to 24 kilobits per second, sufficient to transmit an image in about a minute. It would not be practical to use the British Police’s Airwave radio system to transmit the data as data transmission rates with that system are typically 3 kbits/sec. For the larger cities in the UK there is now the option of using 3G datacards to transmit the information allowing data transmission speeds in excess of 64 kbits/sec. A change from 3G to GPRS involves little more than physically changing the card in the laptop. The fingerprint lifts are scanned on flat bed scanners as 500 dpi greyscale images. We use Canon LIDE 20 scanners costing about £40. Recent work at PSDB has shown that these scanners produce images whose quality is every bit as good as networked NAFIS scanners. Wavelet based compression algorithms are then used, we use JPEG 2000 images. These have the advantage of having much superior quality than standard cosine based jpeg images for the same file size. Most importantly they never produce the straight line artefacts typical of jpeg images at higher compression ratios. After testing a range of compression ratios we are using a 16 to 1 compression ratio (based on the full raw image file size). Neither the human eye nor, more importantly, the NAFIS search algorithm can detect the difference at this compression ratio.

page 164 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 The images are encrypted using PGP algorithms (a public key, private key system of the same principle as used in Intranet Banking. The private keys are loaded onto the SOCOs individual laptops, the public keys for all SOCOs are held on the computers in the fingerprint bureau). There are two reasons for the encryption. British Data Protection laws require the use of appropriate technical means to protect personal data. While it is debatable whether an unidentified sweat mark constitutes personal data, it was felt to be prudent to encrypt the image in case it was delivered to the wrong e-mail address. The second reason is that it provides authentication of both the sender and that the image has been received as sent. The encrypted image cannot be de-encrypted if there has been even one bit change to the file, or if another SOCO or someone else had tried to send the image. The GMCI (the Generic Mark Camera Interface for NAFIS) is used to load the file onto NAFIS and the search is begun immediately. The system has been working extremely well, allowing fingerprint identifications to be made in a matter of minutes where there is a suspect and within one to two hours if there is no suspect. In parallel with this system, the traditional fingerprint lift process is still used. Fingerprint evidence is still based on the comparison of a charge set of prints against a physical lift. Trying to change this would be a step too far. The system has thrown up a number of issues that are still being resolved. The fingerprint process has suddenly gone from being the slowest part of the investigation to being the fastest part of the investigation. This has significant consequences for managing the investigation process, an issue we are still working on. The computer skills of some SOCOs are being challenged by the new technology and some significant training is required. Having said that we have been pleasantly surprised by the dedication of our SOCOs in learning the system, particularly when they are informed of identifications an hour or so after leaving a scene. The third issue is that the system works well Monday to Friday 6am to 5pm. Lincolnshire police are far too small to offer a 24hour fingerprint service. The system would be at its most effective only with a 24hour fingerprint service. Fingerprints is becoming a computer based skill and we believe the use of systems such as this in fingerprints offers the possibility of making fingerprints far more effective in the fight against crime in the 21st century.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 165 Dr Henry Faulds Memorial

The plaque was received from the Foundry in Manchester in mid August. It was on display in Beith on Monday 16 August when the judges from the Calor Scottish Community visited the town. Brian Wilson MP was among the invited guests and he was delighted to see the Henry Faulds plaque and enjoyed meeting a wide range of local folk from many groups and organisations in the local community.

Apologies were extended from Allan Wilson MSP who was detained in Dumfries on business, but who is keen to see progress with the HF project. The plaque was delivered to Tom Armstrong, North Ayrshire Council Liaison officer for this project. He will arrange for it to be married to the Granite rock at the Co-op Monumental Sculptors in Ardrossan who have had the granite for some time now. The final location for the plaque is now ready and is being painted by an engineering firm in Kilmarnock. So, all being well the memorial stone with the plaque will be delivered and placed on site sometime in September and the necessary groundwork carried out and railing fitted. An inauguration in October is now very realistic and the project team hope to have the assistance of North Ayrshire Council in this. It has taken much longer than anticipated, but the team are sure that anyone seeing the plaque will agree that it is first class. There will be a media splash for the inauguration of the memorial with a large number of invited guests. This is an opportunity of giving Dr Henry Faulds a special place in history that he so rightly deserves and, in addition, putting the town of Beith and district of North Ayrshire on the international map.

page 166 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 167 Circumstantial Evidence and Friction Skin Identification by Craig A. Coppock

The sole purpose of friction skin identification is to identify the person who made the impression. It is never up to the print examiner to infer innocence or guilt from the individualization of a subject. That is the responsibility of the case investigators, prosecutor, and ultimately, the jury. Accordingly, the print examiner must remain objective in the goal of individualization. It must also be said that the examiner must understand the value and relevancy of the information they analyze. The analysis process is the induction process. This process has two main goals. First is prediction. Prediction is the expected results from information not yet analyzed. For fingerprint identification the various levels of detail would be predictable in their comparative spatial relationships between the exemplars and an unknown sourced impression. Secondly, direct comparisons with observations can be made.1 The information has to be comparable in some manner in order to have meaning.2 With this goal in mind, we can see that most other forms of evidence are not relevant to the goal of individualization. “The evaluation of fingerprint evidence…. Is a very complex issue…” It is argued by some that “The underlying population from which the suspect has to be considered as being selected has been argued as being that of the whole world (Kingston, 1964). However, Stoney and Thornton (1986) argued that it is rarely the case that a suspect would be chosen purely on the basis of fingerprint evidence. Normally, there would have been a small group of suspects which would have been isolated from the world population on the basis of other evidence. … The fingerprint evidence has then to be considered relative to this small group only.”3 With the advent of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) some cases do indeed cross international lines. However, the key point is to carefully consider what the value and relevancy of the circumstantial evidence may be in the case and how that evidence can incorrectly influence your examination of the friction skin evidence. Circumstantial evidence: A fact or circumstance from which one may infer another fact at issue. Circumstantial evidence can include such issues as Motive, Opportunity, and Associative Evidence.4 Confirmation bias is one of the influences that can often be attributed to a fundamental lack of comprehension regarding the value and relevancy of the information available for analysis. Friction skin individualization should be an evaluation of the print evidence itself, without bias from other information sources. For example, considering that a subject has a history of burglary does not attribute any validity to the fact that the suspect has been identified as having left impressions on a window of a burglarized house! Additional supporting information must be present before this particular “identifying information” can prove to be of circumstantial value, even though it should not be considered in validating the individualization itself. This additional information may include that fact that the subject has no legitimate reason or lawful access to the location, and or has a motive for the particular act. General information must be properly supported in order to be

page 168 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 considered as authenticate evidence. Otherwise, it should be consider simply as “case information.” Latent print examiners are constantly faced with a variety of miscellaneous case information relating to a particular individualization. It is paramount that this extraneous information not be evaluated incorrectly. The information of religion, race, creed, and left- handedness, are examples that are so broad by themselves they cannot support any inference. Other singular examples include sex, ideologies, and favorite brand of automobile. The point is that these topics are so general they cannot support a fact or circumstance from which one may infer another fact at issue! Latent print examiners must deal with these case knowledge issues each day. Confirmation bias can result from the lack of informational comprehension regarding these issues. The concept of circumstantial evidence would only be applicable toward the investigation of the crime itself, not toward the support of individual components of an investigation, such as friction skin individualization. Thus, print examiners should refrain from considering circumstantial case evidence and other unsupportable case information until the verification process has been completed. This, information should not be forwarded to the examiner trusted with the 2nd ACE hypothesis (verification). It is common knowledge that witnesses can be influenced (confirmation bias) by hearing case supporting knowledge whether that knowledge is accurate or not. Since the true goal of individualization is accurate information, we should make an unmatched effort to control counter-productive negative influences. General case information and circumstantial evidence do not follow the established inductive process relevant to individualization. They do not predict and allow for comparison. Therefore, they must not be a consideration in the individualization process.

REFERENCES 1 Holland, J; Holyoak, K; Nisbett, R; Thagard, P; 1986 Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery. MIT, Cambridge p. 347 2 Coppock, Craig; 2004 A Detailed Look At Induction Processes In Forensic Science. The Detail, clpex.com May 2004. 3 Aitken, C.G.G.; 1995 Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for Forensic Scientists. Wiley & Sons, New York. 4 O’Hara, Charles: O’Hara, Gregory ; 2003 Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation 7th ed. P.14 Thomas, Springfield.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 169 FERRT Student of the Year 2003:

The focus of the Society is primarily education. We were again delighted this year to be able to sponsor a student of the year award at the National Training Centre for Scientific Support, specifically the Forensic Evidence Recording and Recovery Techniques course (FERRT). This is presented to the best student of the preceding year (2003).

This year, the winner of the award was Katrina Lever of Greater Manchester Police.

Katrina Lever receives her award from Society President Steve Haylock.

page 170 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

‘What is third level detail’?

I too am ‘long in the tooth’ but have always thought and advocated that the 16 point standard was spurious and that it held us back. I have always used all features present in a fingermark for comparison purposes, including pattern, shape, scars, creases, ridge texture/thickness etc to assist in reaching my identification conclusions, and come to think of it who hasn’t? For too many years we, (in the British Isles), have led a sheltered life hiding ourselves under our 16 point ‘comfort blanket’. C’mon lets adopt ‘change’ lets show the world that our reputation as leaders in the use of technology and fingerprint identification systems is well founded. Continual Professional Development will ensure our skills are maintained and enhanced upon. Whilst in-house dip sampling and quality control coupled with appropriate training, will identify weak links in our chain, thereby making us all stronger. Also a management style which encourages positivity, openness, honesty, coaching, training, and recognition of good work will ensure that the fingerprint service goes from strength to strength for the next 100 years. It should be noted that DNA is not the universal panacea some would advocate, and that any advancements in Fingerprints such as the use of all ‘identification features’ as advocated here, should be seen as ‘COMPLIMENTING DNA AND NOT IN CONFLICT WITH IT’. Remember Fingerprints does have a future and you’re it. Please support this initiative as yet another step in taking our profession into the 21st Century.

