Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism

The Catholic Research Resources Alliance: Providing Access to Rare and Unique Materials

s Ed Starkey tells the story, create improved opportunities for discovery worldwide. But gaining access to these it all started in a bar across and enhanced access to Catholic resources. resources all too often resembles following from the Alamo. There, Scholars, librarians, and archivists shared clues in a treasure hunt. These materials are Starkey, then university their knowledge of the unique resources of widely collected, with hundreds of collections librarian at the University their institutions as well as their frustrations, in the United States and Canada alone, but of San Diego, and Charlotte Ames, then and successes, in finding and using resources they often aren’t recognized as a national CatholicA American Studies librarian at held by other academic, seminary, religious collection and have not been connected in a the University of Notre Dame, and others and diocesan archives and libraries. single bibliographic system. Worse, some attending the 2001 American Library resources lie hidden, buried within a note Association Midwinter Meeting, began Seven years later, in 2008, eight Catholic listing individual items in a large collection the first of many conversations seeking academic libraries joined together to launch or bereft of any description at all. ways to ensure that scholars and students the Catholic Research Resources Alliance would make frequent and increasingly (CRRA). Its mission: to provide enduring The Alamo-born discussions became innovative use of the rich body of records global access to Catholic research resources in more important as the mixed blessings and scholarship from and about the the Americas, beginning with access to rare, of mass digitization of resources became Catholic tradition. unique, and uncommon research materials. apparent. In the Google age, Internet users too often expect to be able to find anything, Their discussions gained momentum as Millions of books, journals, newspapers, anywhere—and that many, if not most, like-minded colleagues in Catholic libraries manuscripts, images and archival resources, source documents are themselves online. and archives joined them in envisioning new emanating from all levels of the church and The disparity between these assumptions ways of how they might work together to from scholars, students, and lay writers are and the reality that digital resources known to exist in libraries and archives would for some years only represent a small sampling of actual resources was I N S I D E troubling: Scholarship would suffer if researchers overlooked the significant but Cushwa Center Activities ...... 2 out-of-sight analog resources, discoverable only through searching individual library Announcements ...... 10 and archives catalogs. Archives Report ...... 12 History of Women Religious ...... 13 Early on the CRRA had two important Publications ...... 18 items on its to-do list. First, it needed to Upcoming Events ...... 28 see Catholic Resarch Resources, page 6

Volume 40 Number 1 Spring 2013 Cushwa Center Activities

Seminar in runs through some of the feistier passages” narrative, at which point it determines the of Gregory’s book particularly since some shape of the modern world apart from any American Religion philosophers and scientists are beginning other contingencies. Third,The Unintended to see the limits of rationalism? Third, if Reformation treats Protestantism as monolithic, On December 1, the Seminar in hyperpluralism bred a spirit of tolerance yet regional and denominational differences American Religion discussed Brad Gregory’s for all religions, can we not speak of its often shape Protestants’ support of or The Unintended Reformation: How a positive as well as its negative features? opposition to secular trends. Fourth, and Religious Revolution Secularized Society Fourth, how should humanities scholars related to Kloppenberg’s question, why must (Belknap Press of Harvard, 2011). Gregory engage a world, and university cultures, that late medieval Catholicism constitute our “ideal is Dorothy G. Griffin Professor of early have largely abandoned questions of value? baseline” rather than some earlier point? modern history at Notre Dame, where he has taught since 2003. Previously, he taught After thanking the respondents for in the history department and received early their comments, Gregory made clear that tenure at Stanford University. He earned he did not aim to be “comprehensive” in his Ph.D. in history from Princeton and writing this book, but rather to be “ruthlessly was a junior fellow at the Harvard Society focused on an explanation of change over of Fellows. Gregory’s first book, Salvation time.” Accordingly, he treated only those at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early historical processes that seemed best to Modern Europe (Harvard, 1999), received explain the origins of modern institutions, six book awards. The Unintended Reformation, ideological diversity, and amorality. In his second book, traces how the Protestant answering Kloppenberg’s question on pre- Reformation marked the end of more than Reformation disputes, then, Gregory said a millennium during which Christianity that the existence of such disagreements is provided a framework for shared intellectual, less important than their “character,” which social, and moral life in the West. In changed post-1520 in fundamental ways. particular, Gregory argues that the Nor was that story without irony. Modern Reformation ushered in a hyperpluralism toleration, Gregory agreed, was in many of religious and secular beliefs, an absence ways a vast improvement over medieval of any substantive common good, and the coercion. Yet because it addressed religious triumph of capitalism and its driver, Brad Gregory division by giving people the right to worship consumerism. His book won the Aldersgate as they pleased, it laid the groundwork for Prize for Christian Scholarship, presented by Marsden was also impressed with an individualism that lies at the heart of so Indiana Wesleyan University’s John Wesley Gregory’s “erudite,” “wide-ranging,” and many modern difficulties. If toleration solved Honors College. James T. Kloppenberg, “at times brilliant” study, and expressed one problem, it created a host of others. professor of history at Harvard University, admiration for Gregory as a “leader” in Turning to Marsden’s comments, and George Marsden, professor emeritus probing the relationship between faith Gregory insisted that his Catholicism had of history at Notre Dame and now and scholarship. Yet Marsden challenged not distorted his narrative. Rather, as a scholar-in-residence at Calvin College, Gregory’s view of the terms of that matter of historical method and on the responded to the book. relationship, and particularly argued that Gregory’s own “Catholic commitments basis of the Catholic distinction between Kloppenberg began by praising The shape this book” to a greater degree than the faith and reason, he had sought to distinguish Unintended Reformation, calling it a “brave author realizes. In support of his argument, his own views from those of his subjects at and brilliant book” that mounts a “subtle” Marsden noted Gregory’s acknowledgement every turn. The result, he suggested, was a and “carefully framed” argument. After that late medieval Catholicism fell victim reconstructive description that formed the —­ summarizing the work, he raised four to the same “secularizing trends” that basis of how he explained change over time a description that many in the academy, questions. First, given that Christians lost Gregory attributes to Protestantism; yet including many Protestants, dislike. On sight of shared truth-claims shortly after Gregory still “place[s] the blame” on the the question of whether he took the late Christ’s crucifixion, can we discard the idea latter rather than on the former. Marsden Middle Ages as an “ideal baseline,” Gregory of post-Reformation “decline” and replace then advanced four particular critiques. First, reiterated his book’s claim that medieval it with the idea of a “persistent tension” Protestantism, far from being fissiparous Christendom was deeply flawed. These between caritas and its degradation? Second, and individualistic as Gregory suggests, is flaws, however, did not make it secular or might we find a more productive way to quite coherent as a moral and theological profane. Rather, they made it sinful in the engage modern philosophy and scientific system. Second, “a sense of inevitability” minds of Christians. But as some 40 years naturalism than with the “disdain that sets in when Protestantism enters Gregory’s

2 of historiography has shown, this perceived a communal past persisted among thinkers, Kurtz, who is currently working for the “sin” did not mean that Christianity was laws came to be “articulated at the level of Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, any less vital or coherent to those who the individual.” Thus, when Thomas Paine drew the paper from his dissertation, practiced it. In response to the idea that he wrote that “my own mind is my own “Roman-Catholic Americans in the North might have used pre-Constantinian faith as church,” he did so within an institutional and Border States during the Era of the a point of departure, Gregory argued that framework of “radical individualism.” American Civil War.” This study, which “you’re still going to end up with medieval he is preparing to submit as a book Christianity as an institutionalized worldview,” As discussion drew to a close, it manuscript, explores how Catholics in and that “you’d still then have to account again centered on Gregory’s methodology. the “loyal states” participated in the Civil for how we got to where we are today.” Thomas Kselman asked how Gregory War between 1861 and 1865, and what The separation of virtues from politics and separated historical analysis from cultural effect their participation had on nativism economics simply did not exist prior to the criticism, or how he moved “from the and anti-Catholicism during and after Reformation. Thus, there would be little empirical to the prophetic.” Gregory said the war. Kurtz received his Ph.D. from point in pushing the point of departure that even when making evaluative claims, the University of Virginia in 2012. Linda back pre-Constantine. Finally, Gregory he tried to show that they resulted from a Przybyszewski, professor of history at disagreed that he had made Protestantism historical process. Thus, regardless of Notre Dame, served as respondent. into a monolith, “particularly since I so what readers thought about the morality emphasize Protestant pluralism.” of hyperpluralism or climate change, they would still have to contend with their A sweeping discussion followed. origins. In response, Scott Appleby Gregory began by fielding questions pointed out that hyperpluralism and about his method. He acknowledged that climate change represent two different “my claims about moral state of the world kinds of evaluative judgments, because are relative,” particularly with respect to the former presupposes an idea of how his assessment of hyperpluralism. But by the world ought to be, whereas the latter highlighting developments such as climate revolves around describing the world as change which he links to manufacturing it is. Gregory agreed, but reiterated his and ultimately materialism Gregory view that whatever readers think about hoped he had convinced readers that some hyperpluralism, that phenomenon itself effects of Protestantism were, indeed, “deeply has a history. This is the history that troubling.” Peter Thuesen then asked Gregory sought to uncover. Concluding what advice Gregory had for professors the seminar, Kathleen Cummings thanked at state universities, where religious truth Gregory, Kloppenberg, and Marsden, and claims contribute to rather than address praised Gregory’s book for challenging hyperpluralism. Gregory responded that us to think across space and time, and while such professors should “accept encouraging us to ask “the big questions.” the ground rules” of academic culture, William B . Kurtz professors should also “find unexamined, problematic assumptions [in the academy] American Catholic Kurtz introduced the paper by noting and critique them.” Studies Seminar that it was adapted from the final chapter of his dissertation. By way of background, After engaging Christine Athens’s On September 19 participants in the he spoke briefly about Irish Catholics’ own argument that the Enlightenment was a American Catholic Studies Seminar discussed mixed feelings about the war. At first, he said, force of moral good, and addressing John William B. Kurtz’s paper, “‘Brothers in they viewed the war in a positive light but McGreevy’s suggestion that future Patriotism and Love of Country’: Northern increasingly disliked it as casualties in the historians might prove Gregory wrong Catholics and Civil War Memory.” Kurtz Irish Brigade mounted. Kurtz then situated if they found late medieval culture to be argues that while Catholics hoped this chapter, which examines Irish Catholic neither “unitary” nor “comprehensive,” participation in the Union cause would experience in late 19th-century America Gregory responded to a question by put to rest suspicions of their patriotism, through the lens of Civil War memory, Nicholas Miller. Miller asked whether their hopes went unfulfilled. Facing a within the very sparse historiography on Gregory had overstated his argument stalwart anti-Catholicism at the national Catholics in the Civil War. that by the 1780s and 1790s, American level during the 1880s and 1890s, Catholic intellectuals had abandoned a “conception apologists “embarked on an uncoordinated Przybyszewski, who expressed high of good” that allowed government to work but impressive campaign to remind the regard for Kurtz’s work, developed her toward a common social good. Would it country of their services in bronze, stone, comments around three questions. First, not be more accurate, Miller asked, to say and print” (2). The result, Kurtz shows, was in the interest of understanding Protestants’ that ideas of the spiritual good had merely a narrative that stressed Catholics’ positive internal logic, what reasons did they have for been deemed inappropriate for government? contributions to the war but elided condemning Catholics during this period? Gregory answered that while links with divisions over real problems such as slavery. She cited the New York Draft Riots, as well

