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Żubry W Białowieskim Mateczniku Międzynarodowa Konferencja Żubry w Białowieskim Mateczniku Stowarzyszenie Miłośników Żubrów Białowieża, 5–6 września 2019 Streszczenia referatów „Żubry w Białowieskim Mateczniku”, 5–6 września 2019 3 Restoring the Carpathian ecosystem – reintroducing European bison in the Făgăraș Mountains Adrian Mihai Aldea Foundation Conservation Carpathia, Romania Foundation Conservation Carpathia (FCC) was founded in 2009 by 12 phi- lanthropists and conservationists with the goal to stop illegal logging, and to protect a significant part of Carpathian forests in a form of completely pro- tected area for future generations. This is done by purchasing land and leasing hunting rights towards achieving full protection of all natural elements with private and public money. My presentation will be a short description of the Endangered Landscape Programme, the general activity of Foundation Conservation Carpathia and year to date results, on 5 pillars of activity: Forest conservation Romania has over 6 million hectares of forests, of which a significant portion is still virgin: large, unfragmented mountain areas with no settlements except in the surrounding foothills. Ecological restoration Restoration activities have improved the quality of the forests, have created new living space for autochthonous species, and have contributed to a more balanced and healthy ecosystem. Repairing degraded habitats also had a pos- itive impact on the public view upon the nature: While for years, vast areas of forests have disappeared right in front of their eyes, leaving them with barren land, FCC has set out to repair the damage. Many members of the local communities joined in during the replanting sessions, which created a new sense of responsibility and pride for these forests. Wildlife The CARPATHIA project has set up its own hunters’ association with the aim to purchase hunting rights in the project area by auction, and to consequently fully protect the wildlife. Since the end of 2011, the project has controlled two hunting grounds, has introduced intensive anti-poaching measures and modern monitoring systems; 4 Streszczenia referatów As the responsible organisation for wildlife management in the area we must make sure that we avoid conflicts of wildlife and humans; While many commonly-used techniques are either totally unreliable, or rely on capturing, marking, and fitting of a transmitter to an animal, it is CARPATHIA philosophy to use only non-invasive methods, without distur- bance to the normal behaviour, ecology or physiology of the animal; Whilst the Carpathian fauna is almost complete, European bison are still missing in the Făgăraș Mountains and beavers are only present on their north- ern side. In order to fully restore the Carpathian ecosystem, FCC has under- taken to reintroduce European bison and beavers to the Făgăraș Mountains. Communication & community outreach For the last ten years, Foundation Conservation Carpathia (FCC) has worked tirelessly to promote awareness of the importance of Europe’s few remaining expanses of old growth forest. It has come to have a leading role in the campaign to encourage the protection of important wild spaces, higher standards of conser- vation, as well as sustainable farming and the well being of the local population. Conservation enterprises We have to develop economic incentives for local communities and prove that a protected area is more beneficial for them than the current, extractive economy. Odtwarzanie ekosystemu Karpat – reintrodukcja żubra w górach Făgăraș Fundacja Ochrony Karpat (FCC) została założona w 2009 roku przez 12 filantro- pów i ochroniarzy w celu powstrzymania nielegalnego wyrębu i ścisłej ochrony dla przyszłych pokoleń znacznej powierzchni karpackich lasów. Realizowane to jest za pomocą prywatnych i publicznych pieniędzy poprzez wykup gruntów i dzier- żawę prawa do polowania w celu pełnej ochrony wszystkich naturalnych elemen- tów ekosystemu. Prezentacja zawiera krótki opis Programu Zagrożonego Krajobrazu, główne działania Fundacji i aktualne rezultaty pięciu elementów: Ochrona lasów Rumunia ma ponad 6 milionów hektarów lasów, z których znaczna część jest wciąż dziewicza: duże, niefragmentowane obszary górskie bez osiedli z wyjątkiem terenów podgórskich; „Żubry w Białowieskim Mateczniku”, 5–6 września 2019 5 Odtwarzanie siedlisk Działania ochronne poprawiły jakość lasów, stworzyły nową przestrzeń życiową dla gatunków rodzimych i przyczyniły się do bardziej zrównoważonego i zdrowszego ekosystemu. Odtwarzanie zdegradowanych siedlisk miało również pozytywny wpływ na społeczne podejście do przyrody: chociaż przez wiele lat znikały duże fragmenty lasu i pozostawała jałowa ziemia, FCC postanowiła odrobić straty. Wielu członków lokalnych społeczności przyłączyło się do akcji