J D Thomas Fingerprint Co-ordinator, Scientific Support Unit, Dyfed-Powys Police HQ, PO Box 99, Llangunnor, Carmarthen SA31 2PF

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 171 NEWS

Norwich fingerprint caught IRA bomber

Unknown Author

16 September 2004 07:00 It was into room 629 of the Grand Hotel in Brighton that Patrick Magee booked himself for a three-night stay on September 17, 1984. A chambermaid wondered to herself why a Do Not Disturb sign stayed on his door handle for his entire stay and why, when she had knocked and asked to clean the room, she was told she could not go in. He hid the bomb behind the bath panelling and set a long-delay timer, which meant the bomb would have 24 days, six hours and 36 minutes to detonate: a parking metre timer would actually trigger his murderous bomb. Scotland Yard had told Conservative Party conference planners that the risk assessment of a terrorist threat was “very low”, but Magee had primed his deadly bomb and checked out of the seafront hotel three weeks before it exploded to devastating effect. In a BBC1 documentary screened this week about the bombing and the hunt for the terrorists, Magee talked for the first time about the atrocity. He is now involved in a charity which helps the families of victims who want to confront their loved ones’ killers and works with Jo Berry, the daughter of Sir Anthony Berry who died in the Brighton bombing. During the interview, he spoke of his regret that the then Trade and Industry Secretary Norman Tebbit’s wife, Margaret, had been in a wheelchair ever since she and her husband were caught up in the blast. The passing of time, however, had not changed his view that the bombing was, in true IRA speak, “legitimate”, and he boasted that he had gone to the IRA leadership and offered to carry out the attack. He described his thoughts as he watched the aftermath of his deadly work on a pub television. “I tuned in and heard there was two people dead,” he said. “An awful thing to say, but there was a certain amount of relief because the thing had actually gone off”. “You went to all that trouble, the IRA went to all the trouble, to secret that bomb in the hotel and attack the Tory Party, and if it had failed to go off, well, the chances were that we were not going to get an opportunity like that again.” Asked why Mrs Thatcher was a target, he replied: “The buck stopped with her”. “You go up the chain of command and she was the person in power. She came into office determined to pursue a hard military line. What were we trying to do? We were trying to take the war to England, to the British military and political establishment.”

page 172 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 Magee was born in Belfast in May 1951, but several years later the family moved to a terraced house in Armes Street, near Dereham Road, in Norwich. He went to various local schools and was later remembered as a lad who was gullible and easily led. At 15 he went on holiday to Ireland where he joined an IRA youth movement and was sent to a summer training camp, and within a fortnight of his return he had set fire to St John’s Church, now the Roman Catholic Cathedral. Clearly unsettled by his trip to Northern Ireland, his behaviour did not improve, but rather worsened, and he began running away from home and shoplifting. He was put on probation for two years and was sent to an approved school after stealing a motorbike from a shop in Oak Street. It had no effect and in 1969 he appeared in court charged with stealing a book, receiving a two-year conditional discharge. An insignificant event, but it led police to taking the fingerprints that, 15 years later, would prove beyond doubt that he was the Brighton bomber. Police soon identified room 629 of the Grand Hotel as the site of the bomb and, after checking registration cards, managed to trace all but one of those who had stayed there over a 14-week period. The elusive guest was a man who had booked in as Roy Walsh, the name of an IRA bomber then serving a life sentence. When fingerprint experts tested his registration card, they struck gold, identifying a palm print made when the suspect had leant on the paper, and little finger mark on one corner possibly left behind as he pushed it back to the receptionist. For all Magee’s meticulous planning and his vast experience in covering his tracks, he had left a trail. The fingerprint held by Norwich police confirmed that Walsh was indeed Patrick Magee. Known within IRA circles as The Chancer, he went into hiding in the immediate aftermath of Brighton, but his hell-bent determination to carry out more attacks soon drew him out. Members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary’s (RUC) Special Branch trailing IRA man Peter Sherry followed him to Carlisle railway station and were astonished when he was met there by none other than Magee. The pair were then trailed to a safe-house in Glasgow where officers found thousands of pounds in cash and detailed plans for a hideous summer bombing campaign at popular English coastal resorts, including Yarmouth. They also discovered a device had already been placed at the Rubens Hotel, near Buckingham Palace, where a controlled explosion was then carried out. The number of lives which could have been lost had the IRA cell not been discovered is incalculable. Magee was sentenced to a minimum of 35 years for the Brighton bombing and branded by Mr Justice Boreham as “a man of exceptional cruelty and inhumanity”. He was released 13 years later under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 173 ‘Admit your crimes, you’ll feel better!’

By The Huddersfield Daily Examiner

POLICE have come up with a startlingly simple weapon in their fight against crime. And it’s a plea for honesty among criminals. Cynics may laugh – but this latest tactic is deadly serious. West Yorkshire Police want criminals to “grass themselves up”. Chiefs claim coming clean will give offenders “a better quality of life”. And they hope their conscience crusade will aid their clear-up statistics, too. It means they can clear the slate and police can tick crimes off as being solved. Suspects who are arrested and charged have always been given the opportunity to have other offences taken into consideration. Acting Assistant Chief Constable Grahame Bullock said: “What we’re doing is asking offenders to be honest about any other crimes. “From a police point of view, we can narrow the gap between the number of offences recorded and the number for which an offender is brought to justice. “This would also help to increase public reassurance and reduce the fear of crime.” He added: “For criminals it means they won’t be continually looking over their shoulder and can look forward to an improved quality of life. “For offenders who don’t take this opportunity, rest assured that when we get the evidence we will be back.” Police in West Yorkshire are using new ways of working to identify those responsible for crime, such as Operation Converter. This was launched last October to get the most out of forensic evidence recovered from scenes of crime. It has contributed detections in vehicle crime and burglary. Fingerprints, DNA, shoe-marks or photographs recovered during investigations into crimes such as burglary and car theft are whisked to the force’s Scientific Support Unit in Wakefield by courier to undergo expert analysis. They are swiftly processed and checked against data-bases to see if they are linked to a particular suspect. As soon as the results are known, the scientific identifications – known as ‘hits’ or ‘idents’ – are sent back to police teams who specialise solely in investigating and making arrests on the basis of this evidence. This has led to a major rise in detection rates and recovery of stolen property.

page 174 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 FINGERPRINT SOCIETY MERCHANDISING

“Flip up” calculator £5.50

“Stress” Globe £3.40

Umbrella £8.50 Mug with gold logo £5.00 Polo Shirt – Blue Med £10.50 XL £11.00 XXL £12.50

“V” neck Ladies T-shirt – Navy Badge £1.50 Pen £2.50 Boxed £2.80 £11.00

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 175 WEBLINKS

THE WISCONSIN IAI WEB SITE http://www.thewai.org

THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR IDENTIFICATION http://www.theiai.org/

THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF FINGERPRINT OFFICERS SITE http://www.scafo.org/

ED GERMAN’S SITE http://onin.com/fp/

DAVE CHARLTON’S SITE (A RIDGE TOO FAR) http://www.david.charlton97.btinternet.co.uk/

KASEY WERTHEIM’S SITE http://www.clpex.com/

THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISION OF IAI SITE http://www.rmdiai.org/

If you would like your website included then please let me know. Ed.

page 176 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 WEB SITE NEWS

An Urgent Update!

The Fingerprint Society Web Site is now active and can be viewed at the following address:

http://www.fpsociety.org.uk/

The Society web site is yours to use and includes archive journals, merchandising information, as well as membership application forms.

Due to the huge demand for a weekly newsletter the site also includes a link to a Yahoo group forum moderated by your editor from his web site ‘A Ridge Too far’.

http://www.david.charlton97.btinternet.co.uk/

There will be a weekly communication that will include job adverts, news and views from around the country as well as international issues. There will be conference updates too!! So sign up NOW!

Extra benefits will be the ability to share files and photographs if required and I hope you agree with your committee that this is a good direction in which to go. It also means that ALL members can keep in touch with one another via the group, and to exchange ideas and information more readily via a moderated e-mail environment.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 177 CONFERENCES

The Fingerprint Society Lectures 2005 STOP PRESS!!

Put a date in your diary now and note that the 2005 lecture series and conference will be held on the 18/19/20th March at The Royal Albion Hotel, Brighton, Sussex.

The hotel offers wonderful accommodation on the seafront at Brighton opposite the famous Brighton seafront. Your conference organisers are already hard at work to make this event one to remember. A very special lecture series has been compiled. Check out the Fingerprint Society Web Site regularly for more details and updates over the coming months: http://www.fpsociety.org.uk/

E-mail for more information and registration details: [email protected] [email protected]

page 178 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 Fingerprint Society Lectures 2005 ANNUAL EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE Royal Albion Hotel 35 Old Steine, Brighton, UK. 18th-20th March 2005:

The hotel is within easy access to major motorway links and Gatwick airport is conveniently located 30 minutes away by car and train. Brighton Station is a short distance away and the main bus/coach terminus operating services to Heathrow airport and London is around the corner from the hotel. It is known that Brighthelmstone, the old name for Brighton existed in Saxon times and is mentioned in the Doomsday Book as paying, in fish a tax to the lord of the manor of Lewes, to this day the capital town of East Sussex. In 1514 the ‘poor little houses’ of the fishing town were put to the torch by French raiders led by Prior John. In 1580 it is recorded that 400 fishermen worked on deep sea boats out of the town. in 1651 King Charles II fled to France from Brighton on a small brig after his defeat at the hands of Oliver Cromwell. During the Great Storm of 1703 most of the lower town, which was situated somewhere around what is now the seaward end of the Palace Pier fell into the sea along with the cliffs. Most of the lost houses would have been inhabited by fishermen and other associated workers such as boat builders, netmakers and rope makers. The turning point in Brighton’s fortunes came in1749 when Dr. Richard Russell published, in Latin a book proclaiming the medicinal qualities of seawater, in particular Brighton seawater. Visitors started to flock in to be dipped in the seawater by bathers making use of ‘bathing machines’. The transformation from the fishing village of Brighthelmstone to the liberal and fashionable resort of Brighton, dedicated to pleasure had begun. The total cost including two nights accommodation (single occupancy), Gala Dinner, three course buffet dinner on Saturday night, finger buffet lunch on Saturday and Sunday, plus a worldclass speaker programme is only £175/person!! You’d be mad to miss out!! Extra nights will be the responsibility of individual delegates. There is already tremendous interest in attending this conference so places will be strictly allocated on a first come first served basis. Please send payment to: Dave Charlton, 97 Brodrick Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 9NY, UK.