3 Cushwa Center Activities as the Pope’s declaration of support for Cardinal James Gibbons engage the effort The session concluded with a question peace but not for the Union, as possible to recoup Catholics’ reputations after the war? by Rev. Bill Miscamble on how Catholics flashpoints. Second, did Protestants Second, did Charles Chiniquy, the Catholic dealt with the enormous human losses of distinguish between Catholic and priest who converted to Protestantism the war, and whether their responses were Protestant Democrats? Were their and blamed Lincoln’s assassination on the different from those of Protestants. Kurtz denunciations of the former different, and Jesuits, have any effect on turning public answered that in many ways Catholic perhaps more vitriolic, than their accusations opinion against Catholics with respect reactions, which often took the form of against the latter? Third, when Protestants to the Civil War? Third, did publicity on requiem masses, were unsurprising. He then wrote memoirs of the war how did they the subject of papal infallibility, which placed their experience in the context of the use religion? Here, Przybyszewski was the Catholic Church formally defined in Irish Potato Famine, which had struck some interested to know whether Protestants 1870, contribute to Protestant suspicions of fifteen years prior to the Civil War and mentioned religion or used religious Catholics’ commitment to liberty? Kurtz caused death on a truly epidemic scale. It language, and if so, whether they did so in responded that Gibbons was involved in would be interesting to know, Kurtz said, ways different from Catholics. She then efforts to form the Grand Army of the what impact the famine had on Irish views suggested that when examining Catholics’ Republic, a veterans organization and of death, and then to explore how those fusion of faith and patriotism, Kurtz might political group, and approved of Catholics views shaped responses to the Civil War. well examine pictorial and performative who wished to join it. Furthermore, alongside written evidence. By integrating Gibbons supported efforts to promote the pageantry, rituals, symbolism, and material memory of William Corby, an American culture, she said, Kurtz might show people priest who served as chaplain to the Cushwa Center Lecture embodying the ideas that they describe. Union Army. Kurtz said that while he The fall 2012 Cushwa Center Lecture, Przybyszewski concluded by asking what needed to further research Chiniquy’s held on September 13 and cosponsored by role Catholic women played in war and role, he expected that the ex-Catholic had the Department of Architecture, featured its aftermath, and whether nuns came influence within the American Protestant a presentation by Thomas Tweed titled away from the ordeal with a better Association, an anti-immigrant and anti- “America’s Church: The National Shrine and reputation owing to their self-sacrifice. Catholic group. On infallibility, Kurtz Catholic Presence in the Nation’s Capital.” said that rhetoric surrounding the issue Kurtz thanked Przybyszewski, and Tweed is Shive, Lindsay, and Gray Professor was muted by the war, but that Vatican I of Religious Studies at the University of began his response by saying that Protestants confirmed in many Protestant minds that often had good reason to suspect Catholics Texas at Austin, where he has taught since the Catholic Church was backward and a 2008. He previously taught at the University of disloyalty. Chapter One, he noted, treats threat to the nation-state. these reasons. In addition to the factors that of Miami, and at the University of North Przybyszewski mentioned, Kurtz pointed Daniel Graff then asked in what Carolina Chapel Hill. Tweed has written to the Pope’s lack of support for democracy positive ways Catholics commemorated numerous publications, including Our Lady in the Papal States, as well as the role of the war. Kurtz answered that the positive of Exile: Diasporic Religion at a Cuban deliberately antagonistic Catholics such as component was “haphazard,” but that it Catholic Shrine in Miami (Oxford, 1997), John Hughes. It is true, Kurtz added, that followed a predictable line: We fought in which won the American Academy of much Protestant rhetoric extended from the war, bled and died like everyone else, Religion Award for Excellence; and Crossing old stereotypes that emerged from the and wish to be treated as equals. Catholic and Dwelling: A Theory of Religion(Harvard, Reformation. But in Protestants’ own minds, veterans advanced this rhetoric in speeches, 2006). He also co-edited Asian Religions in suspicion was justified the more so because but laypeople never organized around it America: A Documentary History (Oxford, most never heard about the heroism of nuns in the way that ex-Confederates did with 1999), which was named an “outstanding and priests, which tended to be published respect to the Lost Cause. On the subject academic book” by Choice. Tweed’s most in Catholic newspapers. Kurtz closed by of post-war Catholic rhetoric, Kathleen recent book, and the topic of this lecture, is confirming that Catholic Democrats Cummings pointed out that Catholic America’s Church: The National Shrine and came under sharper scrutiny than did officials such as John Gilmary Shea began Catholic Presence in the Nation’s Capital their Protestant counterparts, and by to write an alternative American history (Oxford, 2011). The book won the 2012 acknowledging the potential value of during the late 19th century, a prominent American Academy of Religion Award for perusing Protestant memoirs. feature of which was to reinvent Catholics Excellence in Historical Studies. as American heroes. Might Catholic Mark Noll opened general discussion, After thanking Notre Dame and the war-commemorations, she asked, have Cushwa Center, Tweed posed a number of expressing admiration for a “fine piece proceeded from this same pattern? Kurtz of work” that he predicted would be “the questions that animate the book. Who visited affirmed that, based on the evidence he has the National Shrine? Who donated to it? best book in English on the subject.” He examined, this must have been the case. then posed three questions. First, did How did events there intersect with shifts

4 in Catholic history and American life? How changed over time, they intensified when acted as a key site of this competition. In does a capital function in a nation that Congress approved the construction of the this context, how would Catholics seize protects religious freedom? He centered National Cathedral, an Episcopal church, the opportunity to stake a claim? his talk around these queries, beginning in 1893. This Protestant edifice underscored with an overview of the shrine’s history. that during the first half of the 20th Again, Tweed related, we find an answer century, Catholic “performances in in architecture. Turning to the National From the start, Tweed said, clerical Washington expressed a wish rather than a Shrine, he proposed that its physical features planners imagined the site as a national fact.” Borrowing a grammatical term, Tweed assert national power. Built on a massive center. Though its construction was slowed suggested we see their public assertions in scale and standing 329 feet tall, the shrine by the Great Depression and World War II, the “subjunctive rather than the indicative claimed a large amount of civic space. It bishops during the 1940s mounted a mood.” The subjunctive expresses a wish or a also blended well with Washington, since renewed effort to complete it. A stronger push possibility, the indicative a reality. Catholics designers based it on the dome-style of the came in the 1950s, when officials coordinated did not know whether they would succeed capitol building and constructed it around a large-scale effort to collect funds from in gaining a national presence. Their a Byzantine and Romanesque plan. Clergy assertions, however, created an “imagined and designers saw the shrine’s architecture social reality” that generated enthusiasm for as complementing the city and conveying the shrine. Lay support held firm despite the national character of the project. In their officials’ failure to position the shrine at the minds, Tweed said, it stood as “the nation’s center of civic celebrations. That honor spiritual capitol.” They faced a challenge, remained with the National Cathedral. however, in the wave of anti-Catholicism and anti-immigration that crested during the Yet by the 1960s, Tweed argued, 1920s. Even as construction was underway, Catholic claims to public space seemed less then, Catholic claims on national space like dreams and more like reality. They seemed more hopeful than certain. Their shifted to the indicative mood as Catholics assertions remained “in the subjunctive.” moved increasingly to the center of American cultural life. Architecture announced Yet by the time the upper church was this new Catholic presence. In 1923, 31 dedicated in 1959, Catholic claims appeared Catholic churches dotted Washington’s less wishful. In his dedication day sermon, landscape; by 1953, the capital boasted Richard Cardinal Cushing told those 37 parishes. During that span, Catholics gathered at the shrine: “From this day on, the mood is changed.” He was correct, Tweed Thomas Tweed built dozens of buildings among them schools, convents, monasteries, orphanages, noted, both in the sense that Catholic dioceses, parishes, and schools. Having and hospitals. By 1956 some 60 Catholic attitudes were becoming more confident, and launched their appeal in 1953, they raised structures were clustered around the also to the degree that Catholics were moving enough money by 1959 to finish the exterior. shrine, which led people to call the area toward the center of American life. By the 1990s, the shrine attracted around “Little Rome.” Tweed suggested that we Throughout the 1950s, Catholics transitioned 750,000 visitors per year, and promotional see all of this construction as a form of in growing numbers to the middle class, and literature hailed it as “America’s Church.” religious one-upsmanship. As early as the enjoyed greater influence in sports, politics, Tweed suggested that the site functions as 1920s, an “interreligious rivalry” had emerged and the media. By 1965, Catholics had gained a “threshold, which opens out to arenas of in Washington. If the National Cathedral proportional representation in government, wider significance” and which much of was, according to Tweed, “the first shot fired,” while John F. Kennedy, a Catholic, had Catholic America crossed. As they did so, a volley from other quarters soon followed. entered the White House four years earlier. Tweed said, we notice six defining themes: By 1925 journalists wrote that as more and In the years that followed, the shrine also Building Institutions; Contesting Protestants; more denominations set up headquarters in gained in national visibility, as its appearance Mobilizing Women; Engaging Children; Washington, D.C., it was becoming a on Washington postcards beginning in the Incorporating Immigrants; and Engaging “spiritual capital.” By 1927, the capital was 1990s suggests. The mood had indeed Civic Space. These themes frame the chapters home to 112 centers of worship, increasing changed, Tweed concluded, from the in America’s Church. Tweed focused on the numbers of which claimed national status. subjunctive to the indicative. In the process, final one, Catholic engagement with public Catholics helped to create a significant space, for the remainder of his lecture. To make sense of this religious component of U.S. public religious practice. competition, Tweed said, we need to grasp Amid myriad religious claims, they Although many Catholics worked out the cultural function of the District of secured a national voice in the capital. their religious lives at home, Tweed related, Columbia in a country founded on church- they also endorsed official endeavors to state separation. He then argued that because A brief question period followed the claim civic space in the years leading up to the government was committed to toleration, lecture. Scott Appleby asked why the more the shrine’s dedication. Laity and advocates every religious group grasped the need to National Shrine was not successful alike were particularly eager to build a place compete for power and public attention. The at claiming public space, particularly of worship in the capital. While their efforts capital, as the apex of institutional power, continued on page 26

5 The Catholic Research Resources Alliance continued from page 1 Collections Committee, led by Robert and cite new evidence. The Ade Bethune O’Neill, the Burns Librarian at Boston Collection at St. Catherine University is just expand its network to include other North College, determined the top priority to be one example. The ability to search within American libraries, archives, and related rare, unique, and uncommon Catholic this collection, for instance, made it possible institutions. Second, the organization needed research materials, including manuscripts, to find previously unknown interactions to develop a website for scholars to tap into ephemera, photographs, artifacts, and rare between Ade Bethune, the 20th-century the network’s combined resources. Eric books. They determined 12 collecting themes artist associated with the Catholic Worker Lease Morgan, digital projects librarian at the of current scholarly interest. [see sidebar.] movement, and individuals such as University of Notre Dame, led the creation Dorothy Day and the artist Eric Gill. It A critical concern for scholars is the lack and implementation of the Catholic Portal also highlights material that helps answer of access to “hidden” collections—collections (www.catholicresearch.net), a website to questions about the influence of social or resources for which no catalog record or catalog resources at participating institutions. action on graphic art and, in turn, how finding aid exists, or ones with underdescribed Morgan used the open source application graphic artists conveyed the message of records. Without adequate descriptions, VuFind, which was developed at member social action to the broader public. Even scholars cannot easily determine what institution Villanova University, to create extensive collections, such as those in the collections exist, where Seton Hall University Archives relating they exist, or what they to Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, the first contain.That challenge American Sister of Charity, become is compounded in many more valuable in the presence of smaller archives of congregations and more narrowly focused collections. and dioceses that have The deep searching functionality of the little or no online Catholic Portal, which is not a feature presence. Catalogs may of WorldCat or Web search engines, exist on cards, and shows mention of Saint Elizabeth Ann websites perhaps describe Seton in the finding aids of special only the general nature of collections held in 15 library collections, the collections. There Duquesne University has digitized the Pittsburgh Catholic, may be no records in 1844-1950 . This issue, April 6, 1844 . WorldCat, the largest and most frequently searched online catalog. the site. It electronically brings together In other cases, collections measured in tens Catholic research resources and collections or hundreds of linear feet may be described held at CRRA member institutions, in a single record, thus enabling discovery providing scholars and students with easy, only in terms of the author (papers of) or effective, and global discovery. When subjects of the collection. And even when resources exist in a digital format, the special collections and archives have created Portal links directly to the digital resource. a detailed listing of the contents of the This technical development was the collections, these finding aids are for the critical first step in addressing the needs of most part in typewritten or word-processed the 21st century historians. Georgetown documents, unsearchable by anyone off-site. University Librarian Artemis Kirk called These hidden collections are usually the development of the Catholic Portal among the special and archival collections “proof of concept.” And the proof continues: in libraries, and archives. These are the Today 36 participating institutions in North collections of rare books, unique manuscripts, America list holdings on the Catholic Portal, oral histories, and papers and records of which catalogs more than 90,000 items and From the archives of Our Lady of Victory individuals and organizations—the very 235 archival collections. And use of the Missionary Sisters, March 1925 . materials that form the bedrock of scholarship. Portal has nearly doubled beween 2010 and including the Reliquary Collection at the 2012, from 1,701 daily site visits to 3,043. The wisdom of focusing on hidden University of Dayton. The detailed lists of collections quickly became evident. As individuals, subjects, and/or time periods “Rare, unique, and uncommon” institutions have made their small yet rich related to the contents of the collections and unique collections visible, they have make it possible to access connections After the technical development of opened up opportunities for scholars to between Seton and other prominent the Portal, the next step was deciding what draw new connections between individuals Catholic figures such as John Gilmary Shea, content should be accessible. The CRRA

6 Paul Hanly Furfey, and James J. Norris— become important collections. Collections connections that are only possible when of note (those with at least 100 records working across connections. and 15 institutions contributing) include the following: Scholars using the Portal can now access the records of the Philadelphia • American Catholic national and Archdiocesan Historical Research Center international organizations (National (PAHRC), which are not included in Catholic Education Association, Catholic WorldCat. Another coup for Catholic Charities USA, US Council of Catholic Bishops, National Catholic Conference for Interracial Justice, Catholic Association for International Peace, etc.) • Canon law • Catholic missions • Catholic pamphlets (with materials across institutions targeted for digitization; currently hundreds of digitized Tree of Life, from the Ade Bethune pamphlets are already in the Portal) Collection at St . Catherine University . • Catholic social action (including the From the Catholic Pamphlet Collection, 1960 Catholic Worker movement) historians happened when Jeff Hoffman, • Religious orders future research directions of scholars might archivist for Our Lady of Victory Missionary focus on the 20th century in areas such as the Sisters, spoke to the Missionary Sisters • Parish histories religious crises in the 1960s and 1970s. about making The Missionary Catechist • Significant Catholic thinkers and By understanding trends in research such more accessible to researchers. Encouraged writers, e.g. Thomas Merton, Cardinal as these, the CRRA can better grow and by the opportunity to make this journal Newman curate collections that support research. known in the context of other resources, the • Vatican II Missionary Sisters decided to digitize the A common refrain among scholars (as These collections and others like entire 40-year run—the only known complete well as students, laypersons, and archivists) them support research on the influence collection of The Missionary Catechist—and has been the need for access to the actual of Catholics and Catholic thought in the will soon make it accessible via the Portal. resources—“the things themselves”—not world, and speak to scholarly interests. just to records describing them. Although Growing important, curated rare and unique materials are not shared collections Scholars provide direction through usual interlibrary lending programs, digitization makes them available. While From its inception, the CRRA has One distinction of the CRRA is the the CRRA Digital Access Committee is focused on the needs of historians and systematic and collaborative manner in exploring options to expand links from Portal scholars in other fields who wish to understand which important curated collections are records to existing member content in developed. Each institution joining the and relate the Catholic tradition and alliance examines its holdings to tag materials experiences to society today. The CRRA for inclusion in the Catholic Portal. Naturally Scholars Advisory Committee, led initially Portal content emphasizes rare, unique, this process varies for each institution. The by Tim Meagher, historian, archivist, and and uncommon Catholic scholarly “rare, unique, uncommon, Catholic” mantra professor at The Catholic University of resources. Twelve primary collecting themes and the 12 themes guide CRRA members America, includes nine distinguished scholars are of particular interest and importance: in determining which of their own holdings of Catholic history and theology. This fit the bill. Examining call number ranges group meets regularly to advise the CRRA • Catholic education in the stacks (for example, BX 800-4795 on trends in the field and to set directions • Catholic intellectual life Catholic Church, History), sorting microfilm for the development of CRRA collections. • Catholic literary figures records of Catholic newspapers, reading At the November 2011 CRRA • Catholic liturgy and devotion pamphlets, rare books, parish histories, and Symposium at Duquesne University, • Catholic missions biographies of saints—all these activities are Leslie Tentler, professor at The Catholic • Catholic social action first steps in curating the Catholic Portal. University of America and member of the • Diocesan collections, including papers of bishops Scholars Advisory Committee, spoke of Virtual collections on the Portal have • Men’s religious orders evolved as institutions have contributed her participation in the Cushwa Center’s • Peace building perhaps just a few items within a certain “Lived History of Vatican II” Project, • Religion and citizenship collection area, for instance, parish histories. which involves 15 scholars doing research • Vatican II Taken together with parish histories held in 10 countries. She emphasized the • Women’s religious orders by other member institutions, these transnational perspective and suggested