ponownego sadzenia, co wywołało na nowo poczucie odpowiedzialności i dumy z tych lasów; Fauna W ramach projektu CARPATHIA utworzono własne stowarzyszenie myśliwych, którzy biorą udział w licytacji prawa do polowania na obszarze objętym projektem, a co za tym idzie uzysuje się pełną ochronę zwierzyny. Od końca 2011 r. w ramach projektu kontrolowano dwa obwody, gdzie zastosowano intensywne środki zapo- biegawcze przeciw kłusownictwu oraz nowoczesny system monitorowania. Jako odpowiedzialna organizacja zajmująca się zarządzaniem dziką fauną i florą na tym obszarze musimy zagwarantować unikanie konfliktów na styku przy- rody i ludzi. Wiadomo, że wiele powszechnie stosowanych metod inwentaryzacji jest bądż niewiarygodnych lub polega na odławianiu, znakowaniu i zakładaniu nadajnika zwierzęciu, filozofią CARPATHIA jest stosowanie wyłącznie metod nieinwazyj- nych, bez zakłócania normalnego zachowania, ekologii lub fizjologii zwierząt; Choć fauna Karpat jest prawie kompletna, to żubry nadal nie występują w Górach Făgăraș, a bobry występują tylko po stronie północnej stronie gór. Aby w pełni odtworzyć ekosystem Karpat FCC zobowiązała się do ponownego wpro- wadzenia żubra i bobra do Gór Făgăraș. Komunikacja i kontakt ze społeczeństwem Od dziesięciu lat Fundacja niestrudzenie pracuje nad poprawą świadomości na temat znaczenia starych naturalnych lasów dla Europy. Rola Fundacji jest wio- dąca w kampanii na rzecz ochrony ważnych dzikich obszarówi, podnoszenia stan- dardów ochrony, a także zrównoważonego rolnictwa; Ekonomiczne znaczenie przyrody Musimy społeczności lokalnej wskazać walory ekonomiczne i udowodnić, że obszar chroniony jest korzystniejszy niż aktualny sposób gospodorowania; 6 Streszczenia referatów Technologie komórkowe w służbie ochrony populacji genowych żubra (Bison bonasus bonasus) Agnieszka Bernat-Wójtowska Instytut Genetyki i Hodowli Zwierząt PAN, Jastrzębiec Zachowanie zasobów genowych ex situ poprzez przechowywanie tkanek in vitro jest powszechnie stosowaną metodą ochrony puli genowych. Fibro- blasty izolowane z powłok skórnych, pozyskanych na drodze nieinwazyjnej biopsji, można gromadzić, jednakże potencjał tych komórek jest ograniczony przez ich zmniejszoną zdolność do proliferacji/wzrostu w warunkach in vitro. Ponadto komórki te nie umożliwiają odtworzenia puli genowej populacji. Uzyskanie macierzystych komórek zarodkowych (embrionalnych), izolo- wanych z preimplantacyjnych zarodków pochodzących od żubrów, byłoby złotym standardem, jako że dostarczałoby komórek o wysokiej aktywności proliferacyjnej, umożliwiających zarazem przenoszenie genów przez linię zarodkową do następnych pokoleń. Jednakże w przypadku dużych, dzikich zwierząt, pozyskiwanie zarodków jest niewykonalne – stwarza nie tylko poważne trudności techniczne, ale przede wszystkim powoduje zagrożenie dla już zagrożonego gatunku. Wyżej wymienione ograniczenia można przezwyciężyć poprzez wyprowa- dzenie indukowanych pluripotentnych komórek macierzystych (ang. Induced pluripotent stem cells – iPSC), które również posiadają kluczowe właściwości komórek zarodkowych i otrzymywane są przez reprogramowanie istniejących już komórek somatycznych. W 2007 roku dwa zespoły naukowe Yamanaki i Thomsona poinformowały na łamach prasy naukowej o przeprogramowa- niu komórek somatycznych do stanu pluripotencji poprzez ektopową nadeks- presję czterech czynników transkrypcyjnych, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 i c-Myc oraz Oct4, Sox2, Nanog i LIN28. Powstałe komórki opisano jako indukowane plu- ripotentne komórki macierzyste (iPSCs), aby odróżnić je od zarodkowych (embrionalnych) komórek macierzystych pochodzących z zarodków (ang. Embryonic stem cells – ESC). W trakcie reprogramowania komórki somatyczne odzyskują stan pluripotencji typowy dla macierzystych komórek zarodko- wych – przywrócona zostaje im zdolność do samoodnawiania się oraz pluri- potencji umożliwiającej różnicowanie się w dowolny typ tkanki. Co równie istotne, indukowane komórki pluripotentne, tak jak komórki zarodkowe, są w stanie przyczynić się do prawidłowego rozwoju zarodka po ich wprowa- dzeniu do zarodków we wczesnej fazie rozwoju – stadium blastocysty. Cechy te w połączeniu z dynamicznie rozwijającymi technikami wspomaganego „Żubry w Białowieskim Mateczniku”, 5–6 września 2019 7 rozrodu umożliwią wprowadzenie rzadkich genotypów do populacji żubra. Co więcej, iPSC mogą służyć nie tylko jako rezerwuar do przechowywania i przenoszenia puli genów, ale także jako narzędzie do badania chorób in vitro, generowania transgenicznych zwierząt lub badań związanych z pluripotencją wołowatych. Wyprowadzenie komórek iPSC zostało z powodzeniem rozsze- rzone zarówno na zwierzęta o znaczeniu gospodarczym, jak i niektóre rzadkie i prawie wymarłe gatunki, takie jak nosorożec lub lampart śnieżny. W wystąpieniu zostaną omówione
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