Please register the following for attendance at the Fingerprint Society Educational Conference 2005 at the Royal Albion Hotel from the 18th to the 20th March 2005. Name of delegate/delegates: ...... Organisation: ...... Mailing address:...... Post Code/Zip Code...... Daytime Contact Number...... E-mail address ...... Make Cheques Payable to ‘The Fingerprint Society’. Please return the registration form and payment no later than the 1/1/05.ence, some of

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 179 THE ITINERARY FOR THE FINGERPRINT SOCIETY LECTURES 30TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE – Brighton 2005

FRIDAY 18TH MARCH 2005 pm 1130 Registration 1230 AGM 1315John Smith/Kathy Manlove (Forensic Alliance)….recording latent prints using lighting and photographic techniques 1400 Richard Garner Emerging Technology Services (ETS) Ltd……..Fingerprints in the biometric marketplace. 1430 Steve Dennis/Chris Standard…Op Keen…The investigation into the murder of Jane Longhurst. 15.55 Comfort Break 1600 Penny Cooper (Director of CPD Training…Inns of Court School of Law, London)……What makes an expert witness? 1645John Onstwedder…Illinois State Crime Lab….Latent Print Accreditation and Certification. 17.15Bob Hille (Past President of the RMD IAI)…Crime Lab Manager, Lakewood PD, Colorado…..An International perspective on the effective management of a busy forensic unit. 18.00 End of Session 1930 Pre Dinner Drinks Reception 2000 Gala Dinner

SATURDAY 19TH MARCH 2005 am 08.30 Steve Meagher….FBI….. Permanence of level 3 detail. 09.30 Gerry Gardner 3G Identification Ltd. An in depth view of the Immigration and Asylum Fingerprint System including Asylum, Visas, Production of biometric enabled smart cards, mobile identification. 10.15Coffee 10.45 Tom ‘Grif’ Griffin…………Colorado Bureau of Investigation. Columbine High School…. lessons in Mass Crime Scene Reconstruction 12.15Buffet Lunch 13.15 Glenn Langenberg… “Defence Against the Dark Arts: Defending Against the Critic’s Curse” “Daubert issues and discussion of the critics of the profession” 14.45Coffee 15.00 Ian Gledhill..Lincolnshire Police…..Digital capture of latent prints from crime scenes…..a pilot for the future? 15.45 Dr Itiel Dror, Dave Charlton, Ailsa Peron……. Psychological factors involved in fingerprint identification. Ongoing research. 16.15 Ron Smith…..President of Ron Smith and Associates ‘Learning and Laughing....How to keep them begging for more’ 18.00 Close of Day 2 20.00 Evening Meal

page 180 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 SUNDAY 20TH MARCH 2005 am 08.45 Lee Ridley…….Sussex Police Special Branch….Security and the future. 09.15 Hans van den Nieuwendijk…Dutch Fingerprint Service…….Changes to the Dutch Fingerprint Service 09.45 Mike Wieners…FBI……The Washington Sniper Investigation. 10.45Coffee 11.00 David Fairhirst….Surrey Police………The Psychology of Latent Print Examination.. A UK perspective. 11.30 John Vanderkolk and Dr Tom Busey….Cognitive psychology research in Fingerprint Recognition….A US Perspective….. (To be confirmed). 12.30 Close of Conference Speeches 12.45Buffet Lunch 13.30 Delegates Leave

All timings are approximate and may be liable to change In addition to the lecture programme, several companies will be exhibiting their products – please make an effort to visit them.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 181 page 182 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 183 International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS 2005) will be held in Hong Kong on 21-26 August 2005

To: The Fingerprint Society (Editor, Fingerprint Whorld)

We are pleased to inform you that 17th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS 2005) will be held in Hong Kong on 21-26 August 2005. Website: http://www.iafs2005.com Referred by Identification Bureau (IB) of Hong Kong Police Force, we would like to seek your help. “Call for Papers” has just started. Our scientific programme also covers Fingerprint Detection & Identification. Your members may find our programme interesting to them. Moreover, this is the first time for our association to hold this triennial meeting in Hong Kong. It will be great that you are able to help us disseminate the following email announcement to your membership database. Should you need more information, please feel free to contact us. We are looking forward to receiving your positive response to our request. Thank you so much. Best regards, Sylvia Chan *************************************************************** Sylvia Chan IAFS 2005 HK Conference Secretariat Tel: (852) 2559 9973 Fax: (852) 2547 9528 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iafs2005.com *************************************************************** 17th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences 21-26 August 2005, Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre Call for Papers It is my pleasure to announce that the 17th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS 2005) will be held in Hong Kong on 21-26 August 2005 under the theme of “Justice Through Science”. We are working on a rich and balanced professional programme with stimulating workshops. Inspiring cultural and social events will also be organized for the participants. If you are interested in submitting abstract(s) that fit in the topics of the programme, please act NOW. Submission guidelines and form are available on our website. Please click IAFS – Call for Papers for more information and submission form. Should you have any enquiries, please feel free to contact the Conference Secretariat at [email protected] Yours Sincerely, Sze-chung Leung President International Association of Forensic Sciences ——————————————————————–––––————————————————— c/o International Conference Consultants Ltd. Units 501-3, 5/F, Far East Consortium Building 121 Des Voeux Road Central, Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2559 9973 Fax: (852) 2547 9528 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iafs2005.com

page 184 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 THE FORENSIC SCIENCE SOCIETY …. Your professional future…

45th AGM and Inaugural Meeting of the Forensic Science Society as a Professional Body

Keynote Speaker:

x Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys

Case Presentations:

x Soham x The Lynette White Case x ‘Limbs in the Loch’ - The case of William Beggs

Workshops: · Computer crime · Firearms · Contact trace evidence · Fire investigation · Archaeology/anthropology · DNA · Imaging/footwear · Documents · Drugs · Fingerprints · Toxicology

5-7 November 2004 Robinson College Executive Centre, Wyboston, Bedfordshire UK Convener: Dr Niamh Nic Daeid

Sponsored by

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 185 Conference Programme Introduction This meeting will launch The Forensic Science Society as a professional body and it is fitting that such a significant event should be accompanied by the largest and most diverse meeting run by the Society. In thematic terms there are workshops, posters and presentations covering intelligence, research & development, standards, good practice, new technology, databases, interpretation and evaluation of evidence. This is in addition to presentations on three of the most high profile UK cases involving forensic science in recent years. The speakers and workshop facilitators include forensic scientists, police officers and academics from forensic institutions, universities and law enforcement agencies throughout Europe, many of whom are recognised as experts in their field. There will also be opportunities for you to network with colleagues from home and abroad during the social activities. Whatever your interest and experience in forensic practice I am confident you will find something of value and relevance to your professional future. Jim Fraser, President of the Forensic Science Society Friday 5 November 09.00 Registration 09.30 Workshops Eleven one-day workshops including computer crime, contact trace evidence, DNA, documents, drugs, fire investigation, firearms, archaeology/anthropology, imaging/footwear, fingerprints and toxicology will take place on the first day of this conference. Delegates will be asked to register in advance for the workshop of their choice and bookings are taken on a first come, first served basis. Full timetabled programmes for the workshops will soon be available. Please email: conferences@forensic-science-society. org.uk 17.00 Poster session 19.00 Dinner followed by entertainment Saturday 6 November Chair: Professor Brian Caddy, Past President of the Forensic Science Society 09.00 AGM and launch of the Forensic Science Society as a professional body 09.30 The Forensic Science Society - Your Professional Future Jim Fraser, President of the Forensic Science Society 10.00 Coffee 10.20 Why a professional body is important to forensic practice David Coleman, Chief Constable, Derbyshire Constabulary and ACPO Lead on forensic issues 10.40 Continual Professional Development Dr Allan Jamieson, Chair of the Professional Standards Committee of the Forensic Science Society 11.10 Stuart Kind Memorial Lecture Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester 12.00 Lunch Chair: Professor Evelyn Ebsworth CBE FRSE, Chairman of the Council for the Registration of Forensic Practitioners 13.00 Interpreting the value of evidence Graham Jackson, Forensic Science Service 13.40 Improving the sensitivity of DNA profiling tests, benefits and limitations Dr Peter Gill, Forensic Science Service 14.20 Coffee 14.50 Advances in solving cold cases Dave Barclay, Head of Physical Evidence, National Crime & Operations Faculty 15.30 Guilty until proven innocent - a review of the Lynette White case Dr Angela Gallop, Chief Executive, Forensic Alliance In 1988 Lynette White was stabbed more than 50 times in a flat above a betting shop in the red light district of Cardiff's docklands. Three men were found guilty of her murder but these convictions were later quashed by the Court of Appeal. Advances in DNA technology finally led police to a suspect more than a decade after the murder. 17.00 Poster session 17.30 Close 19.30 Annual Dinner and Awards followed by Firework Display sponsored by Smart Media and other entertainment Sunday 7 November Chair: Dr Angela Gallop 09.00 ‘Limbs in the Loch - The case of William Beggs Martin Fairley SPFSL and Chief Supt John Geates In October 2001 William Beggs was convicted of the murder of Barry Wallace. He murdered his victim in December 1999 at his flat and then dismembered the victim and disposed of his body parts in Loch Lomond and in the sea near Troon. The forensic evidence involved linking blood stains discovered in the flat of the accused to those of the victim. 10.30 Coffee 11.00 The Soham case DCS Chris Stevenson & Helen Williamson, Cambridgeshire Constabulary In August 2002 the deaths of Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman made headline news around the World. Ian Huntley was eventually convicted of their murders in December 2003. The case involved a number of different types of forensic evidence including mobile phone evidence, hairs and fibres, DNA, fingerprints, soil analysis and pollen analysis. 12.45 Closing remarks Jim Fraser, President of the Forensic Science Society 13.00 Lunch This meeting has been registered for CPD points with the Royal College of Pathologists, the Law Society and the Bar Council

page 186 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 Workshops 1. Computer Crime Workshop Convener: DS Craig Wilson, Kent Police This workshop will cover a wide range of current issues of interest and relevance to computer crime specialists and those with a more general interest in the subject such as Crime Scene Investigators. Presentations include: The law enforcement response to digital crime scenes, DC Miles Bishop , Kent Police; The need for standards and qualifications in cybercrime investigation and IT forensics, Nigel Jones MBE, Head of High Tech Crime Training, National Specialist Law Enforcement Centre; Forensic traces of malicious software/Trojan Horses and Backdoors, Dan Haagman, 7Safe Information Security; ‘Every Action Leaves a Trace’ - Tracing the footsteps of an electronic suspect, DS Craig Wilson, Kent Police; The impact of Cryptography on forensic computing in the UK, Pete Forster, Principle data Recovery Officer, NTAC; Forensic implications of examining server archives on tape media, Paul Sanderson, Sanderson Forensics; ‘Size doesn’t matter when it comes to forensic evidence!’, Amber Schroader, Director of forensics, Paraben Corporation, US; 21st Century evidence in 19th century crimes, Chirs Crute, Senior Forensic Computer Analyst, Kent Police.