7 The Catholic Research Resource Alliance

external repositories, members are also variety shows. Members of the Scholars to preserve Catholic newspapers. Individual accelerating digitization projects of Catholic Advisory Committee have noted their libraries, Catholic historical societies and the pamphlets, the Official Catholic Directory, intense use of such resources. American Theological Library Association and Catholic newspapers—all identified (ATLA) have microfilmed many Catholic Catholic newspapers are not rare in by scholars as highly valuable resources newspapers. CRRA members are digitizing the usual sense of the word. However, they for Catholic historians and others. Catholic diocesan and student newspapers in are held in scattered locations with unknown their states and universities. Boston College holdings, in fragile condition and vulnerable is exploring strategies to make the Boston The Catholic Newspapers Program to disappearance. Scholars recommended Pilot available. Duquesne University has Catholic newspapers in particular are digitizing Catholic newspapers for access, digitized the Pittsburgh Catholic, 1844-1950. relevant to a broad array of issues across use, and preservation. Shawn Weldon, PAHRC, Saint Charles Borromeo Seminary, disciplines, including immigration and assistant archivist at PAHRC, which holds and Villanova University have targeted The adaptation to new environments, charitable one of the largest collections of Catholic Catholic Standard & Times, 1866-1923, work and social justice, education, and health newspapers in the United States, recognized for digitization. The CNP is also exploring care. Catholic newspapers—defined as the importance of digitizing its collection, options for either a central or distributed Catholic by purpose, audience or tradition, and today serves on the CRRA Catholic repository for digitization projects. official and unofficial—document not only Newspaper Task Force, which is led by actions of episcopal elites but also the Noel McFerran and oversees the Catholic The extent to which Catholic activities of local parishes, societies, schools, Newspapers Program (CNP). newspapers have been digitized in other and organizations in their efforts to observe local, state, regional, or national programs The CNP builds on previous efforts and holy days, preserve languages, and embrace is unknown, but the CNP task force has supports current work of other organizations American popular pastimes like sports and created a list of 46 (and growing) digitized periodicals at Catholic Newspapers Online. The task force welcomes suggested The Father of As a young Jesuit priest working on his additions to the list of digitized or born- doctoral thesis in 1946, Father Busa wanted digital Catholic newspapers. Digital Humanities to explore the nuances of every word ever used by Thomas Aquinas. But when he found Michael Skaggs, a graduate student at He was one of the first to spot that that Aquinas had written 13 million words, the University of Notre Dame, is researching computers could be used to help us organize Busa settled for a detailed study of the notion how the discussion and impact of Vatican II knowledge to study the human condition, of “interiority” or “presence,” based on the among Indiana Catholics might vary from other than just number crunching, and uses and meanings of the preposition “in” Catholics in major cities such as New York or that bravery and conviction, coupled with in Thomas Aquinas. The word “in” alone Boston. In particular, he is exploring how the dedication and application, has inspired tallied 10,000 occurrences. But Busa humanities computing scholars since . persisted, and this painstaking analysis took Second Vatican Council was received through the newspapers that Indiana Catholics read —Melissa Terras him four years and became the first step to what would later be known as the Index at the time. The use of digitized newspapers Thomisticus. Still eager to complete his connects him directly to the sources, and goal of analyzing all words used by Aquinas, new tools will enable him to more easily Busa approached IBM. Technologists there uncover and compare national and local were intrigued by the challenge of using perspectives as represented in the papers. computing technologies to analyze non- numerical data, and agreed to help. It took Another digitization project, still in the IBM and Busa seven years to sort out how early stages, has the CRRA working with they would do it—they typed the complete archivists from the Catholic News Service works of Aquinas onto punch cards; the (CNS), the international wire service that machines then worked to produce a since 1920 has captured the history of the systematic index of every word St. Thomas church in the U.S. and abroad in its newsfeeds used, along with the number of times it (CNS coverage of the Vatican dates back CRRA’s vision to provide access to appeared and where, along with the six and searchability across digitized texts pays words immediately preceding and following to the 1930s). Digitizing the CNS Archives homage to the work of Father Roberto Busa, each instance. From start to finish, the would greatly facilitate comparative analyses S.J., often referred to as the “Father of machine processing of this task took to identify and distinguish between clerical Digital Humanities.” (Simply put, digital 8,125 hours, or nearly 339 days. With and lay Catholic views across states and humanities is a discipline using computing current technologies, this task may now provinces. Skaggs includes CNS materials technologies to analyze texts.) take seconds. We thank you, Father Busa. as a priority on his resource wish list because they would enable easy comparison of

8 Catholic History Classroom for use by all teachers and professors. Accessible from CUA (cuomeka.wrlc.org) as well as from the American Catholic Historical Association website, Mazzenga selected primary sources for use in illustrating the American Catholic experience on critical historical topics such as race, living wage, and industrialization issues. At DePaul University, Professor Susanne Dumbleton collaborated with archivists to integrate selected resources from the Sister Helen Prejean Papers at DePaul (not yet accessible via the Portal) into a course to meet the social justice requirement of the University. She has long been studying Prejean’s work as an example of leadership for social justice. The archivists organized an online exhibition that allowed students to develop a deeper understanding of Prejean and to use her writings to explore issues of power among From the Catholic Pamphlet Collection, 1962 racial, social, cultural, or economic groups to request an item be digitized for their From the Catholic Pamphlet Collection, 1958 in the United States. Marta Deyrup, professor and catalog coordinator at Seton use and then added to the Catholic Portal local, regional and national coverage. Hall University Libraries, is spearheading a repository for future use by others). third initiative in bringing Catholic resources Through digitization and access via To do all that, the CRRA is developing into the classroom. With professors and the Catholic Newspaper Directory, it will a long-term sustainability plan to include archivists from 15 Catholic institutions, be possible to search CNS materials across not only member support, but also she is creating an online exhibition on a range of Catholic newspapers in pursuit partnerships, sponsorships, and other means women religious, which is likely to find of new connections and historical of funding. The libraries, archives, and other its way into classrooms across the country. perspectives. By virtue of their enhanced institutions that belong to CRRA bring searchability, the possibilities for scholarly unique strengths and needs to the alliance, use increase exponentially. Future directions and sustaining this network is a vital step in continuing to offer freely available access Since 2008 the CRRA has reached to rare, unique, and uncommon scholarly Catholic resources in the classroom significant milestones in carrying out its resources in the Americas. The advantages of the Catholic Portal, mission of providing enduring, freely available, the Catholic Newspaper Project, and the global access to Catholic research materials Most importantly, the CRRA will CRRA in general are not just for professional in the Americas. But more milestones lay continue to call on scholars of Catholicism scholars and researchers, however. Students ahead: opportunities to expand the network for their input on trends and emerging in secondary and undergraduate levels further; to increase the content and scope research questions, identifying high value also stand to benefit. The availability of so of the Catholic Portal and the Catholic resources, useful services, and ways to many materials in so many collections has Newspaper Program; to bring members incorporate primary Catholic resources renewed interest in bringing these together to establish digitizing priorities; to within the classroom. The heart of the resources into the classroom. Maria pursue collaborative grant projects; to alliance’s work, after all, is to ensure that Mazzenga, education archivist and faculty coordinate digitization activities locally or scholars have the appropriate tools and access member at The Catholic University of regionally; and to implement digitization- to collections that will advance their work— America (CUA), created the American on-demand programs (allowing a researcher and that the tucked-away treasures of Catholic history get the consideration they deserve. —Pat Lawton, CRRA Scholars Advisory Committee Members CRRA digital projects librarian Richard J. Bautch Kathleen Sprows Cummings Tim Meagher Jean McManus, St. Edward’s University University of Notre Dame Catholic University Hesburgh Libraries Catholic studies Jonathan Bengtson James P. McCartin James O’Toole librarian University of Victoria Fordham University Boston College Patrick Carey Jean C. McManus Leslie Tentler Jennifer Younger, CRRA executive director Marquette University University of Notre Dame Catholic University

9 Announcements

Research Travel Grants Hibernian Awards Grants to help defray travel and lodging costs are made to scholars of any academic discipline who Funded by an endowment from the Ancient are engaged in projects that require use of the Catholic Americana collections in the library and Order of Hibernians, these annual awards archives at the University of Notre Dame. The following scholars received awards for 2013: provide travel funds to support the scholarly study of the Irish in America.

Margaret Abruzzo, Henry Richard Maar, Michelle Granshaw, University of Alabama UC Santa Barbara Independent Scholar “Good People and Bad “The Challenge of Peace: The “The Politics of Irish Behavior: Sin, Evil, and Catholic Revolt Against the Diasporic Performances: Moral Responsibility in the Arms Race, 1980-1985.” Entertainment and 18th and 19th Centuries.” Community in Urban America.” Herbert Miller, William Cossen, University of Dayton Kenneth Parker, Penn State “Theological Polemics and Saint Louis University “The Protestant Image in the Making of Americans: “Gallicanism with a Gailic the Catholic Mind.” A Study of the 1837 Accent: The Rise of Irish Campbell-Purcell Oral Debate.” Gallicanism in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century.” Brian Clites, Paul Murray, Northwestern University Siena College “Catholic Activism in “Catholics Fighting for Chicago 1933-1992: Civil Rights.” Peter R. D’Agostino From the Catholic Action Research Travel Grant Movement to Call to Action Chicago.” Designed to facilitate the study of the Jeanne Petit, American past from an international Charlotte Hansen, Hope College perspective, this competitive award of George Bell Institute, UK “Catholic Women and the $5,000 will support research in Roman “Liberal Catholicism Making of Modern America.” archives for a significant publication between Hope and project on U.S. Catholic history. Resignation, 1850-1920.” Geneviève Piché, Patrick Hayes, Candice Shy Hooper, University of Sherbrooke, Redemptorist Provincial Independent Scholar Canada Archives, Brooklyn, NY “Lincoln & His Generals’ “When Two Worlds Meet: “An Inventory of the Wives: How Four Women Louisianans’ Slaves and the Archivio Generale Influenced the Course of the Catholic Church, 1803-1842.” Redentoristi’s Collections on the American Civil War­—For Better and For Worse.” Province of the Redemptorists.”