2. Contact traces workshop: 'The best of contact trace evidence.' Convener: Pam Hamer, Forensic Alliance Limited This workshop will show the strengths of contact trace work. The ENFSI working group guidelines for best practice started with fibre evidence and is well advanced in glass and paint. These underpin the quality of forensic work within the European framework and there will be the opportunity to hear the guiding principles from the chairman of one of the working groups . There are exciting new analytical techniques - this workshop will be a chance to catch up on some of them with review papers showing the potential applications of raman spectroscopy, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The most important part of the workshop will be the posters which we all contribute. This is our chance to show and discuss the cases with interesting analytical work, tricky interpretation problems or unusual evidence. Contact Pam Hamer at [email protected] to talk about your contribution to this workshop.

3. DNA: DNA Technology in Human Identification: Current usage and potential applications This workshop is sponsored by Applied Biosystems Convener: Nicola Oldroyd, Applied Biosystems This workshop will invite speakers involved in the use of DNA techniques in forensic science and those from the wider field of Human Identification to discuss their experiences and to speculate on the progression of the technology. The application of DNA technology to national databases, multiplex marker systems and alternative analysis methods will be discussed together with presentations from those outside the forensic community investigating the use of similar technologies for additional applications.

4. Documents: Handwriting - Acquisition and Loss of a Complex Skill Convener: Mike Allen, Document Evidence Ltd The aim of the day is to have speakers concerned with learning to write (both as children and as adults e.g. learning calligraphy) and losing the ability to write (through disease or old age). Case studies will include the writings of children; the writings of individuals who have acquired either calligraphic skills or learnt a new language/writing system as an adult; The writings of the elderly, those suffering from trauma (e.g. a stroke) or degenerative diseases affecting writing (e.g. Parkinsons)

5. Drugs Workshop Convener: John Doherty, Forensic Alliance This workshop aims to cover all aspects of the modern drugs service offered by forensic science laboratories. It looks at the importance of drugs intelligence, clandestine laboratory investigation, novel methods of concealing drugs in Customs & Excise seizures, the examination and comparison of drugs packaging as well as case histories of large or difficult drugs cases. This workshop will also examine the role of the drugs squad and modern policing to tackle drugs related crime.

6. Fire Investigation Workshop Convener: Rebecca Pepler, Anglia Polytechnic University The day is aimed at anyone with an interest in fire investigation, and will comprise presentations, case studies and informal discussions. A variety of subjects and their relationship to fire investigation will be addressed, namely evidence evaluation and interpretation, computer fluid dynamics, the law, self-heating and fingerprint retrieval. Speakers contributing to the day include Jack Deans, Gardiner Associates; Olivier Delémont, IPSC, Switzerland; Steve Andrews, Forensic Science Service; Dominic “Jack” Goble, London Fire Brigade and Justice of the Peace; Graham Jackson, Forensic Science Service and Rebecca Pepler, APU and Gardiner Associates.

7. Firearms Workshop Convener: Alice Walters, Forensic Science Service This will be a general workshop addressing a number of issues relevant to firearms examiners, forensic scientists, pathologists and investigators. Presentations will include: High velocity gunshot wounds, Nick Hunt, Forensic Pathology Services; Atypical gunshot wounds, Nat Cary; National Firearms Forensic Intelligence database - one year on, Jill Wickham, Forensic Science Service; Operation Barker II, Detective Inspector Dick Severns & Det Chief Superintendent Gee; Firearms web databases, Ruprecht Nennstiel, BKA (Bundeskriminalamt) Wiesbaden, Germany and a presentation by a representative from HM Customs and Excise.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 187

8. Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology Workshop Convener: Dr Tim Thompson, University of Dundee The purpose of this Workshop is to take a broad overview of forensic archaeology and anthropology, both of which may be new to many people, and to consider in detail some of their aims, principles and potential benefits. This one-day workshop will be divided into two halves: forensic archaeology and forensic anthropology. Both disciplines remain intrinsically linked and the presentation and practical components have been designed to emphasis this relationship. The morning will focus on forensic archaeology and will include presentations on Forensic Archaeology and recent developments; Forensic Geophysics, an introduction; The Cadaver Dog, a practical demonstration; Case Study, the search; Case Study, the recovery. The afternoon session will focus on forensic anthropology including presentation on Forensic Anthropology, an introduction (Dr Louise Scheuer); Facial Reconstruction, an introduction (Dr Caroline Wilkinson); Osteology Practical (Prof Sue Black, Dr Tim Thompson); Case Study, UK-based (Dr Megan Brickley); Case Study, international (Dr Roxana Ferllini). This workshop has been co-ordinated by Prof John Hunter (University of Birmingham), Prof Sue Black and Dr Tim Thompson (University of Dundee) under the auspices of The Centre for International Forensic Assistance (CIFA).

9. Imaging/Footwear workshop Presentations on imaging will take place in the morning and footwear in the afternoon Imaging workshop Presenting your Evidence as a 3D Representation. Convener: Pat Davies, Greater Manchester Police For some time now we have seen property programmes on TV create a 3D representation of a project to show how a house will look after renovation. The same technology can be applied to crime scenes. You must however ask, what do I want to achieve? Is it a clinical three dimensional image or a model that fully reflects the contents and forensic evidence portrayed at the scene? Both are achievable, but require different techniques. This Workshop will take you through some of the options available and some that are being developed. The use of this type of technology will enable the Jury to visit the crime scene and the post-mortem in the comfort of the courtroom. This Workshop will be of use to Crime Scene Managers, Forensic Investigators, Photographers, SIO's, Pathologists and Force Artists. Footwear Workshop Convener: Terry Napier, Napier Associates Presentations will include ‘Bringing a shoe from concept to product - how the trainer industry works’; ‘A method for 3D imaging feet and insoles for comparison’. We also hope to include a speaker from the Forensic Science Service or the ACPO footwear development group

10. Fingerprints Workshop Convener: Karen Stow, Teesside University in partnership with the Fingerprint Society Speakers have been invited to make presentations on the following: IDENT 1 and the The future of fingerprint technology; the work of the National Fingerprint Board and Fingerprint associated work groups; SO13 Bomb Squad; The future of Fingerprint Training; AFIS - best practice associated with Print to Mark searching and the use of NAFIS/ Society Livescan; demystifying palms; potential loss of fingermarks; predicting fingerprint patterns and fingerprint development laboratory performance issues

11. Toxicology Convener: Sue Paterson, Imperial College London A series of presentations related to developing areas in forensic toxicology finishing with a talk/discussion concerning the biggest challenge faced by toxicologists, that is “can we interpret post mortem findings?” Presentations include: Estimate of detection period in urine for markers of street heroin, Sue Paterson – Imperial College London; The role of melanin in drug incorporation into hair, Karen Scott, Anglia Polytechnic University; A method for routine screening of hair for drugs of abuse using GC-MS, Rosa Cordero – Imperial College London; Analysis of saliva for drugs of abuse using LC-MS, Fiona Wylie – University of Glasgow; Designer & new synthetic drugs: predicting the next big thing, Simon Elliot, Regional Laboratory for Toxicology, Birmingham; Toxicology findings in DFSA cases in UK, based on >1000 cases submitted to FSS 2000-2002, Mike Scott-Ham, Forensic Science Service; “Can we interpret post mortem toxicology?”, Robert Forrest – University of Sheffield; Discussion – “can we interpret post mortem toxicology?”

page 188 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 Posters If you would like to present a poster at this meeting please send a brief abstract and a few autobiographical notes to the convener Niamh Nic Daeid email: [email protected]

This conference is supported by Anite Public Sector, Applied Biosystems, BT, Centre for International Forensic Assistance (CIFA), CRFP, DNA Research Innovations Limited, The Fingerprint Society, Forensic Alliance Limited, Forensic Science Service, Foster and Freeman, Jobin Yvon Limited, Pavilion Publishing, Projectina AG, Qiagen Limited, Smiths Detection Limited, Smart Media

Sponsorship opportunities There will be an exhibition providing the opportunity for suppliers to the forensic industry to exhibit equipment and speak with delegates. Other sponsorship opportunities include advertising inserts in delegates packs and/or programme. For further information please contact the Forensic Science Society: [email protected] Tel: 01423 506 068

Conference Venue Robinson College Executive Centre, Great North Road, Wyboston, Bedfordshire MK44 3AR

The Executive Centre is situated 18 miles west of Cambridge, close to the A1/A428 interchange on the Bedfordshire/ Cambridgeshire border and within one hour’s drive of London and the Midlands By Road: From North or South 1. Leave A1 at A428 junction (signposted Cambridge) just south of St Neots 2. From North, take third exit at roundabout From South, take fourth exit at roundabout (back towards A1) 3. Entrance to Wyboston Lakes Business and Leisure Village is 60 yards on left., Flags make the entrance and the Executive Centre is easily identified by its green turrets From East 1. A428 (from Cambridge and M11) before A1 junction, take first exit at roundabout. 2. Entrance to Wyboston Lakes Business and Leisure Village is 60 yards on the left. Flags mark the entrance and the Executive Centre is easily identified by its green turrets. From West 1. A428 (Bedford), turn left (north) onto A1. 2. Leave at A428 junction (signposted Cambridge), just south of St,. Neots. 3. Follow from instruction 2 from North or South above. If you have difficulties just call the Centre on 01480 226 300 By Rail The nearest station is St. Neots on the West Anglian Great Northern Line, a 35 minute train journey from London Kings Cross. The station is a 10-minute taxi ride from the Executive Centre (Anglian Taxis 01480 475 222 or Consort 01480 380 545. By Air From Heathrow and Gatwick, take the underground and Thames Link train, respectively, to Kings Cross Station and the West Anglian Great Northern to St. Neots. From Stanstead, take the train to Cambridge, change and take the train to St. Neots via Peterborough. Alternatively, a fast coach service (x5) runs regularly from Cambridge bus stations to Tesco, St. Neots. Call for a taxi upon arrival at Tesco (five-minute ride from Executive Centre)