10 The Color of Christ: The Son of William Issel’s Church and Rosalie Riegle’s new God and the Saga of Race in State in the City: Catholics book, Doing Time for Peace: America, by Edward J. Blum and Politics in 20th Century Resistance, Family, and and Paul Harvey, was San Francisco was published Community, was published by published in September 2012 in November 2012 by Temple Vanderbilt University Press in by UNC Press. The book University Press. Issel explores January 2013. It is a collection uncovers how, in a country founded by the complex ways that the San Francisco of oral histories in which more than 75 Puritans who destroyed depictions of Jesus, Catholic Church, including the laity, peacemakers describe how they engage in Americans came to believe in the whiteness developed relationships with the local civil disobedience in their efforts to direct of Christ. Some envisioned a white Christ businesses, unions, other community groups, U.S. policy away from its militarism— who would sanctify the exploitation of and city government to shape debates about and how they pay the consequences in Native Americans and African Americans how to define and implement the common jail or prison. The narrators describe their and bless imperial expansion. Many others good. The book sheds new light on the city’s motivations and their preparations for acts gazed at a messiah, not necessarily white, socialists, including Communist Party of resistance, the actions themselves, and who was willing and able to confront white activists—the most important transnational their trials and subsequent jail time. We supremacy. The color of Christ still challengers of both capitalism and also hear from those who do their time symbolizes America’s most combustible Catholicism during the 20th century. Issel by caring for their families and managing divisions, revealing the power and shows how tussles over the public interest in communities while their partners are malleability of race and religion from colonial San Francisco were both distinctive to the imprisoned. Spouses and children talk times to the presidency of Barack Obama. city and shaped by its American character. frankly of the strains on family ties that a life of working for peace can cause. Stephen M. Koeth, CSC, graduate Katharine E. Harmon, student in history at Columbia University, lecturer in liturgical studies at Jan Shipps, professor emerita of history published an article in the Journal of The Catholic University of and religious studies at Indiana University- Church and State titled, “The Strength America and 2010 Cushwa Purdue University Indianapolis, was selected and Limits of American Catholic as Historian of the Year by the Indiana travel grant recipient, Confidence: Reverend John F. Cronin, S.S., United Methodist Historical Society. She published her book There Were and His Political Friendship with Richard received the award at its annual meeting Also Many Women There: Lay Women in the M. Nixon, 1947-1960.” The article was at DePauw University in April. Liturgical Movement in the United States 1926- first published online March 26, 2013. 1959 with Liturgical Press in January 2013. Ellen Skerrett writes that the Harmon reveals that the reality of the Jay M. Price, director of the book Portraits of the City: midcentury liturgical movement in the U.S. public history program at Dublin and the Wider World, is analogous to Matthew’s account of the Wichita State University and edited by Gillian O’Brien crucifixion of Jesus: “There were also many recipient of a Cushwa travel and Finola O’Kane, was women there” (Matt. 27:55). She explores research grant in 2008 published in November 2012 the contributions of Maisie Ward, for his research on postwar by Four Courts Press. This multidisciplinary Dorothy Day, Catherine de Hueck Doherty, religious architecture, published Temples collection places Dublin at the center of Ade Bethune, Therese Mueller, and many for a Modern God: Religious Architecture in a discussion about the significance of the others. Harmon shows how movements Postwar America, with Oxford University historic urban landscape and examines key and institutions such as progressivism, Press in November 2012. Price compares issues that affect cities around the world. The Catholic women’s organizations, Catholic mainline Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish book combines detailed studies of often- Action, the American Grail Movement, religious architecture constructed in neglected aspects of Dublin’s past, with case and daily Catholic family life played a postwar America as well as the contributions studies of Boston, Baghdad, London, prominent role in the liturgical renewal. of Eastern Orthodoxy, Latter-day Saints, Chicago, Lisbon, and Jerusalem. Skerrett’s Evangelicals, Muslims, Buddhists, and other chapter, “Parish by Parish: Constructing Hidetaka Hirota, postdoctoral fellow in the traditions. This study deals with mid-level Chicago as Catholic Space” includes a full- department of history at Boston College, and vernacular construction projects as well page 1926 color map of Chicago parishes. won the 2012 Organization of American as the more famous postwar churches. Historians Louis Pelzer Memorial Award for his article, “The Moment of Transition: State Officials, the Federal Government, and the Formation of American Immigration The American Catholic Studies Newsletter will not publish a Policy” (Journal of American History 99, Fall 2013 issue. The publication will return in the spring of 2014 no. 4 [March 2013]: 1092-1108). Hirota with a new design. Until then, stay up-to-date with Cushwa Center developed the article out of his dissertation project, for which Hirota received the news and events at our website, cushwa.nd.edu. Hibernian Research Award in 2010.

11 Archives Report

Digital Collections in the University of Notre Dame Archives In The Scholar Adventurers Richard Altick told stories of intrepid professors who crossed oceans in their quest for knowledge and discovered intellectual treasures previously unknown. We have had scholar adventurers in our archives from all the continents except Antarctica. But scholars cannot always go adventuring. With improvements in technology they often write to us now in hopes of gaining access to archival resources without leaving home. In the last year we in the archives have digitized a number of Notre Dame publications and made them available through our website. With funding that came from the president’s office by way of Notre Dame’s Digital Media Program Manager, Professor Susan Ohmer, we digitized the entire run of the Notre Dame Scholastic—3,904 issues dating from 1867 to 2011. Each issue of the weekly magazine is available as a PDF file containing page images. The optical character recognition software built into Adobe Acrobat makes it possible for us to index the full text of each issue and make the whole run of the magazine searchable. The search program allows one to search for key words and to limit the search to a certain span of years. It returns a list of issues with links to the PDF files and snippets of text showing passages containing A page from the Notre Dame Scholastic, the key words. The snippets also reveal that Acrobat cannot always accurately March 6, 1931 recognize words, especially from nineteenth-century magazine text, but in spite of these imperfections we have found the search program to be very useful. TheScholastic is certainly the most important local publication for the study of Notre Dame history. In the 19th century and well into the 20th it served as Notre Dame’s news magazine, literary magazine, humor magazine, and alumni magazine. Students, faculty, administrators, and even some distinguished visitors published articles in the Scholastic. When G. K. Chesterton gave a course of lectures here in 1930-1931, the Scholastic published reviews of his remarks— and a poem he wrote specifically for the magazine, “The Arena” (Volume 64, Issue 19, last page). Because authors in the Scholastic gave their views on current events and controversies, the magazine provides evidence of Catholic attitudes before and after the great watershed of Vatican II. As for the council itself, a search for “Vatican Council” turns up several articles from the early 1870s reacting to Vatican I, and many from the 1960s reacting to Vatican II. We have also digitized and indexed the full run of three other Notre Dame publications: 752 issues of Notre Dame Report, 1971-2008, 346 issues of the Notre Dame Alumnus, 1923-1971, and 96 issues of The Voice of Notre Dame, 1963-1966. During the years of its publication, the Notre Dame Report served as the university’s official record. It included minutes of important committees, documentation of activities and events, rosters of faculty and committees, and lists of faculty honors and publications. In special issues it covered task-force findings and colloquia. In 1988 it reported on task forces on Marriage, Family, and Other Life Commitment; on Whole Health and the Use and Abuse of Alcohol; and on the Quality of Teaching in a Research University. In 1992 it published the report of the Task Force on Evangelization, Pastoral Ministry, and Social Values. In 1993 it covered Notre Dame’s Colloquy for the Year 2000. Between 1974 and 2006 33 issues said something about the Catholic character of Notre Dame. The Alumnus kept Notre Dame graduates informed about their alma mater. Published by the Alumni Association, the magazine contained articles written by faculty and administrators about Notre Dame and articles by alumni about alumni. It covered academics and sports, awards and achievements, with an article from time to time about Notre Dame history or memorable campus characters. Though it did not have the intellectual tone of its successor, Notre Dame Magazine, it was a lively and informative organ. see Digital Collections, page 25

12 History of Women Religious

The History of Women Religious NYU Press commercial production of ecclesiastical began its formal association with the published Called to textiles in the 19th century, production Cushwa Center in 2011. An informal Serve, the new book of liturgical and devotional art in recent relationship dates to 1988, when a by Margaret M. periods, and the development of unique colloquium sponsored by the Center, McGuinness, in March convent and institutional spaces by and “The History of Women Religious in the 2013. McGuinness, for women religious. United States,” stimulated a small group of the executive director The conference aims to highlight the women to begin HWR. Networking has of the Office of Mission scholarly value of these under-researched and been facilitated primarily through History Integration at La Salle little known spaces and collections and also of Women Religious News and Notes University, provides a concise history of to raise awareness and discuss the threats that and a triennial conference. Publication Catholic women religious in American life they face as communities decline, buildings of the newsletter concluded with the from the colonial period to the present. She close, artefacts and archives are dispersed. June 2011 issue. chronicles the early years of religious life in Go to www.history.ac.uk/history- Past issues of the newsletter have the United States in which women religious women-religious/article/cfp-h-wrbi- been deposited in the History of Women ministered in immigrant communities and annual-conference for more information. Religious section of the University of on the frontier by teaching, nursing, and Susan M. Notre Dame Archives. Conference news caring for marginalized groups. Her Maloney, SNJM, continues to be available on its website, overview continues through the second shares the news that www.chwr.org. half of the 20th century, as the ministry From the Heart, a The Ninth Triennial Conference of women religious began to change, their limited-edition of History of Women Religious will be numbers began to fall, and their average age collection of poems held at St. Catherine University, St. Paul, increased. McGuinness illuminates how, in from Anita M. Minnesota, June 23–26, 2013. The theme the face of a changing world and shifting Caspary, IHM, was is Women Religious Through the Ages: priorities, women religious struggle to published in 2012. Managing Individual and Institutional strike a balance between the responsibilities In September 2011, a month before Realities. The scheduled keynote speaker of their faith and the limitations imposed she died, Caspary approved the poetry and is Sr. Florence Deacon, OSF, a historian upon them by their church. illustrations to be included in her book and current chair of the LCWR. The Carmen Mangion writes that the From the Heart. Written over a span of 60 Conference is pleased also that Sr. Ann History of Women Religious of Britain and years, the poems are spiritual, humorous, Harrington, a historian from Loyola Ireland (H-WRBI) Annual Conference will and emotionally moving. Each poem invites Chicago, will be our banquet speaker. take place at the Institute of Historical the reader to experience the depth of See page 14 for the full program and Research, Senate House, London, on Caspary’s wisdom, her keen understanding registration form. September 5–7, 2013. The theme of the of human nature, and the contours of Ruth Graham’s feature story “What conference is Materializing the Spirit: life’s twists and turns. American Nuns Built” appears in the Spaces, Objects, and Art in the Cultures This 6”x9” hardcover book includes February 24, 2013, issue of the Boston of Women Religious. This conference will 21 original full-color illustrations created Globe. Kathleen Sprows Cummings, explore the creative output of women by Patricia L. Caspary. Proceeds from the Margaret M. McGuinness, Anne Butler, religious, including, but not limited to, sale will benefit the Immaculate Heart Patricia Wittberg, and Marian Batho textiles and the decorative arts, illuminated Community elderly residents of the IHM are quoted in the piece. manuscripts and printed books, women’s Kenmore Residence. More information is patronage of painting and architecture, the at anitacaspary.com.

From the Heart order information: Checks only: Make your check payable to Anita M. Caspary Trust Address: c/o Pat Haid, IHM, 435 South Kenmore Ave. # 111, Los Angeles, CA 90020

Name: ______No. of copies ______@ $27.50 each ...... =______Address:______Calif. Sales Tax, $2.40 per book ...... =______Shipping & Handling Fee ($5.95 per book) . . =______Phone:______Email:______TOTAL ...... =______

13 Program The Ninth Triennial Conference on the History of Women Religious

Women Religious Through the Ages: Managing Individual and Institutional Realities

June 23-26, 2013 • St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN All Sessions will be held at Coeur de Catherine • You are advised to bring a copy of the program to the conference

10:30−12:00 a.m...... Concurrent Sessions (3-5)

Sunday, June 23 Session 3. Canadian Women Religious Across the Centuries Jacqueline Gresko, Faculty Emeritus, Douglas College, New 1:00−9:00 p.m...... Registration / Box Lunch Westminster, British Columbia, Chair 1:00−3:00 p.m...... Welcome Colleen Allyn Gray, McGill University, Quebec “As a Bird Flies: The Writings of Marie Barbier, Keynote Speaker: Florence Deacon, OSF Seventeenth-Century Montreal Mystic” “Women of the Gospel, Women of the Church: A Delicate Weaving” Maryse Cloutier-Gélinas, Université Laval, Quebec 5:00 p.m...... Buffet Supper “Addressing the Corporeality of Nineteenth-Century Laurentian Women Religious: Two Case Studies from the Region of 7:00 p.m...... Film: Band of Sisters Quebec City” Elizabeth W. McGahan, University of New Discussion with filmmaker Mary Fishman Brunswick-Saint John “New Directions: The Sisters of Charity of the Immaculate 9:00 p.m...... Welcoming Reception Conception (Saint John, NB) and the Peru Mission Experiment”

Session 4. Race and Religion in the United States Mary Beth Fraser Connolly, Lilly Fellows Program in Monday, June 24 Humanities and the Arts at Valparaiso University, Chair Megan Stout Sibbel, Loyola University Chicago 7:30 a.m...... Breakfast “Catholic Sisters and Schools in Southern African American Communities, 1930- 1970” 8:30−10:00 a.m...... Concurrent Sessions (1-2) Amanda Bresie, Texas Christian University Session 1. Sanctity, Mythmaking, and History: Sister Saints in “The Business of Sanctity: Mother Katharine Drexel and the Historical Perspective Bureau of Catholic Indian Relations” Margaret McGuinness, LaSalle University, Chair Annie Stevens, Webster University, St. Louis “‘Busted Again’: The Sisters of Loretto and the Underground Railroad” Sarah A. Curtis, San Francisco State University “Writing the Lives of Saints: Archives and the Ownership of History” Session 5. New Nuns in a New Global Reality Kathleen Sprows Cummings, University of Notre Dame Mary Oates, Regis College, Emeritus, Chair “Writing the Afterlives of the American Sister-Saints” Marian Mollin, Virginia Tech Virginia Meacham Gould, Tulane University “New Nuns on the Global Stage: Ita Ford, the Maryknoll Sisters, “Searching for Henriette Delille” and the Hidden History of the Global 1960s” Session 2. Diverse Narratives of African American Women Religious Margaret Preston, Augustana College “Mastering the Modern World of Healthcare: South Dakota’s Joseph Mannard, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Chair Presentation Sisters, Sr. Colman Coakley and McKennan Hospital” Ed Brett, LaRoche College, Pittsburgh Catherine Osborne, Fordham University “‘An Intrepid Lot’: Insights Gleaned From Eight Years of “‘Their Outlook is Always Quite Different’: Annunciation Research on the Holy Family Sisters of New Orleans” Priory and the Gender of Building” Diane Batts Morrow, University of Georgia “The Civil War Experiences of the Oblate Sisters of Providence” 12:00−1:30 p.m...... Lunch Shannen Dee Williams, Rutgers University 1:30−3:00 p.m...... Concurrent Sessions (6-7) “Desegregating the Habit: Portraits of Five Pioneering Black Sisters in Historically-White Congregations in the United States” Session 6. Film: “Women & Spirit: Catholic Sisters in America” 10:00−10:30 a.m...... Nutrition Break Discussant: Karen M. Kennelly, CSJ, Editor/Coordinator, History of Women Religious Conference