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 189 Residential Member Please tick Non Member Please tick Friday 5 November £160.00 £185.00 Accommodation Friday, including morning coffee, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, bed and breakfast and Attendance at 1 of the workshops

Saturday 6 November £160.00 £185.00 Accommodation Saturday, including morning coffee, lunch, afternoon tea, Annual Dinner and Awards, firework display, bed and breakfast and registration fee to attend the plenary session and launch of the Society as a professional body Sunday 7 November £75.00 £100.00 Registration fee to attend the case presentations, including morning coffee and lunch. Full Package £395.00 £470.00 Including 2 nights’ accommodation (Friday 5 and Saturday 6 November), meals and registration fee to attend 1 workshop of your choice and the conference lectures on both Saturday and Sunday Non Residential Friday 5 November - Workshop only £125.00 £150.00 Attendance at a workshop of your choice on Friday 5 November including morning coffee, lunch, afternoon tea and registration fee Saturday 6 November £100.00 £125.00 Registration fee to attend the plenary session and launch of the Society as a professional body including morning coffee, lunch and afternoon tea Sunday 7 November £75.00 £100.00 Registration fee to attend the case presentations, including morning coffee and lunch

Full package (day delegate - no accommodation) £300.00 £375.00

Workshops: please tick: 1. Computer 2. Contact 3. DNA 4. Documents 5. Drugs 6. Fire 7. 8. Archaeology/ 9. Imaging/ 10. 11. Toxicology Crime traces Investigation Firearms anthropology Footwear Fingerprints

Additional Bookings:

For partners sharing a room (please note, there are no Please Additional Meals: Number twin rooms) tick Please tick if vegetarian Thursday: Dinner only (including wine) @ £35

Thursday: Bed and breakfast for partner sharing @ Any special dietary requirements? £35.25 Friday: Dinner only (including wine) @ £35

Saturday: Dinner only (including wine) @ £35 Friday: Bed and breakfast for partner sharing @ £35.25 Sunday: Dinner only (including wine) @ £35 Saturday: Bed and breakfast for partner sharing @ £35.25

Additional nights pre or post meeting Please Additional nights pre or post meeting Please tick tick Thursday: Bed and breakfast (Single Thursday: Bed and breakfast (Double occupancy) @ £60 occupancy) @ £95.25

Sunday: Bed and breakfast (Single Sunday: Bed and breakfast (Double Total payment due: £………………... occupancy) @ £65 occupancy) @ £100.25 PLEASE COMPLETE IN BLOCK CAPITALS

Title: …………..First Name: ……………………....Surname: …………………...……………….. Job Title: ………………………… ………………………….

Organisation: ………………………………………………………………… Accompanying Person (if applicable): ………………………………………………… Please complete the above as you would wish to see printed on your badge.

Email address: …………………………………………………………………………………..Contact telephone number: …………………………………………. Please note: Joining instructions will be sent by email, please provide an email address Mailing address:

Payment Details 1. I enclose my cheque for the sum of £……………………. Made payable to The Forensic Science Society 2. Please invoice for the amount due (give address for mailing invoice if different from above):

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. I wish to pay by Master/Visa Credit Card Number: ………………………………………………………………………. Expiry date: ………………………. 4. Bank Transfer (Booking Reference must be quoted): Payments can be made to the following account: Lloyds Bank plc, 8 Cambridge Crescent, Harrogate, North Yorkshire UK Account Number: 0839247 Sort Code: 30-93-91 Name: Forensic Science Society Terms and conditions All registrations received will be acknowledged. If an acknowledgement is not received within 14 days, please contact the Society’s office. Cancellations received before the registration closing date will be subject to a £25 administration charge. Cancellations received after the registration closing date - registration fee will not be refunded. A change in attending delegate can be made at any time. LAST DATE FOR RECEIPT OF REGISTRATIONS: Friday 24 September 2004 Please return as soon as possible to: The Forensic Science Society, 18A Mount Parade, Harrogate HG1 1BX UK Tel: +44 (0)1423 506 068 Fax: +44 (0)1423 566 391 Email: [email protected] Data Protection The Forensic Science Society may provide a list of delegates and email addresses for exhibitors at this conference only. If you do not wish to be included in this list, please tick this box. Registered Charity Number 209592

page 190 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 SOCIETY BUSINESS

THE FINGERPRINT SOCIETY QUAERITE ET INVENIETIS FOUNDED 1974 Patron: The Rt. Hon. The Earl Nelson of Trafalgar

AIMS OF THE SOCIETY: To advance the study and application of fingerprints and to facilitate co-operation among persons interested in this field of personal identification. ‘FINGERPRINT WHORLD’, a quarterly journal, is sent to all Members and Fellows, and is designed to extend interest in, and application of all matters appertaining to the fingerprint science. Management of the Society is vested in a committee elected at each Annual General Meeting.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP (UK ONLY) (N.B. All applicants must be proposed by a paid-up Member/Fellow of the Society in good standing, or provide documentary support to assist consideration of application) Please use BLOCK LETTERS Title ...... Surname ...... Forename(s) ...... Date of Birth ...... Full Name of Employer ...... Full Home Address (with postcode) ...... Full Business Address (with post/zip code) ...... Email ......

Please specify current duties (eg Fingerprint Officer, SOCO, Chem.Tech) ...... I apply for Membership/Fellowship* of the Fingerprint Society and enclose payment as indicated below. *NB. Applicants for Fellowship MUST have at least FIVE years experience in fingerprint duties. Please also state place and date of attaining fingerprint expertise.1 ......

I certify that all the information supplied is true. I understand that this information will be held on computer3 and will be used to compile a membership almanac which will be provided only to persons whose membership is current at publication date.2 Signature of Applicant...... Date...... Proposed by (print name and number)...... Signed ......

Note: Cheques/money orders will be returned if not made payable to: ‘The Fingerprint Society’ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Fees (valid for January 2004) Amount enclosed Registration Fee – £2.00 £2.00 Return Completed Form and Fellow (per annum) £20 £____ Payment to Membership Secretary: Member (per annum) £17 £____ Mr. Paul Smith, F.F.S. Society Diploma – £1 £____ Warwickshire Police Fingerprint Bureau Scientific Support Unit, High St, Southam, Total (inc registration fee) £____ Warwickshire CV47 0HB. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 Non-UK applicants for Fellowship may be required to provide documentation of qualification. 2 Membership Fees are due 1st January annually. Membership will be considered lapsed and records deleted/ destroyed if no payment has been received by the end of March. 3 Information supplied on this form will be held on computer. Please indicate if you object to this (Yes/No), delete as appropriate.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 191 THE FINGERPRINT SOCIETY QUAERITE ET INVENIETIS FOUNDED 1974

Patron: The Rt. Hon. The Earl Nelson of Trafalgar

INTERNATION MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION (N.B. All applicants must be proposed by a paid-up Member/Fellow of the Society in good standing, or provide documentary support to assist consideration of application)

Please use BLOCK LETTERS

Title ...... Surname ...... Forename(s) ......

Date of Birth ...... Full Name of Employer ......

Full Home Address (with zipcode) ...... Full Business Address (with post/zip code)

......

...... Email ......

Please specify current duties (eg Fingerprint Officer, SOCO, Chem.Tech) ......

I apply for Membership/Fellowship* of the Fingerprint Society and enclose payment as indicated below. *NB. Applicants for Fellowship MUST have at least FIVE years experience in fingerprint duties. Please also state place and date of attaining fingerprint expertise.1 ......

Signature of Applicant...... Date......

Proposed by (print name and number)...... Signed ......

Note: Cheques/money orders will be returned if not made payable to: ‘The Fingerprint Society’ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Fees (valid for January 2004) Amount enclosed Registration Fee – $6.00 $6.00 Return Completed Form and Fellow (per annum) $45$____ Payment to Membership Secretary: Member (per annum) $37 $____ Mr. Paul Smith, F.F.S. Society Diploma – $8 $____ Warwickshire Police Fingerprint Bureau Scientific Support Unit, High St, Southam, Total (inc registration fee) $____ Warwickshire CV47 0HB, UK. –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 Non-UK applicants for Fellowship may be required to provide documentation of qualification. 2 Membership Fees are due 1st January annually. Membership will be considered lapsed and records deleted/ destroyed if no payment has been received by the end of March. 3 Information supplied on this form will be held on computer. Please indicate if you object to this (Yes/No), delete as appropriate.

page 192 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 Special Announcement!

One of the good things about being editor, is that I get to see all the great things that Fingerprint Examiners do, not only for the local bureaux around the World, but also for the good of fellow professionals. The Fingerprint Society feels that we should continue as a body to recognise such people.

The Fingerprint Society will have two awards which can be presented to individuals who have demonstrated they have made outstanding contributions to not only the Fingerprint Society, but also to the wider Fingerprint Profession.

The Lewis Minshall Award is awarded on an annual basis and will go to the individual who it is agreed has made an outstanding contribution to The Fingerprint Society over the year. This award may recognise service to the Society or perhaps could be awarded as a result of contributions made to the Journal. Either way, it will be up to you, the membership to nominate people. If no nominations are forthcoming, the committee reserve the right to award it to an individual of their choosing.

The Henry Medal is awarded on an infrequent basis, but can be awarded annually if suitable candidates are submitted. This award will be made to individuals or organisations that it is decided have made an outstanding contribution to the Science of Fingerprints, or for outstanding contribution for the good of the Profession. The first such award was made to New Scotland Yard for 100 years of The Met Police Fingerprint Bureau. This year it was awarded to Dr Barry Blain for his contribution to Automated Fingerprint Searching.

Your nominations are required now, and in September, committee will assess the nominations with a view to making the awards, which will be presented at the Annual Educational Conference in 2004.

A flyer is enclosed in this journal for your convenience. Please fill it out and return it to me.

Thank you

Ed.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 193 THE FINGERPRINT SOCIETY QUAERITE ET INVENIETIS FOUNDED 1974

Patron: The Rt. Hon. The Earl Nelson of Trafalgar

The Rules of the Fingerprint Society

1. Name The Society shall be known as THE FINGERPRINT SOCIETY 2. Objects 2.1 The objects of the Society are to advance the study and application of fingerprints and tofacilitate co-operation among persons interested in this field of personal identification 2.2 The Society is not a Union or a Negotiating Body, but a group of professional people formed by their own mutual agreement 3. Qualification for Membership 3.1. Membership of the Society is open to persons having successfully completed an accredited initial fingerprint course and remaining in fingerprint work whilst employed in the Police or Government Service. However where a Full Member or Fellow is posted to other duties within the Police Service and no longer employed in fingerprint work, he/she will be allowed to retain membership of this Society 3.2 Members retiring from or leaving the Police Service may retain their membership of the Society on payment of the full annual subscription continuing their previously recognised status and retain full voting rights. 3.3 Other than in circumstances to be decided by the Executive Sub-Committee a person may not re-join the Society 4. Admission to Membership 4.1 A candidate for membership must: -4.1.1 apply on the form recognised by the Society sign the application form and remit his/her joining fee and first subscription and 4.1.2 be proposed by a member who must vouch for the fitness of the candidate from his/her personal knowledge 4.1.3 Admission to membership is by approval of the Membership Secretary or at his/her discretion by approval of the Executive Sub-Committee 5. Procedure after approval 5.1 Immediately a candidate is approved for admission he/she must be: 5.1.1 given notice that he/she has been approved 5.1.2 furnished with a copy of these rules and 5.2 On clearance of the remittance for his/her joining fee and first subscription an approved candidate becomes a member of the Society and is entitled to all the benefits and privileges of membership and agrees to be bound by these rules. 6. Entrance fee and subscriptions 6.1 The joining fee is whatever sum the Committee determines from time to time. The joining fee is waived for a candidate under 21 years of age as at the date of approval of his/her membership 6.2 A person re-joining the Society must pay 50% of the joining fee in addition to the annual subscription. 6.3 The annual subscription is the sum decided upon from time to time at the Annual General Meeting of the Society making special provision for overseas Members and Fellows.

page 194 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 6.4 The annual subscription is payable in advance on lst January each year (except the first subscription of a new member as provided by rule 5.2). 6.5 There will be no apportionment of subscription or joining fee for a member joining during the year and no refund if a member leaves during the year. 7. Subscriptions in arrears 7.1. If a member’s subscription is not paid within 3 months of its due date, the Executive Sub-Committee may terminate his/her membership. 7.2 If at any time the member gives the Executive Sub-Committee a satisfactory explanation, he/she may, at the discretion of the Executive Sub-Committee and on payment of arrears and 50% of the joining fee, be readmitted to membership. 8. Fellows 8.1 On achieving the accepted National Standard in his/her country of origin and becoming a recognised expert in that country’s Law Courts and proving the same to the satisfaction of the Executive Sub-Committee a Member shall become a Fellow and his/her name shall appear on a list drawn up by the Society. 8.2 Any Member or Fellow of the Society shall inform the Secretary of any change in his/her professional status, in order that the Society records may be updated. 8.3 Recognised Fellows of the Society may use the suffix FFS in their personal titles and Members may use the suffix MFS. The bearers of these titles may do so throughout the period of their membership of the Society. 8.4 The Society may issue a certificate to Members or Fellows indicating their status within the Society. 9. Honorary Members 9.1 Honorary Membership of the Society may be granted to persons giving or who have given valuable service to this Society but who are ineligible for ordinary membership. 9.2 Honorary Membership may only be conferred or withdrawn by an Annual General Meeting upon receiving and agreeing a nomination or report from the Committee and at every Annual General Meeting there must be a vote on whether existing Honorary Memberships are to be confirmed or withdrawn. 9.3 Honorary Members are entitled to the quarterly receipt of a complimentary copy of this Society’s journal and the opportunity to attend, at their own expense, this Society’s Annual Conference but to no other benefits. Without prejudice to the foregoing Honorary Members are not entitled to vote as members or to claim any share of the property of the Society on its dissolution. 9.4 The names of Honorary Members shall appear on a list drawn up by the Society and may appear in any Fingerprint Society publication. 9.5 Honorary Members may use the suffix Hon. MFS in their personal titles. 10. Resignation of Members Any member may resign his/her membership by giving notice in writing to that effect to the Membership Secretary. 11. Members adjudged bankrupt etc If any member: 11.1 is convicted on indictment of any criminal offence, or 11.2 is adjudged a bankrupt, or 11.3 makes a composition or arrangement with his/her creditors under the provisions of any statute, or 11.4 has a trustee appointed for the benefit of his/her creditors, or 11.5 is no longer capable of looking after his/her affairs he/she immediately ceases to be a member of the Society, but the Executive Sub-Committee 3 may, in its discretion, reinstate him/her without entrance fee.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 195 12. Expulsion of Members 12.1 If at any time the Committee considers that the interests of the Society require it they must invite a member to resign from the Society, by a letter specifying the time before which the withdrawal should be made. 12.2 If the member concerned does not withdraw the Committee must submit the question of his/her expulsion to the Annual General Meeting or a Special General Meeting to be held within eight weeks after the date of the letter. 12.3 Not less than 14 days’ notice of the meeting must be given to the members. 12.4 The Secretary must inform the member in question of the time and place of the meeting and the nature of the complaints against him/her in sufficient time to afford him/her a proper opportunity of offering an explanation. 12.5 At the meeting the member must be allowed to offer an explanation of his/her conduct verbally or in writing and if after that more than half of the members present vote for his/her expulsion he/she will immediately cease to be a member of the Society. 12.6 The voting at any such Special General Meeting must be by ballot. 13. Effect of ceasing to be a member On ceasing to be a member of the Society a person forfeits all right to and claim upon the Society and its property and funds. 14. Suspension 14.1 If at any time the Committee consider that the interests of the Society require it they may suspend a member fro m the Society for a fixed period of time or until further notice. 14.2 A member who is suspended shall not during the period of suspension be entitled to any privileges of membership but may in accordance with Rule 13 attend any General Meeting at which his/her expulsion is sought. 15. Officers 15.1 The Officers of the Society shall be: - President, Regional Vice President, Chairman, Secretary, Membership Secretary, Editor and Treasurer each of whom must be elected at the Annual General Meeting. 15.2 All Officers of the Society must have at least three years’ continuous membership immediately prior to their election to Office. 15.3 Nominations for Officer and Committee positions are to be submitted to the Secretary at least 21 days before the Annual General Meeting. 15.4 In the event of insufficient nominations being received by the due date, the Chairman shall be empowered to accept nominations at the Annual General Meeting. 16. Committee 16.1 The administration of the Society (except as otherwise provided by these rules) shall be carried out by a Committee of not less than 7 and not more than 24 Members who must be elected at the Annual General Meeting. 16.2 In addition to the elected members, the Officers of the Society are ex officio members of the Committee. 16.3 All correspondence on behalf of the Society must be seen and noted by the Secretary. 17. Election of Members of Committee 17.1 At each Annual General Meeting one half of the Members of the Committee must retire, but are eligible for re-election if there are insufficient replacement nominations. 17.2 To create a sufficient number of vacancies, the Members of the Committee must retire in order of seniority, and in case of equal seniority the order of retirement must be determined by lot. 17.3 The Committee may nominate members of the Society to fill the vacancies. 17.4 Any two members may at any time propose any other candidate or candidates, by notice in writing to the Secretary or in person, verbally, at the AGM.

page 196 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 17.5 Balloting lists must be issued at the AGM containing in alphabetical order all the names so obtained, distinguishing the candidates proposed by the Committee, and showing the names of the proposers of other candidates. 17.6 Every member of the Society is entitled, but not obliged, to vote for as many candidates as are proposed. 17.7 Up to the number of vacancies, the candidates who receive most votes must be declared elected, and in the case of two or more candidates receiving an equal number of votes, the chairman of the meeting has a second or casting vote. 18. Vacancies on Committee 18.1 The Chairman or the Committee may appoint a member to fill any casual vacancy on the Committee until the next Annual General Meeting. 18.2 Any member so appointed must retire at the next Annual General Meeting but may be elected as a Member of the Committee at that meeting. 19. Meetings of Committee 19.1 The Committee must meet at least twice in every year 19.2 Seven members of the Committee form a quorum 19.3 Decisions shall be taken by simple majority vote of those present. 19.4 Minutes of all the proceedings of the Committee must be taken and must be open to inspection by any member of the Society on application to the Secretary. 19.5 The Committee meetings shall be chaired by the Chairman or in his/her absence the President or in the absence of both another Committee Member elected at the meeting in question. 19.6 At the first meeting of the Committee following each Annual General Meeting the Committee must elect an Editor of the Society’s journal who shall hold office until the first Committee meeting following the next Annual General Meeting. 19.7 The Society will create an Award or Awards for such purposes as the Society may from time to time decide at the Annual General Meeting. Awards may be made annually. A Committee Member will be identified to collate all nominations, the closing date for which will be the 31st July of each year. All nominations will be discussed by the full Committee at the October meeting. An award may not always be made but the decision of the Committee must be considered as final. A full presentation to the award winner will be made to the next Annual General Meeting. 20. Executive Sub-Committee 20.1 The persons from time to time holding office as Chairman, Treasurer, Secretary, President, Membership Secretary and Editor shall constitute the Executive Sub- Committee. 20.2 The Executive Sub-Committee shall deal with administrative matters arising between meetings of the Committee and other matters (including enquiries) as directed by the Committee. 20.2.1 The Executive Sub-Committee shall meet as required. 20.2.2 Three Members of the Executive Sub-Committee (one of whom must be the Chairman) constitute a quorum 20.2.3 Decisions shall be taken by simple majority vote of those present. 20.2.4 Meetings may be held by telephone including a series of telephone calls on a one to one basis provided that all Members of the Executive Sub-Committee are contacted. 20.2.5A resolution in writing signed by all the Executive Sub-Committee Members shall be as valid as if it had been passed at a meeting and may consist of several documents in the form each signed by one or more of the Executive Sub-Committee 20.3 The Executive Sub-Committee must report its proceedings to the Committee at each 5 Committee meeting and must conduct its business in accordance with its directions. 20.4 A member may submit to the Executive Sub-Committee claims for monetary assistance when representing the Society in an official capacity, necessary for the efficient