14 Session 7. Gender and Religious Leadership: Historical Perspectives Katharine Massam, Uniting Church Theological College, Rosa Bruno-Jofré, Queens University, Ontario, Chair MCD [Melbourne College of Divinity] University of Divinity, Melbourne, Australia Margaret Susan Thompson, Syracuse University “Writing a Missionary Vocation: Spanish Benedictine Women in “The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: Western Australia” Historical Context for Current Tensions in Religious Life” Jane Kelly, St Mary’s College, University of Melbourne “Letters Barbra Mann Wall, University of Pennsylvania to Link the World: Mary Gonzaga Barry (1834-1915) in Australia” “Historical Context for Health Care Policy Disputes between US Bishops and US Sisters” Session 12. Responding to Changed Conditions within the Anne E Patrick, Carleton College Western Canadian Apostolate “Changing Understandings of Virtue and Tensions Between the Heidi MacDonald, Lethbridge University, Lethbridge, Alberta, Chair Vatican and LCWR: Insights from the Twentieth Century” Sister Magdalen Stengler, OSU/Independent Scholar, Prelate, Saskatchewan 3:00−3:30 p.m...... Nutrition Break “Tapestry of Change: Ursulines of Prelate, 1919-2012” 3:30−5:00 p.m...... Concurrent Sessions (8-9) Sister Teresita Kambeitz, OSU, St Thomas More College, Saskatoon; Newman Theological College, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Session 8. Monasticism−Challenges and Influences in Three “Shaping a Gentle Province: Saskatchewan’s ‘Sister Act’” European Contexts 10:00−10:30 a.m...... Nutrition Break Teresita Kambeitz, OSU, St. Thomas More College, Saskatoon; Newman Theological College, Edmonton, Alberta, Chair 10:30−12:00 p.m...... Concurrent Sessions (13-15) Else-Britt Nilsen, OP, Norwegian School of Theology Session 13. Expansion and Identity in Nineteenth Century Convents “Conventual Nursing in Medieval Scandinavia” Elizabeth W. McGahan, University of New Brunswick-Saint Caroline Bowden, Queen Mary, University of London, U.K. John, Chair “Managing Early Modern Enclosed Communities in Exile: Texts and Practice in English Benedictine Convents” Carmen Mangion, Birkbeck, University of London “British-Dutch Exchanges: Cultural Imperialism and the Sisters Susanne Malchau Dietz, Danish Deaconess Foundation, Copenhagen of Charity of Our Lady, Mother of Mercy (SCMM), 1861-1900” “Gender, Vocation and Professional Competencies: A Collective Biography of the Deaconesses’ Contribution to Social Welfare Moira E. Egan, Independent Scholar, New York City and Nursing Care in Denmark, 1863-2013” “Women Religious and the Re-imagination of English Catholic Identity” Deidre Raftery, University College Dublin Session 9. Past and Future Partnerships: Lay Scholars and “‘A Great Builder’- Nineteenth Century Women Religious and Congregational Archives Strategies for Convent Expansion in Ireland, North and South” Mary Kraft CSJ, Archivist, Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, Session 14. Canadian Women Religious Respond to Vatican II: St. Paul Province, Moderator Individual and Institutional Initiatives Margaret McGuinness, LaSalle University, Panelist Mary Ann Foley, University of Scranton, Chair Carol Coburn, Avila University, Panelist Rosa Bruno-Jofre, Queens University, Ontario Joseph G. Mannard, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Panelist “The Canadian Province of the Religieuses de Notre Dame des Anne M. Butler, Utah State University, Emeritus, Panelist Missions: The Horizon Reference and Reception of Vatican II, Moving Toward a New Constellation of Meanings” 5:00 p.m...... Dinner Heidi MacDonald, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta “Vatican II and Falling Membership in Congregations of 7−8:30 p.m...... Forum: LCWR (Session 10) Women Religious in Canada” Dolores Liptak, RSM, Sisters of Mercy, Hartford, Speaker Elizabeth Smyth, University of Toronto Karen Kennelly, CSJ, Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, Speaker “Fathers of the Council, Mothers of the Community: The Carter Regina Siegfried, Adorers of the Blood of Christ, St. Louis, Moderator Family and the Second Vatican Council”

8:30 p.m...... Reception Session 15. Changes in German and American Religious Communities After World War II Prudence Moylan, Loyola University Chicago, Chair Isabelle Nagel, Ruhr-University Bochum Tuesday, June 25 “Transformation Processes of American and German Sisters Pre and Post Vatican II, a Comparison: The Sisters of Charity of the Blessed 7:30. . .a.m ...... Breakfast Virgin Mary and the German Good Shepherd Sisters (1950-1990)” Markus Kroll, Ruhr-University Bochum 8:30−10:00 a.m...... Concurrent Sessions (11-12) “Transformation Processes of the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity (Heythuysen) in their German Province after WWII” Session 11. Between Worlds: Australia and the Global Network Gemma Betros, The Australian National University, Chair 12:00−1:30 p.m...... Lunch 1:30−3:00 p.m...... Concurrent Sessions (16-17)

15 Session 16. Across National and Temporal Boundaries: Gemma Betros, The Australian National University Writings of Women Religious “Managing Suppression: Leadership, Survival, and Spirituality Diane Batts Morrow, University of Georgia, Chair in the Aftermath of the French Revolution’s Suppression of Convents, 1792-1801” Kara French, University of Michigan “Sister Mary Ignatia Greene: A Missionary Heroine in an Age of Mary Hayes, Trinity College, Washington, DC Anti-Catholicism” “Julie Billiart and Saint Esteve de Sambucy: Opposing Visions of Religious Life” Susan Maloney, SNJM, Sisters of the Holy Names/ Independent Scholar Kathleen J. Barker, Northeastern University / Massachusetts “Woman of Integrity: Freedom and Responsibility in the Historical Society Writings of Anita M. Caspary, IHM” “Maintaining Religious Communities in Times of Crisis” Elissa Cutter, Saint Louis University Session 19. Vatican II: Stimulus and Response (s) “My Dear Mother, Pray for My Conversion: Spiritual Direction and Elizabeth Smyth, University of Toronto, Chair Cooperation between Angelique Arnauld and Jeanne de Chantal” Louise O’Reilly, NUI, Maynooth, Ireland Session 17. Health, Education and Welfare “The Impact of Vatican II on the Lives of Women Religious: A Anne Klejment, University of St. Thomas, Chair Comparative Study” Thomas F. Rzeznik, Seton Hall University Bren Ortega Murphy, Loyola University of Chicago “Sustaining the Work of Charity: The Case of St Vincent’s “Dressing for Success: The Evolving Effect of Vatican II on Hospital (NYC)” Religious Attire” James T. Carroll, Iona College Patricia Wittberg, Indiana University−Purdue University at “Wellsprings of Energy: Parochial Schools in the 20th Century” Indianapolis “The Problems of Generations in Religious Life” Regina Bechtle, Charism Resource Director, Sisters of Charity of New York 10:15−10:30 a.m...... Nutrition Break “‘Certain Arrangements Must be Privately Agreed On’: Organizational Tensions among Religious, Clergy and Laity in 10:45−12:00 p.m...... Concurrent Sessions (20-21) Sisters of Charity Orphanages, 1814-1846” Session 20. The Sisters of the Visitation: Managing Individual & 3:30 p.m...... Business Meeting Institutional Realities in the Nineteenth-Century American South M. Christine Anderson, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Chair 5:30 p.m...... Reception – Cash Bar Joseph G. Mannard, Indiana University of Pennsylvania 6:30 p.m...... Awards Banquet Fostering the Maryland Tradition: Southern Culture and After Dinner Address: Ann Harrington, Loyola University Chicago Identity in Antebellum Visitation Convents” “From French Priests in Japan to Irish Sisters in Iowa: A Barbara J. Howe, West Virginia University Personal Reflection” “Managing Individual and Institutional Realities: The Wheeling Visitandines in the 1860s” Presentation of Distinguished Book Award Presentation of Distinguished Historian Award Session 21. Comparative Analysis of Mentoring by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Monroe, Michigan, and Scranton, Pennsylvania James Carroll, Iona College, Chair Wednesday, June 26 Melanie Carroll, Syracuse University “Qualitative Study on Mid-Twentieth Century Mentoring 7:30 a.m...... Breakfast of Parochial School Educators by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Scranton, Pennsylvania” 8:45−10:15 a.m...... Concurrent Sessions (18-19) Maxine Kollasch, IHM, A Nun’s Life Ministry Session 18. Women Religious in France: Managing Individual “A Quantitative Approach to Mid-Twentieth Century and Communal Challenges Theological Mentoring of the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Monroe, Michigan Colleen Allyn Gray, McGill University, Quebec, Chair 12:00 p.m...... Box Lunch

Note for Presenters: The Meetings and Events Office at St. Catherine University requests presenters bring a flash drive containing their presentation. It will work most efficiently if the presenters are able to give the flash drive to Michelle Hueg on Sunday, June 23, between 3-5 p.m., or after 7 p.m. Michelle will copy the presentation and confirm that it is accessible from a university computer, and return the flash drive to the presenter. Presenters will be able to immediately access their presentation at the designated time. St. Kate’s prefers not to have video embedded in presentations; video can be accessed from the Internet, if needed. Questions regarding the Program should be addressed to Elizabeth W. McGahan, Program Chair, [email protected] or Mary E. Kraft CSJ, Local Arrangements Coordinator, [email protected]

16 Registration Form The Ninth Triennial Conference on the History of Women Religious

Women Religious Through the Ages: Managing Individual and Institutional Realities

June 23-26, 2013 • St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN

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Registration ❑ Full registration (includes Sun . Supper & Reception, Mon . Reception, Tues . Banquet, and all nutrition breaks) . . . .$100.00 ______❑ Late registration for conference (after June 1) ...... $110.00______❑ Single day, registration only ...... $25.00______❑ Sunday Box Lunch ...... $13.00______❑ Wednesday Box Lunch ...... $13.00______❑ I prefer a vegetarian dish for the Tuesday evening banquet (Breakfasts, lunches and Monday dinner can be purchased on campus or at nearby restaurants.) On Campus Housing: Rauenhorst Hall On-campus housing in an air-conditioned suite-style dorm at $ 40.00 per night ❑ Sat 6/22 ❑ Sun 6/23 ❑ Mon 6/24 and ❑ Tues 6/25 @ 40.00 per night______❑ Wed 6/26 at 70.00 per night On Campus Housing Total ______

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Off Campus Housing:Country Inns and Suites by Carlson at Mall of America 2221 Killebrew Dr., Bloomington, MN | ph. 952-646-2802 Shuttle service available from/to airport | A block of rooms will be held until May 23

Rate: $109 + tax (St. Catherine’s rate) Hot breakfast buffet included. From June 20 to 28, 2013 For Conference Registration: Make out Checks and money orders to HWR Conference . Please indicate HWR in the memo area . Send your payment with this form to HWR Conference c/o Mary E . Kraft, CSJ, 1884 Randolph Avenue, St . Paul, MN 55105 Email: Mkraft@csjstpaul .org

Please keep a copy of this registration form for your records.

17 Publications Across God’s Frontiers: Catholic Sisters in the American West, 1850-1920 (The University of North Carolina Press, 2012) Review by Kathleen Sprows Cummings

n a sweltering day in May in America. I prefaced the reading of the Butler casts a wide archival net; her 1870, a small group of early chapters by showing the clip from the bibliography lists an astonishing 44 archives Catholic nuns traipsed classic film,The Nun’s Story (1963), in which in 17 states. Her “West” is also similarly through the mountains Audrey Hepburn enters the novitiate of a expansive. She acknowledges how conceptions of Southern California. Belgian community. Though the movie’s of the region have changed throughout her They were in the final stage of a three-week plot took liberties with her character, its long career as a Western historian, but in Ojourney, over the course of which they had director went to great lengths to ensure that the end employs a definition that is neither been stranded in Omaha, stricken with details of the investiture ceremony accurately hemmed in by geographical boundaries vertigo in San Francisco, and relentlessly reflected centuries-old traditions and practices. nor defined by contemporary academic subjected to mercurial weather and harsh discussions. According to Butler, her subjects elements. Forced by a steep grade to exit uniformly “believed themselves to be ‘in the their wagon and claw on hands and knees West.’” In historical accounts written both at over rocky terrain, they finally reached the the time and years after the fact, she observes, summit at 4000 feet. And yet the worst of “natives and newcomers [to the West] agreed their trials lay ahead: that the landscapes on which they accepted and rejected each other pulsated with a Overcome from the fearsome climb… western ambience and a western history that the severely dehydrated women fell did not belong to the East.” Readers will about on the mountain crest, gasping judge for themselves the effectiveness of this for breath in the thin air, barely able to approach. While some may admire the contemplate the descent to the desert creative analysis afforded by such a broad floor. The drop appeared to be so landscape, others might have difficulty perfectly perpendicular that the tracing her argument across a canvas that sisters could see no path before them. extends, at times, to parts of Pennsylvania, Locking hands in teams, the sisters Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Alaska. flung themselves into the air, falling and bumping down the mountain at Butler is quite convincing on the point pell-mell speed, sliding past carcasses that women’s religious life in the American of horses and cattle, earlier victims of Most students, with no prior concept of what West differed not only from its European the punishing trail (52). it meant to enter religious life, glean a great counterpart but also from its iteration in the deal from watching as Hepburn processes into eastern United States. In my own research in This arresting account of the journey of archives in convents in the urban Northeast, Sister Monica Corrigan and her companions, the chapel adorned as a bride, has her hair crudely shorn, and receives a new name— it is relatively rare to find much interaction all Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, appears between congregations, even when mother- Across God’s Frontiers Sister Luke—all while her beloved family early in Anne Butler’s . houses were mere miles apart. Then, there Butler chronicles the sisters’ harrowing looks on from behind a grate. The film clip provided a visual illustration of Butler’s may have been annual Christmas greetings odyssey from their congregational between general superiors or a monetary motherhouse in St. Louis to Tucson, Arizona, thesis: The rigid codes of European convent life did not translate easily to the American donation when calamity befell a particular where they planned to open a school. Their community; but there is also evidence of ordeal, hardly exceptional, is one of many West. Juxtaposed with Sister Monica intercongregational competition for vocations, that she uses to demonstrate how daunting Corrigan’s tumble down a California episcopal attention, and coveted missions. physical trials were part and parcel of mountainside, the depiction of convent sisters’ experience in the American West. life in The Nun’s Story helped my students This is not so for the sisters in Butler’s understand just how spectacularly European narrative—members of different congregations I assigned Across God’s Frontiers to tradition collided with American innovation abide with each other and cooperate out of students in my senior seminar on Catholics in a starkly unforgiving environment. necessity. Having read this book, I will no