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 197 performance of the Society’s business. The Executive Sub-Committee may then grant an appropriate award not exceeding such sum as the Committee shall from time to time decide 21. Indemnity for Officers and Committee 21.1 The Officers and the Committee shall be indemnified by the members against all costs damages liabilities incurred by them in or about the execution of their duties or otherwise in relation thereto. 21.2 No Officer or Committee Member shall be liable for any loss damage or misfortune which may happen to or be incurred by the Society in the execution of the duties of his/her office or in relation thereto. 22. Codes of Professional Conduct and Practice 22.1. The Committee may from time to time make, repeal and amend any Codes of Professional Conduct and Practice and/or regulations (not inconsistent with these rules) as it thinks expedient for the management and well-being of the Society. 22.2. All regulations made by the Committee under this rule are binding on the members until repealed by the Committee or set aside by a resolution of a general meeting of the Society. 23. Annual General Meeting The Annual General Meeting of the Society must be held in March in each year on a date and at a time to be fixed by the Committee and must: 23.1 receive from the Committee a report, balance sheet and statement of accounts for the preceding financial year and an estimate of the receipts and expenditure for the current financial year; 23.2 fill the vacancies in and elect the Committee and for the ensuing year; 23.3 decide on any resolution which may be submitted to the meeting in the manner provided below; 23.4 fix the annual subscription of the Society and 23.5 consider any other business as determined by the Committee or by the previous Annual General Meeting or as raised by any member at the Annual General Meeting itself. 24. Notice of business at Annual General Meeting Any member who desires to move any resolution at the Annual General Meeting may give notice in writing to the Secretary not later than 1 st February or raise it at the Annual General Meeting. 25. Special General Meeting The Committee may call a Special General Meeting at any time for any special purpose, and must do so immediately upon a requisition in writing (stating the purposes for which the meeting is required) signed by not less than 20 members entitled to vote. 26. Convening general meetings 26.1 Notice of the Annual General Meeting shall be given in the Society’s Magazine at least 14 days before the Annual General Meeting. In the case of a Special General Meeting notice of the meeting and the business to be transacted at it must be sent to every member at least l4 days before the meeting. 26.2 No business other than that of which notice has been given may be brought forward at a General Meeting. 27. Proceedings at general meetings 27.1 At all general meetings of the Society the Chairman, or in his/her absence the President, or in the absence of both a member selected by the Committee, must take the chair. The President will sit with the Secretary at the Chairman’s table during the meeting. 27.2 Every member present is entitled to one vote upon every motion, and in case of an equality of votes the chairman may have a second or casting vote. 27.3 All resolutions shall be passed by simply majority of votes cast.

page 198 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 28. Quorum 28.1 The quorum at all general meetings is 20 for all motions and business. 29. Amendments 29.1 No amendment (other than a motion for adjournment) may be moved to any resolution proposed at any annual or Special General Meeting unless the meeting consents. 29.2 Whenever notice of any amendment to be proposed is given, it must be posted on the Society’s web site immediately. 30. Financial Year The financial year of the Society ends on 31 st December in each year, and the accounts of the Society must be balanced to that day. 31. Audit of accounts 31.1 All funds shall be paid into the Society bank account via the Treasurer. Withdrawals shall be made by both of two of signatories nominated by the Committee. 31.2 The Society is non-profit making and any excess in funds shall be directed back into the Society for its general betterment. 31.3 The accounts must be audited by a professional accountant as soon as practicable after the end of the financial year. 31.4 The accountant auditor must be appointed at each Annual General Meeting and must not be a member of the Society. 32. Visitors No non-member of this Society may attend the Annual General Meeting/Lectures or any other meeting, unless personally invited by the Secretary. 33. Members not to make profit out of Society No member may on any pretence or in any manner receive any profit, salary or emoluments from the funds or transactions of the Society without the permission of the Committee. 34. Society address not to be used for business No member may give the address of the Society in any advertisement or use the Society address for business purposes. 35. Members’ addresses Every member of the Society must from time to time communicate his/her address to the Secretary, and all notices sent by first class post to that address are considered to have been given on the day following the date of posting. 36. Interpretation of rules 36.1 The Committee is the sole authority for the interpretation of these rules. 36.2 The decision of the Committee upon any question of interpretation or upon any matter affecting the Society and not provided for by these rules or by the regulations is final and binding on the members. 37. Amendment of rules 37.1 These rules may be added to, repealed or amended by a resolution passed at any annual or Special General Meeting by simple majority of votes cast. 38. Dissolution of Society If at any general meeting a resolution for the dissolution of the Society is passed by a majority of the members present the Committee must immediately, or at such future date as is specified in the resolution, proceed to realise the property of the Society and after the discharge of all liabilities must divide such property equally among all the members and on the completion of the division the Society will be dissolved. 39. Headings The headings to these rules are for ease of reference only and are not to be taken into account in their interpretation.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 199 THE FINGERPRINT SOCIETY QUAERITE ET INVENIETIS FOUNDED 1974

Patron: The Rt. Hon. The Earl Nelson of Trafalgar

A Brief History of the Fingerprint Society 1974 – 1989

Written by John Berry B.E.M., F.F.S; Stephen Haylock F.F.S., Martin Leadbetter, F.F.S.

In the Hertfordshire Fingerprint Bureau in 1974 there were two fingerprint experts, D.R. Brooker and M.J. Leadbetter, and two fingerprint officers, N.J. Hall and S.E. Haylock. During their coffee breaks they discussed the position of the fingerprint man in a regional bureau. They discovered that they did not know of any fingerprint personnel in surrounding bureaux, except perhaps for a formal conversation … in fact, it was quite an insular existence. They also felt that even though there was a National Fingerprint Conference every year, information from it seemed to take a long time to percolate through to them. The Herts men considered that if they personally knew staff in other bureaux, not as mere anonymous voices on the telephone, they could request copies of finger impressions and ensure swift delivery, or confer on important fingerprint matters. It was during these discussions that the idea was formulated to organise a society to publish a journal, to mention personalities and to circulate the latest information on new techniques. The Herts men sent a circular to all British bureaux, suggesting the formation of the NATIONAL SOCIETY OF FINGERPRINT OFFICERS (NSFO). They were delighted with the response and organised a meeting in Manchester, at which a large number of fingerprint officers attended to discuss the project. Steve Haylock and Martin Leadbetter also visited New Scotland Yard to seek advice from senior police officers in the bureau. One man emerged to provide the Herts men with excellent advice and guidance, Detective Superintendent Lewis Minshall. He was in charge of the Essex bureau; although he was the administrator he was also a working fingerprint expert. He told the Herts men that in order for the proposed society to be a success, it was imperative that police officers should join. (In 1974, many fingerprint experts were police officers, though by 1989 very few remained. Possibly 95 per cent of fingerprint experts are now civilians). He explained that police officers would only join if there was no reference to trade union activities, which had been suggested at the Manchester meeting. Mr Minshall held further discussions with the Herts men and with his strong support, the NATIONAL SOCIETY OF FINGERPRINT OFFICERS became a reality in 1975. John Berry retired from the police service at the end of March 1975 and immediately joined the Hertfordshire bureau as a fingerprint expert. Just at the time the society was preparing the publication of a journal and required an editor. Berry did inform that in previous years he had edited a science fiction magazine and also a police judo club journal. He was asked if he would become the editor; he accepted and produced the title FINGERPRINT WHORLD. The first issue was published in July 1975 and although it didn’t have too many pages, it was nicely printed and membership grew steadily. However, we were aware that in a number of police forces the Chief Constables would not permit their police experts to join because they were still suspicious of the motives of the Society, which of course were entirely innocent, being only concerned with the maintenance of the infallibility of fingerprint evidence and the furtherance of knowledge.

page 200 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 Mr. Minshall wrote THE AIMS OF THE SOCIETY… “To advance the study and application of fingerprint evidence and to facilitate the co-operation among persons interested in this field of personal identification”. During 1976 and 1977 the British Membership increased considerably and gradually police officers did join, although in some forces there were still inhibiting factors. To the amazement of the Herts men now known as the “Four Founder”, enquiries as to how to join the Society were received from fingerprint technicians in the United States, the Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies etc. To cover this newly-found but entirely unsolicited international response, at an Annual General Meeting it was decided to change the name to THE FINGERPRINT SOCIETY. Annual Conferences were organised in England and Scotland and there was always a minimum of fifty delegates, some from overseas, and exhibition stands were prepared so that vendors of fingerprint equipment could show and sell their wares. Lectures on fingerprint and associated science became very important items on the Conference programmes and the social aspect was even more significant. Experts from different countries could now converse and discuss their problems and gloat over their identifications. In 1983 The Fingerprint Society held its Annual Conference in Washington DC. The Society had several members of the US Secret Service, and one of them, Samuel Durrett FFS, organised the Conference. Several delegates travelled from Great Britain to attend. During the Conference, British delegates were interviewed by the media and John Simpson, Head of the US Secret Service, who visited the Conference and addressed the delegates. Lewis Minshall died in 1980 and in his will bequeathed the sum of £50 per annum for the Lewis Minshall Award, to be made to the person or persons who had performed meritorious fingerprint service. The first awards were made in 1981… to William Russell-Turner, inventor of the widely used COMPARATOR… and to Robert Olsen FFS, now deceased, one of America’s outstanding fingerprint authorities. By 1989, nine Lewis Minshall Awards had been made, including three to the editorial staff of FINGERPRINT WHORLD. Mrs. Minshall also died some years ago but the Society had maintained the Award in his memory. Throughout the eighties, membership flourished both numerically and in a world-wide context… almost one thousand fingerprint personnel employed by the police or military joined the Society in that time and the journal was circulated to seventy countries. With this international membership the editorial policy has been to reveal new inventions and innovations to enable fingerprint experts in different countries to be aware of them.. we all have something to learn. The Society has encouraged fingerprint research in many directions and was also partly responsible for introducing Superglue usage into Britain, via Martin Leadbetter, who had seen it working efficiently in the United States. Many of the new techniques published in the journal’s SCIENTIFIC BUREAU column have assisted police all over the world to successfully investigate major crimes. Administratively, the Society had four Presidents in fifteen years – Detective Superintendent Lewis Minshall (Essex), Detective Superintendent G. Bragg (Essex), Mr F. Warboys (the first civilian to take charge of the New Scotland Yard Fingerprint Bureau) and Mr. K. Luff, also employed at the New Scotland Yard Bureau. Martin Leadbetter and Stephen Haylock were secretary and assistant secretary for most of the time. Martin also assisted editor Berry producing FINGERPRINT WHORLD and Stephen was also a very successful Advertising Manager. Nicolas Hall had been the Treasurer since the inception of the Society. David Brooker produced the Handbook and the Roll of Fellows and Members, so it can be seen that the ‘Four Founders’ remained active in Society matters. The Society administrators do not receive fees for their work. Committee Members are nominated annually and they and the administrators may receive payment for travel and subsistence when they attend meetings. The Fingerprint Society is non-racial, non-political, non-sectarian and welcomes membership from persons all over the world working in police or military agencies as fingerprint or scene of crime officers.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 201 Code of Conduct

The Fingerprint Society fully supports the aims and ideals of the CRFP.