18 longer be able to claim, as I have done infuriated a string of bishops who expected Reservation. Father Joseph Stephan, director repeatedly in written work and in class subservience from her. She wrote of one: of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, lectures, that cross-community interaction did “He thinks because he is a bishop, he has and Bishop James O’Connor of Omaha, not begin in earnest until the Sister Formation unlimited power over us…. I am not going Nebraska, escorted the trio. Butler minces no Movement in the 1950s. This is merely one to give in to these bishops” (65). And she did words in describing their motives: they and instance in which Across Gods Frontiers will not. According to Butler, this “empire- other clergy “coveted the Drexel fortune.” challenge historians of American Catholicism building” sister “reconfigured the profile of to rethink established narratives, especially the 19th-century nun. Initially, she chose Francis Drexel had shrewdly arranged those that privilege a northeastern model. a convent lifestyle of security, framed by his will to protect his daughters from academic and religious calendars…. On fortune-hunting scoundrels. According to its Similarly, Butler’s story demonstrates the cusp of middle age, however, she tried terms, upon the death of a Drexel daughter, that the 1960s were not, as many previous the alien world of the pioneer, where the her portion of the fortune passed directly to studies suggest, the universal point of greatest revelations concerned insights her children and then to her sisters. Should transformation for American sisters. This about herself and her ambitions” (167). all three of them die without offspring (as semester I also assigned my seniors an excerpt in fact happened), the fortune would be from Midwives of the Future, edited by Ann (It is perhaps notable that last May, divided among a list of Philadelphia charities Patrick Ware, in which Jeanne Grammick just prior to the book’s publication, Butler named in Francis’ will. Butler points out that writes about being flummoxed in 1968 when, wrote an op-ed in the New York Times in Francis had failed to anticipate that “fortune upon asking for permission to go home to which she connected the current doctrinal hunters were not all bachelor rascals—some her sick mother, her superior tells her to assessment of the Leadership Conference came with other identities, their designs decide for herself. She describes this moment of Women Religious with the material in her on the Drexel money just as calculating.” as a watershed in her personal development: book, arguing that the LCWR situation is Among these was Bishop James O’Connor “Obediently waiting for directions, I received merely the most recent chapter in a long of Omaha who tried for five years to dissuade instead an invitation to analyze a situation for history of conflict between American Katharine from a vocation to religious life. myself and to propose a decisive solution… nuns and a male hierarchy). According to Butler, O’Connor realized without granting permission or determining that a mother superior would be worse travel time or arrangements, the response Clerical attempts to circumscribe than a husband in diverting Katherine’s presumed a mature, rational judgment on sisters’ activities also surface in the story of fortune from his mission work. my part” (230). Even without prompting, my Mother Katherine Drexel, which Butler tells students grasped that precedent shattered across multiple chapters and centers in one, In the end, Katherine acted against his much sooner for sisters in the West. In one aptly subtitled “A Woman for the West.” advice and, certain that “the world cannot such incident, Butler memorably describes Drexel, the wealthy Philadelphia heiress who give me peace,” she decided to enter religious a traveling party of Sisters of the Blessed founded the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament life. O’Connor gracefully accepted defeat, Sacrament, stranded overnight in a train for Native Americans and Colored People and then did his best to persuade Katherine to depot in Kansas City in 1894. Surrounded by (later called simply the Sisters of the Blessed found her own congregation. She eventually agitated strikers, the sisters determined that Sacrament), was canonized in 2000. Over did so, most likely having accepted the their superior in Philadelphia would have the course of her long life, she used her vast argument, advanced by O’Connor and wanted them to seek a friendly convent in fortune (according to Butler, estimated at others, that no other congregation would town where they could stay for the night. They between $14 and $20 million, and with a allow her to devote herself exclusively to decide instead to sit in the public waiting value closer to $250 million in modern mission work for people of color. terms) to build resources for Native American room, and were rewarded for their initiative by The chapter on Drexel is the only one the arrival of an unexpected replacement train. and African-American Catholics. Drexel is perhaps best remembered for her efforts to that foregrounds a single woman. In that The lives of western sisters were not, of found institutions such as Xavier University respect, it is the book’s most interesting and course, entirely unfettered. In many western in New Orleans, the nation’s first black accessible chapter. Others are organized settings, members of the hierarchy curtailed Catholic college. Butler offers a compelling thematically—covering travels, labor, their freedom considerably. Across God’s portrait of Drexel, and uses her as a lens finances, struggles over control, and ethnic Frontiers examines recurring tensions between through which to view sisters’ relationships intersections. Without a central figure to sisters and their clerical superiors over power, with Native Americans in the West. anchor each one, we find one disadvantage authority, and the pace of change. Particularly of Butler’s comprehensiveness; it is often notable is the story Mother Amadeus Dunne, Orphaned by Francis Drexel’s death difficult, even for specialists, to keep track an Ursuline who traveled from Toledo to in 1885 (his wife had died two years before), of the many individuals and congregations Montana in 1884. Thirty-eight years of age his three daughters inherited not only his she references. Nevertheless, it is impossible Across God’s Frontiers . utler’s at the time, she had suffered from arthritis wealth but also his inclination to direct much not to admire B meticulous research and deft analysis will earn and other health problems, yet she would of it to support Catholic missions in the her high praise from her peers in American thrive in the West, “hon[ing] her agency and American West. Determined to see firsthand women’s, Western, and religious history. independence” as she spearheaded Ursuline how their money was spent, the lively and expansion into Montana, Washington, and sophisticated Drexel sisters traveled to the Alaska. Along the way Dunne repeatedly Dakota Territory in 1887 to visit the Rosebud

19 Recent publications of interest include:

Edward E. Andrews, Catherine A. Brekus, Sarah Mark Clatterbuck, Demons, Native Apostles: Black and Osborne’s World: The Rise Saints, & Patriots: Catholic Indian Missionaries in of Evangelical Christianity Visions of Native America the British Atlantic World in Early America (Yale, through The Indian Sentinel (Harvard, 2013). As 2013). A schoolteacher in (1902–1962) (Marquette, Protestantism expanded Rhode Island, a wife, and a 2009). Few subjects of across the Atlantic world in the 17th and mother, Sarah Osborn led a remarkable American religious history have generated 18th centuries, most evangelists were not revival in the 1760s that brought hundreds the kind of interpretive differences that has white Anglo-Americans, as scholars have of people, including many slaves, to her marked the story of 20th-century Catholic long assumed, but members of the same house each week. Her extensive written missionary work among Native Americans. groups that missionaries were trying to record—encompassing issues ranging In Demons, Saints, and Patriots, Clatterbuck convert. Native Apostles tells of significant from the desire to be “born again” to presents a study of the Catholic missions early modern religious encounters, a suspicion of capitalism—provides a to Native Americans by examining The marshalling wide-ranging research to unique vantage point from which to view Indian Sentinel, a periodical published by shed light on the crucial role of Native the emergence of evangelicalism. Sarah the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions Americans, Africans, and black slaves in Osborn’s World is the first book to mine from 1902 until 1962. Protestant missionary work. The result this remarkable woman’s prolific personal is a pioneering view of religion’s spread and spiritual record. Brekus recovers the through the colonial world. Far from being largely forgotten story of Osborn’s life as one Frank J. Coppa, The advocates for empire, native apostles’ of the most charismatic female religious Life and Pontificate of position as cultural intermediaries gave leaders of her time, while also connecting Pope Pius XII (Catholic them unique opportunities to challenge her story to the rising evangelical University of America, colonialism, situate indigenous peoples movement in 18th-century America. 2013). Eugenio Pacelli, Pope within a longer Christian history, and Brekus sets Osborn’s experience in the Pius XII, is one of the most harness scripture to secure a place for context of her revivalist era and expands studied but least understood popes of the themselves and their followers. our understanding of the dawn of the 20th century, while his pontificate remains evangelical movement—a movement the most turbulent and controversial. that transformed Protestantism in the Although there is a general consensus Pope Benedict XVI, A decades before the American Revolution. that he faced serious problems during his Reason Open to God: On tenure—fascist aggression, the Second Universities, Education, World War, the Nazi genocide of the Jews, & Culture, ed. by J. Steven Brycchan Carey, From the march of communism, and the Cold Brown (Catholic University Peace to Freedom: Quaker War—scholars disagree on his response to of America, 2013). Pope Rhetoric and the Birth these developments. In contrast, Coppa Benedict XVI sets out his vision for Catholic of American Antislavery, presents a balanced account of his life and higher education in this first and to date 1657–1761 (Yale, 2012). In times. This is a biography of the man as only collection of his major addresses on the first book to investigate well as the pope. Coppa probes the roots the topic. What is the mission and identity in detail the origins of antislavery thought of his traditionalism and legalism, his of a Catholic university? What are the and rhetoric within the Society of Friends, approach to modernity and reformism in responsibilities of administrators, teachers, Carey argues that the Quakers turned Church and society, and the influences and students in Catholic institutes of against slavery in the first half of the 18th behind his policies and actions. higher learning? Where does the central century and became the first organization theme of “love of God and others” fit into to take a stand against the slave trade. academia? Featured are the various speeches Through meticulous examination of the Mary Jeremy Daigler, he has given to university audiences since earliest writings of the Friends, including Incompatible with God’s his pontificate began. Also included are journals and letters, Carey reveals the Design: A History of the select addresses on education and culture, society’s gradual transition from expressing Women’s Ordination themes that go to the heart of the mission doubt about slavery to adamant opposition. Movement in the U.S. of the university and possess a value for He shows that while progression toward Roman Catholic Church society as a whole. this stance was ongoing, it was slow and (Scarecrow, 2013). Daigler has written a uneven and that it took vigorous internal comprehensive history of the Roman debate and discussion to ultimately reach Catholic women’s ordination movement a call for abolition. in the United States. Starting with the movement’s background from the early American period through the early 20th

20 century to Vatican II and afterward, she Linford D. Fisher, The James L. Heft, ed., After considers the role of women in the Indian Great Awakening: Vatican II: Trajectories movement’s evolution, the organization of Religion and the Shaping of and Hermeneutics the ordination movement in the United Native Cultures in Early (Eerdmans, 2012). Since States, the role and response of clergy and America (Oxford, 2012). the closing of Vatican II Vatican teachings, the reality of Fisher examines Native (1962-1965) nearly 50 international influences on the U.S. American communities in Rhode Island, years ago, several multivolume studies movement, and the full range of challenges Connecticut, western Massachusetts, and have detailed how the bishops at the past and present to the ordination movement. Long Island (NY), over the course of the council debated successive drafts and 18th century, particularly with regard to finally approved the 16 documents their involvement in the so-called “Great published as the proceedings of the Marc O. DeGirolami, The Awakening” of the 1740s. Using a wide range council. However, the meaning of those Tragedy of Religious of printed and archival sources, he traces the documents, their proper interpretations, Freedom (Harvard, 2013). selective adoption of Christian ideas and and the ongoing developments they set Offering new views of how to practices by native individuals prior to and in motion have been hotly debated. In understand and protect during the Great Awakening. Fisher also a word, Vatican II continues to be very religious freedom in a reveals the emergence, post-awakening, of a much a topic of discussion and debate in democracy, The Tragedy of Religious Freedom distinct Indian separatism in response to the Roman Catholic Church and beyond. challenges the idea that matters of law and a growing proto-racism. While Indian The council was an extraordinarily religion should be referred to far-flung involvement in the Great Awakening has often complex reality. It is no wonder, therefore, theories about the First Amendment. been seen as total and complete conversion, that opinions vary, sometimes sharply, as Examining a broad array of contemporary Fisher casts it as another step in the ongoing, to its significance. This volume explores and more established Supreme Court tentative engagement of native peoples these major flashpoints. rulings, DeGirolami explains why with Christianity in the colonial world. conflicts implicating religious liberty are so emotionally fraught and deeply contested. David A. Hollinger, After Twenty-first-century realities of pluralism Brad S. Gregory, The Cloven Tongues of Fire: have outrun how scholars think about Unintended Reformation: Protestant Liberalism in religious freedom, DeGirolami asserts. He How a Religious Revolution Modern American History seeks to turn our attention from abstract Secularized Society (Princeton, 2013). The role values to concrete, historical realities, and (Harvard, 2012). Gregory of liberalized, ecumenical he argues that social history, characterized identifies the unintended Protestantism in American history has by the struggles of lawyers engaged in the consequences of the Protestant Reformation sometimes been obscured by the more details of irreducible conflicts, represents and traces the way it shaped the modern flamboyant and reactionary versions the most promising avenue to negotiate condition over the course of the following of the faith that oppose evolution, legal conflicts over religion. five centuries. A hyperpluralism of religious embrace narrow ideas of family values, and secular beliefs, an absence of any and insist that the United States is a substantive common good, the triumph of Christian nation. In this book, Hollinger Mark Thomas Edwards, capitalism and its driver, consumerism— examines how liberal Protestant thinkers The Right of the Protestant all these, Gregory argues, were long-term struggled to embrace modernity, even Left: God’s Totalitarianism effects of a movement that marked the at the cost of yielding much of the (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). end of more than a millennium during symbolic capital of Christianity to more Edward’s book explores which Christianity provided a framework conservative, evangelical communities of the centrality of religious for shared intellectual, social, and moral life faith. Hollinger’s essays, collected here realignment for the development of in the West. Today, Gregory believes, we are for the first time, show that discussion American and global politics during the past left with fragments: intellectual disagreements of religious ideas has been central to century. It tells the story of the “Christian that splinter into specialized discourse; a Protestant liberalization throughout the Realists” who led the American Protestant notion that modern science—as the source history of the United States. Accordingly, left following World War I. As a public of all truth—necessarily undermines they shed light on the complex relationship theological community with transnational religious belief; a pervasive resort to a between religion and politics in America. ties, the Realists attacked modern civilization, therapeutic vision of religion; and the preached participatory democratic relations, institutionalized assumption that only and called for a catholic world Protestantism. secular universities can pursue knowledge. In religion as well as in politics, the Realists and The Unintended Reformation asks what their associates at home and abroad proved to propelled the West into this trajectory be the authentic religious right of their era. of pluralism and polarization, and posits Together, they highlighted the conservativism answers deep in our medieval past. within 20th-century American liberalism.

21 Recent publications of interest include:

Kathleen Holscher, the Protestant Swiss-German church Michael Pasquier, ed., Gods Religious Lessons: Catholic historian, Philip Schaff, and the French of the Mississippi (Indiana, Sisters and the Captured Catholic philosopher, Jacques Maritain. 2013). From the colonial School Crisis in New period to the present, the Mexico (Oxford, 2012). Mississippi River has Holscher tells the story of Susan Jacoby, The Great influenced religious Zellers v. Huff, a lawsuit that challenged Agnostic: Robert Ingersoll communities from Minnesota to the Gulf of the employment of nearly 150 Catholic and American Freethought Mexico. Exploring the religious landscape religious in public schools across New (Yale, 2013). Jacoby restores along the 2,530 miles of the largest river Mexico in 1948. The “Dixon case” was the Ingersoll to his rightful place system in North America, the essays in Gods most famous in a series of mid-century in an American intellectual of the Mississippi make a compelling case for suits targeting what opponents dubbed tradition extending from Thomas Jefferson American religion in motion—not just from “captive schools.” Spearheaded by and Thomas Paine to the current generation east to west, but also from north to south. Protestants and Other Americans United of “new atheists.” Jacoby illuminates the With discussion of topics such as the for Separation of Church and State, the ways in which America’s often-denigrated religions of the Black Atlantic, religion and publicity campaign built around Zellers and forgotten secular history encompasses empire, antebellum religious movements, the drew on centuries-old rhetoric of Catholic issues, ranging from women’s rights to Mormons at Nauvoo, black religion in the captivity to remind Americans about the evolution, as potent and divisive today delta, Catholicism in the Deep South, and threat of Catholic power in the post-War era, as they were in Ingersoll’s time. Ingersoll Johnny Cash and religion, this volume and the danger sisters dressed in Catholic emerges in this portrait as one of the contributes to a richer understanding of this habits posed to the nation’s public education. indispensable public figures who keep an diverse, dynamic, and fluid religious world. Holscher views the captive school crusade alternative version of history alive. as a transitional episode in the Protestant- Catholic conflicts that dominate American Emile Perreau-Saussine, church-state history. The scope of the book James H. Moorehead, Catholicism and Democracy: also goes beyond legal discourse to stress the Princeton Seminary in An Essay in the History of experiences that defined the church-state American Religion and Political Thought (Princeton, relationship for ordinary Americans and Culture (Eerdmans, 2012). 2012). Perreau-Saussine made constitutional questions about The story of Princeton investigates the church’s sisters relevant to them. Theological Seminary, response to liberal democracy. Looking the Presbyterian Church’s first seminary at leading philosophers and political in America, begins in 1812, shortly theologians, he shows how the church Thomas Albert Howard, after the United States had entered into redefined its relationship to the state in God and the Atlantic: its second war against Great Britain. the long wake of the French Revolution. America, Europe, and the Princeton went on to become a model of Disenfranchised by the fall of the monarchy, Religious Divide (Oxford, American theological education, setting the church in France at first looked to the 2013). Since the 18th-century the standard for subsequent seminaries papacy for spiritual authority. Perreau- Enlightenment, the United and other religious higher education Saussine argues that this move paradoxically States and Western Europe’s paths to institutions. Princeton’s story is uniquely combined a fundamental repudiation of modernity have diverged sharply with intertwined with American religious and the liberal political order with an implicit respect to religion. In short, Americans cultural history, the history of theological acknowledgment of one of its core principles, have maintained much friendlier ties with education, the Presbyterian Church, and the autonomy of the church from the traditional forms of religion than have their conceptions of ministry in general. Thus, state. Yet he shows that in the context of European counterparts. What explains this volume will interest not only those 20th-century totalitarianism, the Catholic this transatlantic religious divide? Howard with links to Princeton but also historians Church retrieved elements of its Gallican argues that an “Atlantic gap” in religious of religion, Presbyterians, leaders within heritage and came to embrace another liberal matters has deep and complex historical seminaries and Christian colleges, and (and Gallican) principle, the autonomy of roots. Acknowledging the importance of all who are interested in the history of the state from the church, for the sake of Alexis de Tocqueville for the topic, Howard Christian thought in America. its corollary, freedom of religion. Perreau- argues that a widespread overreliance on Saussine concludes that Catholics came to Tocqueville as interpreter of America has terms with liberal democracy, though not had a tendency to overshadow other without abiding concerns about the potential European voices. Two underappreciated of that system to compromise freedom of figures here receive due attention: religion in the pursuit of other goals.

22 Joerg Rieger and Kwok Pui John G. Turner, Brigham Jeff Wilson,Dixie Dharma: Lan, eds., Occupy Religion: Young: Pioneer Prophet Inside a Buddhist Temple Theology of the Multitude (Harvard, 2012). Brigham in the American South (Rowman & Littlefield, Young was a rough-hewn (U. of North Carolina, 2012). Occupy Religion craftsman from New York 2012). Buddhism in the introduces readers to the whose impoverished and United States is often growing role of religion in the Occupy obscure life was electrified by the Mormon viewed in connection with practitioners Movement and asks provocative questions faith. He trudged around the United in the Northeast and on the West Coast, about how people of faith can work for States and England to gain converts for but in fact, it has been spreading and social justice. From the temperance movement Mormonism, spoke in spiritual tongues, evolving throughout the United States to the Civil Rights movement, churches married more than 50 women, and since the mid-19th century. In Dixie have played key roles in important social eventually transformed a barren desert into Dharma, Jeff Wilson argues that region movements, and Occupy Religion shows his vision of the Kingdom of God. Turner is crucial to understanding American this role to be no less critical today. provides a fully realized portrait of a Buddhism. Through the lens of a colossal figure in American religion, politics, multidenominational Buddhist temple and westward expansion. He reveals the in Richmond, Virginia, Wilson explores David R. Swartz, Moral complexity of Young, whose commitment how Buddhists are adapting to life in Minority: The Evangelical made a deep imprint on his church and the conservative evangelical Christian Left in an Age of the American Mountain West. culture of the South, and how traditional Conservatism (U. of Southerners are adjusting to these newer Pennsylvania, 2012). In 1973, members on the religious landscape. nearly a decade before the Robert A. Ventresca, Soldier height of the Moral Majority, a group of of Christ: The Life of Pius progressive activists assembled in a Chicago XII (Harvard, 2013). Debates Michael P. Winship, Godly YMCA to strategize about how to move over the legacy of Pope Pius Republicanism: Puritans, the nation in a more evangelical direction XII and his canonization Pilgrims, and a City on through political action. When they are so heated they are known a Hill (Harvard, 2012). emerged, the Washington Post predicted as the “Pius wars.” Soldier of Christ moves Massachusetts emerged that the new evangelical left could “shake beyond competing caricatures and considers a republic as Plymouth both political and religious life in America.” Pius XII as Eugenio Pacelli, a flawed and Puritans hammered out a vision of popular The following decades proved thePost both gifted man. While offering insight into participation and limited government in right and wrong—evangelical participation the pope’s response to Nazism, Ventresca church and state. In Godly Republicanism in the political sphere was intensifying, argues that it was the Cold War and Pius Winship underscores how pathbreaking but in the end it was the religious right, XII’s manner of engaging with the modern yet rooted in puritanism’s history the not the left, that built a viable movement world that defined his pontificate. Drawing project was. He takes us first to England, and mobilized electorally. How did the from a diversity of international sources, where he uncovers the roots of the puritans’ evangelical right gain a moral monopoly, including unexplored documentation republican ideals in the aspirations and and why were evangelical progressives, who from the Vatican, Ventresca reveals a struggles of Elizabethan Presbyterians. The had shown such promise, left behind? paradoxical figure: a prophetic reformer puritans took their ideals to Massachusetts, Swartz sets out to answer these questions, of limited vision whose leadership both but they did not forge their godly republic charting the rise, decline, and political stimulated the emergence of a global alone. In this book the separatists’ legacy of this movement. Catholicism and sowed doubt and contentious, creative interaction with dissension among some of the church’s the puritans is given its due. Winship most faithful servants. argues that out of the encounter between the separatist Plymouth Pilgrims and the puritans of Massachusetts Bay arose Massachusetts Congregationalism.

23 Recent journal articles of interest include:

Heath W. Carter, “Scab Ministers, Brett Malcolm Grainger, “Vital Nature Mary K. Schueneman, “A Leavening Force: Striking Saints: Christianity and Class and Vital Piety: Johann Arendt and the African American Women and Christian Conflict in 1894 Chicago,” American Evangelical Vitalism of Cotton Mather,” Mission in the Civil Rights Era,” Church Nineteenth Century History 11, no. 3 Church History 81, no. 4 (December History 81, no. 4 (December 2012): 852-72. (September 2010): 321-49. 2012): 852-72. Douglas J. Slawson, “‘The Negro Joseph P. Chinnici, O.F.M., “Ecumenism, Richard L. Jordan, “The ‘Prophet’ of Problem’: Two Catholic Journalistic Civil Rights, and the Second Vatican Interposition”: The Reverend Ian Paisley Debates over the Equality of Blacks,” Council: The American Experience,” U S. . and American Segregation,” New Hibernia American Catholic Studies 123, no. 2 Catholic Historian 30, no. 3 (summer Review 15, no. 2 (summer 2011): 40-63. (summer 2012): 1-29. 2012): 21-49. Julieta Lemaitre, “By Reason Alone: Joseph A. Varacalli, “Catholicism, the Robert Elder, “A Twice Sacred Circle: Catholicism, Constitutions, and Sex in Tea Party Movement, and American Women, Evangelicalism, and Honor in the Americas,” International Journal of Civilization: Questions, Propositions, and the Deep South, 1784–1860,” Journal of Constitutional Law 10, no. 2 (March Proposals,” Catholic Social Science Review Southern History 78, no. 3 (August 2012): 2012): 493-511. 17 (October 2012): 351-5. 579-614. Sarah Miller-Davenport, “‘Their Blood Tim Verhoeven, “The Case for Sunday J. Brooks Flippen, “Carter, Catholics, and Shall Not Be Shed in Vain’: American Mails: Sabbath Laws and the Separation the Politics of Family,” American Catholic Evangelical Missionaries and the Search of Church and State in Jacksonian Studies 123, no. 3 (fall 2012): 27-51. for God and Country in Post-World War America,” Journal of Church and State 55, II Asia,” Journal of American History 99, no. 1 (winter 2013): 71-91. Bridget Ford, “Black Spiritual Defiance no. 4 (March 2013): 1109-32. and the Politics of Slavery in Antebellum Louisville,” Journal of Southern History 78, Matthew D. O’Hara, “The Supple Whip: no. 1 (February 2012): 69-106. Innovation and Tradition in Mexican Catholicism,” American Historical Review K. Healan Gaston, “The Cold War Romance 117, no. 5 (December 2012): 1373-1401. of Religious Authenticity: Will Herberg, William F. Buckley, Jr., and the Rise of the Karen E. Park, “The Negotiation of New Right,” Journal of American History Authority at a Frontier Marian Apparition Follow us on 99, no. 4 (March 2013): 1133-58. Site: Adele Brise and Our Lady of Good Facebook: Help,” American Catholic Studies 123, no. Christine L. M. Gervais, “Canadian Women 3 (fall 2012): 1-26. facebook.com/ Religious’ Negotiation of Feminism and Catholicism,” Sociology of Religion 73, no. Jeanne Petit, “‘Up against a Stone Wall’: CushwaCenter 4 (winter 2012): 384-410. Women, Power and the National Catholic View photos of Community Houses,” American Catholic Cushwa Center events: Glenda Goodman, “‘The Tears I Shed at the Studies 123, no. 2 (summer 2012): 31-57. flickr.com/CushwaCenter Songs of Thy Church’: Seventeenth-Century Musical Piety in the English Atlantic World,” Erika B. Seamon, “Protecting Religious Journal of the American Musicological Liberty: A Comparative Analysis of the Society 65, no. 3 (fall 2012): 691-725. Educational Philosophies of Thomas Jefferson and John Courtney Murray, SJ,” Journal of Church and State 54, no. 4 (autumn 2012): 551-80.