The Fingerprint Society is happy to adopt the CRFP Code of Conduct that all members should adhere to.

As a registered forensic practitioner you must: 21. Recognise that your overriding duty is to the court and to the administration of justice: it is your duty to present your findings and evidence, whether written or oral, in a fair and impartial manner. 22. Act with honesty, integrity, objectivity and impartiality: you will not discriminate on grounds of race, beliefs, gender, language, sexual orientation, social status, age, lifestyle or political persuasion. 23. Comply with the code of conduct of any professional body of which you are a member. 24. Provide expert advice and evidence only within the limits of your professional competence and only when fit to do so. 25. Inform a suitable person or authority, in confidence where appropriate, if you have good grounds for believing there is a situation that may result in a miscarriage of justice.

In all aspects of your work as a provider of expert advice and evidence you must: 26. Take all reasonable steps to maintain and develop your professional competence, taking account of material research and developments within the relevant field and practising techniques of quality assurance. 27. Declare to your client, patient or employer if you have one, any prior involvement or personal interest which gives, or may give, rise to a conflict of interest, real or perceived; and act in such a case only with their explicit written consent. 28. Take all reasonable steps to ensure access to all available evidential materials which are relevant to the examinations requested; to establish, so far as reasonably practicable, whether any may have been compromised before coming into your possession; and to ensure their integrity and security are maintained whilst in your possession. 29. Accept responsibility for all work done under your supervision, direct or indirect. 10. Conduct all work in accordance with the established principles of your profession, using methods of proven validity and appropriate equipment and materials. 11. Make and retain full, contemporaneous, clear and accurate records of the examinations you conduct, your methods and your results, in sufficient detail for another forensic practitioner competent in the same area of work to review your work independently. 12. Report clearly, comprehensively and impartially, setting out or stating:

page 202 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 a. your terms of reference and the source of your instructions; b. the material upon which you based your investigation and conclusions; c. summaries of your and your team’s work, results and conclusions; d. any ways in which your investigations or conclusions were limited by external factors; especially if your access to relevant material was restricted; or if you believe unreasonable limitations on your time, or on the human, physical or financial resources available to you, have significantly compromised the quality of your work. e. that you have carried out your work and prepared your report in accordance with this Code 13. Reconsider and, if necessary, be prepared to change your conclusions, opinions or advice and to reinterpret your findings in the light of new information or new developments in the relevant field; and take the initiative in informing your client or employer promptly of any such change. 14. Preserve confidentiality unless: a. the client or patient explicitly authorises you to disclose something; b. a court or tribunal orders disclosure; c. the law obliges disclosure; or d. Your overriding duty to the court and to the administration of justice demand disclosure. 15. Preserve legal professional privilege: only the client may waive this. It protects communications, oral and written, between professional legal advisers and their clients; and between those advisers and expert witnesses in connection with the giving of legal advice, or in connection with, or in contemplation of, legal proceedings and for the purposes of those proceedings.

FAIR USE NOTICE

This journal contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Fingerprint Whorld makes such material available in an effort to advance scientific understanding in the field of latent prints, thus constituting a ‘fair use’ of any such copyrighted material. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this journal for purposes of your own that go beyond ‘fair use’, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 203 GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

Items of a scientific and technical content, professional opinion, reportage, work practices, case reports, historical essays, personal views, and any other subject matter that the Editor considers suitable, will be considered for publication in Fingerprint Whorld. Papers of a scientific and technical content may include science and technology-based research papers involving chemistry, statistical analysis, advancements in fingerprint and scene of crime development techniques, computer enhancement and any other topics relating to research in and advancement of development techniques in connection with fingerprint and scene of crime-related disciplines. The primary aim of authors of such works will be to have novel experimental or interpretive content in their papers but equally acceptable will be works that give fresh perspectives on the history or progress of advancements to the present day, as these may benefit new students coming into their respective disciplines as sources of reference. Papers should be written so that they are comprehensible to the majority of the readership of Fingerprint Whorld. Articles are published as the author’s intent and not as an endorsement of the content by the Editor or The Fingerprint Society.

SUBMITTING A PAPER Scientific and Technical Work Ideally, the following requirements should be fulfilled by authors: 1) Three paper copies forwarded to the Editor together with one set of original illustrations or photographs; clear photocopies for the other two sets. 2) In addition to the paper copies, the work should be on 3.5 inch floppy disk saved in any of the following formats: Any Macintosh format, notably ASCII, MacWrite or MacWrite II IBM formats: RTF, TEXT DOS, Word DOS 5.5, Word Windows 1.0, 2.0, 6.0 WordPerfect DOS 4.2, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, AmiPro 1.2, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 Photographs and line art in original form but are acceptable on disk if saved as TIFF or EPS files.

Non-scientific and Technical As above but with only one paper copy supplied with illustrations etc. if needed, and a 3.5 inch floppy disk with the article saved in any of the accepted formats. Submissions must have a covering letter from the author stating that the paper has been seen and approved by all who have assisted in or contributed to its preparation. If relevant or necessary, the approval should be included of any organisation or agency that may have been responsible for the commissioning of the work or the employing authority of the author. Permission should also be given to reproduce published material, copyrighted photographs, illustrations or logos etc. A separate title page for the work containing the title and author’s name and address must accompany the submission. It is not the intention of The Fingerprint Society to always require first publishing rights or total copyright of a work but it does recognise that other journals demand that this protocol be followed. The Fingerprint Society will not preclude publication of any paper if it has been

page 204 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 submitted previously or simultaneously to other journals but notice of such action is required as a common courtesy and the necessary permission in the case of prior publication is mandatory from the original source. If copyright rests with the author this should not be a problem. The Fingerprint Society has a commitment to the dissemination of fingerprint- related knowledge in our representative disciplines above any other consideration regarding first publication. This should not be taken to imply that The Fingerprint Society has any less of a commitment to providing a high standard of written work. In any regard, it is hoped that authors will recognise Fingerprint Whorld as a highly relevant and informative forum in which to have their work published.

LAYOUT Text should be double-spaced on white paper, A4 or a close equivalent and pages numbered consecutively. The first page should be a title page with full details of the author. For scientific and technical papers (and others if desired) a short abstract should precede the main text giving the purpose, basic procedures, main findings and principal conclusions. Innovative and important aspects should be particularly emphasised. Illustrations should be of high contrast and clearly marked with sufficient information to explain them without reference to the text. Photographs can be submitted in black and white or colour (the published image will be in black and white). Sizes should be no bigger than 10" x 8" and show sufficient detail for their purpose. References should be numbered consecutively in the order that they appear in the text. Most of the above instructions will be easily recognised and understood by the majority of authors who are used to submitting papers of a scientific or technical nature. It is not the intention of The Fingerprint Society to adhere to a strict regimen of submission rules, therefore, these are guidelines only. Authors not familiar with such presentation practices should not be discouraged from submitting papers in a format that they are used to. The above guidelines are merely for ease of preparation and editing of the published article.

REVIEWING OF PAPERS The Editor reserves the right to seek the opinion of a referee on any work submitted for publication in Fingerprint Whorld. Normally, scientific and technical papers will be assessed by up to two referees who shall remain anonymous. These works shall be forwarded to a referee without the title page for anonymity but authors should understand that their work may be recognised by the reviewer. Authors may suggest names of suitable referees who could assess the paper. An author may also wish to have a work refereed prior to submission but in this case the name and position of that person or persons must be included in the covering letter. Although this is not the path to independent review as such, it will be expected that the paper has been checked and verified and assessed in an impartial manner; the Editor shall have the final decision as regards publication. Anonymity of referees and authors will be strictly adhered to unless it is mutually agreed otherwise. A list of referees will be published in Fingerprint Whorld.

FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 30 No 118 October 2004 page 205 FINGERPRINT WHORLD – ISSN 09511288 Quarterly (January, April, July, October) Volume 30 Issues 115 – 118 Published by: The Fingerprint Society Printed by: Warwick Printing Company Ltd., Caswell Road, Leamington Spa CV31 1QD. Editor: David Charlton, Ug Dip, FFS E-mail: [email protected]

MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTIONS – 2004 Membership Fee £17 (US$37, CAN$52), Fellowship Fee £20 (US$45 CAN$60). Application forms for membership and renewal of dues should be forwarded to The Membership Secretary. Changes of address or circumstances should be forwarded to The Membership Secretary, Cheshire Police, Fingerprint Bureau, Neston Police Station, Hinderton Road, Neston, Cheshire.

SUBSCRIPTIONS INFORMATION For all countries the subscription rate is £48 per volume. Single issue price is £12. Within the UK the journal is sent by second class packet mail or second class letter rate. Delivery to all overseas countries is by printed matter rate via airmail from the United Kingdom.

SUBSCRIBERS RATES – 2004 UK/Europe: Individual – £40 sterling Institutions – £60 sterling USA, Canada and Other: Individual – £50 (US$85) Institutions – £60 (US$120) Currency: Sterling or US Dollars – Payment in sterling by cheques must be drawn on a British bank not an overseas bank. Renewal subscriptions are due 1st January each year. For more information contact: The Subscribers Secretary, The Fingerprint Society, c/o Mrs. Cheryl McGowan, Lancashire Fingerprint Bureau, PO Box 77, Hutton, Preston PR4 5SB.

ORDERS AND BACK ISSUES Requests for back issues or copies of articles should be made to The Archivist. There may be a charge made for providing such material to cover postage and packing costs. There will also be a charge as per issue/volume prices for those not in membership of The Fingerprint Society.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE Except as otherwise permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Acts, 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the Publishers or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK.

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE Fingerprint Whorld is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal that reflects the aims of The Fingerprint Society, which are to advance the study and application of fingerprints and to facilitate the cooperation among persons interested in this field of personal identification. It is devoted to the theory and practice of fingerprint identification science and its associated disciplines. To assist these aims Fingerprint Whorld recognises that its membership is international and multi-disciplinary and as such sees a need for both new and review articles across the spectrum of forensic science evidence gathering topics to assist in the continual professional development of all stages of the profession.

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