24 continued from page 12

The Voice of Notre Dame spoke for the students, providing national and local news and commentary. October 7, 1964: “Humphrey at Stepan For L.B.J. Rally” on page 1; “Speaker Policy a Gag Rule” on page 2; “Since New Draft Procedure Adopted, Army ROTC Down, Air Force Up” on page 3; “Club ’65 Party Set for Sat.” on page 4; “Cast Selected for King Lear” on page 5; “Big Drum No Joke: Largest In World” on page 6; “Belafonte Begins College Tour At Mardi Gras Kickoff Concert” on page 7; “Boilermakers Cooled Before Capacity Crowd” on page 8. Links to all of these publications may be found at archives.nd.edu/digital, which is our new Digital Collections webpage (a work still in process). Halfway down the page, after the newly digitized Notre Dame publications, our two digitized manuscript collections appear: Records of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas, 1576-1803, and Family Papers of William Tecumseh Sherman, 1808-1891. These have been available for several years, and we continue to improve these collections by replacing frames that did not digitize well and increasing detail in the description that makes it possible to search the collections. We published both collections on microfilm in the late 1960s, with help from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission. Microfilm, invented a few years before the founding of Notre Dame, made it possible for scholars to stay home even before digitization came along. We produced our digital versions from the microfilm in 2001. Most of the documents in the Records of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas date from the first decade during which the diocese actually flourished, 1793-1803. The relatively few earlier documents from the region technically belong to the Diocese of Santiago de Cuba (1762-1793) or to the Diocese of Quebec (before 1762). An archival calendar containing descriptions of each item in the collection provides access by date and an interactive search mechanism makes the calendar entries searchable by key word. Click on thumbnail images to the left of the calendar descriptions to see larger images of the documents. Each image is available in three sizes in addition to the thumbnail size. Concerning the Sherman Papers, we frequently hear this question: Was General Sherman Catholic? Short answer: no. But he grew up among the Ewings, a Catholic family in southern Ohio. Thomas Ewing, who raised him, was a United States Senator from Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler, Secretary of the Interior under Presidents Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore, and advisor to President Andrew Johnson. Sherman married Thomas Ewing’s daughter Ellen. She and their children lived at Notre Dame and Saint Mary’s College during the Civil War. They had family ties to Father Neal Gillespie of Notre Dame and Mother Angela Gillespie of Saint Mary’s College. So the Family Papers of General Sherman represent a prominent 19th-century Catholic family. They include correspondence between Sherman and the Ewings, documents concerning the Sherman children, diaries of Sherman and his wife, and many transcriptions of correspondence by later family members. These transcriptions can be read and searched on the Sherman web page. Another frequently asked question generally comes from a novice researcher, not from a seasoned scholar adventurer. “I’m on your website, and I see the list of what you have, but when I click on a line I can’t see the documents. What am I doing wrong?” You are not doing anything wrong. We do not have everything in the archives digitized. But we are making progress slowly, and if your interests run to Notre Dame publications, to Louisiana history, or to documents of the Civil War, you’re in luck. — Wm. Kevin Cawley Archivist and Curator of Manuscripts University of Notre Dame archives@nd .edu

25 Cushwa Center Activities continued from page 2 Order of Hibernians, was held in Ireland. Fighting Irish. During the U.S. Civil War, One of the country’s best known and Whelan reports, Irish immigrants were with respect to prominent Catholics widely published scholars, Kevin Whelan, enthusiastic soldiers, and 38 Union regiments and Catholic politicians visiting the site. delighted the audience at O’Connell had the word “Irish” in their names. “The Appleby thought elites might have House with his account of the historic most famous of these regiments was New deemed the shrine “too redolent of the and ongoing connections between Notre York’s “Fighting 69th’—the original ‘Fighting immigrant church,” or perhaps too Dame and Ireland. Irish’—which lost 196 of its 317 men at blandly inclusive. Either way, they Antietam,” Whelan writes in Notre Dame Whelan knows the topic personally: In would not have considered it a “safe and Ireland. Three ND priests, William 1998 he was named the inaugural Michael place” for an ostensibly “nationalized” Corby, James Dillon, and Paul Gillen, Smurfit Director of the Keough-Naughton religion post-JFK. In his response, Tweed served as chaplains to this brigade. Notre Dame Centre, and from 1999 to 2011 indicated that directors and proponents he directed the annual Irish Seminar, the “The Notre Dame chaplains’ association of the shrine often lacked a clear vision leading seminar in the field of Irish Studies. with the Irish Brigade, especially Father of how the space should function. They He also counts Brother Aidan O’Reilly CSC Corby’s iconic role in some of the most tended to be timid, seeking Vatican and (1877-1948), among his great uncles. important battles, created an indelible link congressional approval for their ideas and Whelan has written or edited 16 books and between ND and the ‘Fighting Irish,’” not always marketing them in effective Whelan writes. He also points to the way ways. During the 1990s, the director “did the moniker served as a positive reversal of a a shrewd thing” by proposing a vision of negative, anti-Catholic stereotype prevalent the shrine as immigrant church. Since then, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. “As dozens of ethnic chapels have been built current president Father John Jenkins CSC within its walls. Had they gone with the notes, the ‘Fighting Irish’ nickname began “immigrant theme” earlier or in a more as a slur by opponents ‘but the university sustained fashion, Tweed posited, perhaps embraced that name and transformed it to the shrine would have been more appealing represent the real resilience of the Irish.’” to more people. Duncan Stroik then asked Tweed to comment on the placement of Whelan spoke of other connections, the both the National Shrine and National including how 15 of ND’s 17 presidents Cathedral relative to the White House. have been of Irish descent, and that a steady Tweed responded that prior to the building stream of notable Irish people have visited of these two structures, an architectural campus, including poets William Butler model suggesting spiritual and political Yeats and Seamus Heaney, musical groups unity simply did not exist in America. U2 and the Chieftains, and presidents Mary Discussion ranged over a number of topics Robinson and Mary McAleese. “The thereafter, including what the insertion of continuing esteem in which Notre Dame Catholicism into civic life entailed during is held in Ireland is attested by the granting a brutal period of immigration restriction of honorary Irish citizenship to two leading and Ku Klux Klan activity; the relationship Kevin Whelan figures in the modern history of the between Catholic civic representation more than 100 articles on Ireland’s history, university: Don Keough in 2007 and Father and Catholic voting activity; and the geography, and culture. Most recently, Whelan Ted Hesburgh CSC in 2012,” Whelan writes. significance of the shrine in our current, edited Notre Dame and Ireland, a full-color antagonistic, immigration climate. And the continuing esteem in which book that highlights the University’s Dublin Ireland is held at Notre Dame is attested Program, the Irish Studies program, and the by scheduling the Hibernian Lecture, Hibernian Lecture ties between the country and the University. traditionally held on the eve of a home football game, at the University’s The Emerald Isle Classic that drew “I am so proud that Notre Dame can O’Connell House in Dublin. thousands of Notre Dame fans to Dublin claim our 2012 Hibernian Lecturer as one of also set the stage for the 2012 Hibernian our own,” said Kathleen Sprows Cummings, Lecture, an annual event that showcases a director of the Cushwa Center, in her Coeducation Panel leading scholar of Irish or Irish-American introduction of Whelan. history. This was the first time that the On November 8 approximately 150 Whelan helped clarify how an American lecture, sponsored by Notre Dame’s Notre Dame alumni, students, faculty, institution with a French name founded by Cushwa Center for the Study of American and staff gathered for a panel discussion a French priest came to be known as the Catholicism and funded by the Ancient commemorating the 40th anniversary of

26 coeducation at the university. The event, the quality of the student body. wasn’t about to start.” Palmer’s friend went “Paving the Way: Reflections on the Early on to receive the top grade in that class. Years of Coeducation at Notre Dame,” Second, they reasoned that as high Palmer, too, was thankful for Notre Dame was sponsored by the Cushwa Center, schools became more coeducational, a staff, who were always there “if you just Department of American Studies, single-sex Notre Dame might appear less wanted to talk, to unburden to someone in Program of Gender Studies, and Badin attractive by comparison. Third, they saw that authority about the weirdness of your day.” Hall. Panelists included Susan Poulson, women were taking on a more prominent professor of history at the University of role in professional life, which suggested Sterling recounted how confusing the Scranton and co-editor of Going Coed: whole process was. “On the one hand,” she Women’s Experiences in Formerly Men’s said, “we were treated as something special.” Colleges and Universities, 1950-2000; Rev. Television cameras followed the women Tom Blantz, CSC, ’57, ’63 MA, professor around during their first few days on of history at the University of Notre Dame campus, and a large banner that read “We’re and former vice president for student affairs; Glad You’re Here” flew above the welcoming Kathleen Cekanski-Farrand, ’73 JD, attorney picnic. But after the initial excitement for the South Bend City Council and one and goodwill had ebbed, women had to of the first women’s hall rectors (Badin Hall contend with angry upperclassmen, rumors 1972-73, Breen-Phillips Hall 1973-74); of angry alumni, men rating women’s looks Ann Therese Darin Palmer, ’73, ’75 MBA, in the South Dining Hall, and general editor of Thanking Father Ted: Thirty-Five male befuddlement about how to treat their Years of Notre Dame Coeducation; Jeanine new female peers. Given such pressures, Sterling ’76, chair of the ND Women Sterling said, many women did not Connect steering committee; and Dan understand why the university “hadn’t Reagan ’76, principal of D.G. Reagan & warned them about what they were getting Associates LLC and former associate vice into or hadn’t provided any tools or president for university relations at Notre Susan Poulson preparation beforehand.” She also now Dame (2003-12). Kathleen Cummings, wonders “why the university didn’t Director of the Cushwa Center, that men should begin working alongside proactively and regularly take each of us introduced the panelists. them in college. Finally, they knew that aside after classes began and say, ‘Let’s talk. small Catholic women’s colleges were having Tell me what you’re dealing with.’” Despite The first to speak was Poulson, who difficulties, and that if Catholic education these initial setbacks, however, Sterling found presented an overview of coeducation in was to remain available to women, schools that the situation improved each year. Her America. Surveying the integration of like Notre Dame should open their doors “biggest lesson,” she recalled, “was learning women into higher education from the to them. Initially, administrators thought how to persevere when things got tough.” mid-19th through the 21st centuries, she the university could best integrate women made four general observations. First, through a union with Saint Mary’s College The event concluded with comments coeducation was often initially controversial, but too many disagreements stood in the way by Regan, who shed light on why male as it challenged traditional gender norms. of the merger, which was called off in 1971. students acted as they did toward the women Second, the transition was often difficult for during the 1970s. He remembered that many students and administrators alike. Women, The next four panelists told the story of them felt intimidated by their female for example, faced sexism, while the student of coeducation from their own personal counterparts. Their fear led them to do population as a whole confronted new experiences. Cekanski-Farrand spoke of “what . . . males do” in such circumstances. dating cultures. Meanwhile, administrations tensions that often arose between women and “They try to be funny; they try to take struggled with how to accommodate men on campus. She recalled how men, upon advantage of larger numbers; they lose sight women on formerly male campuses, as well learning of women’s generally superior grades, of decorum”; and they fall victim to “group as larger questions about institutional grew intimidated about dating them; and think” all of which made life difficult for reputation. Third, men and women tended that men also became upset over the washers their female classmates. But Regan continues to mix more easily once a generation or and dryers in women’s dorms—luxuries that to admire the women of 1972 as “pioneers,” two had passed. Fourth, by adopting male dorms lacked. But she was grateful and raised his own daughters with them “in coeducation in the mid-20th century, to campus clergy, who strove to welcome mind as role models.” Grateful to Notre Catholic higher education took on many the women and ease their transition. Dame for opening its doors to women, features of its secular peers. Regan concluded with a quote from Paul Palmer remembered her experience as Rathburn, a longtime professor, now “an exhilarating, baffling, thrill-a-minute Blantz then reflected on why, and how, retired, in the College of Arts and Letters: adventure,” which was sometimes “very Notre Dame administrators began to admit “I was convinced at the time,” Rathburn said, lonely” as well. It could also be “weird,” as women. First, they recognized that if the “and still am, that ‘going co-ed’ was one one of her friends discovered when a university were open to women it would of the most brilliant moves Notre Dame professor refused to teach her on the grounds make available a much larger pool of ever made. The University will never be that “he’d never taught a woman before and applicants, which would in turn increase the same, and I thank God for it.”

27 Nonpro t Organization U.S. Postage PAID AMERICAN CATHOLIC STUDIES Notre Dame, Indiana NEWSLETTER Permit No. 10 Upcoming Events Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism University of Notre Dame Cushwa Center 407 Geddes HallHibernian Lecture Seminar in American Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5611 Lecture James Barrett, University of Illinois Religion at Urbana-Champaign John L. Allen, Jr., National Catholic Reporter The Death and Afterlife of the North Author of The Irish Way: Becoming Author of The Future Church: How Ten American Martyrs (Harvard, 2013) American in the Multiethnic City Trends Are Revolutionizing the Catholic Author: Emma Anderson, (Penguin, 2012) Church (Image, 2009) University of Ottawa Friday, November 1, 2013 Monday, September 30, 2013 Commentators: 4:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m. Tracy Neal Leavelle, Creighton University Go to cushwa.nd.edu/events Thomas Tweed, University of Notre Dame Go to cushwa.nd.edu/events for the latest information. for the latest information. Saturday, November 16, 2013 9 a.m.–12 noon Notre Dame Conference Center, McKenna Hall

THE CUSHWA CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF AMERICAN CATHOLICISM

The Cushwa Center seeks to promote and encourage the scholarly study of the American Catholic tradition through instruction, research, publication and the collection of historical materials. Named for its benefactors, Charles and Margaret Hall Cushwa of Youngstown, Ohio, the Center strives to deepen the understanding of Catholics’ historical role and contemporary expressions of their religious tradition in the United States. The American Catholic Studies Newsletter is prepared by the staff of the Cushwa Center and published twice yearly. ISSN: 1081-4019

Director: ...... Kathleen Sprows Cummings Communications and Outreach Specialist: ...... Heather Grennan Gary Senior Administrative Assistant: ...... Paula Brach Graduate Assistant: ...... Joshua Kercsmar

Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism University of Notre Dame 407 Geddes Hall Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5611

Email address: [email protected] Website: cushwa.nd.edu