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The Politics of Electricity Liberalisation in the EU, Ukraine and Russia (1990 - 2010)

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The Politics of Electricity Liberalisation in the EU, Ukraine and Russia (1990 - 2010) Regulatory Challenges: The Politics of Electricity Liberalisation in the EU, Ukraine and Russia (1990 - 2010) Universität Hamburg Fakultät Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades der Doktorin der Philosophie am Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg (gemäß der PromO vom 24. August 2010) vorgelegt von Katsiaryna Illiushchenia aus Starie Dorogie (Belarus) Hamburg 2014 Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Detlef Nolte Datum der Disputation: 28. Juli 2014 Acknowledgements During the process of writing this thesis I received support, intellectually, morally and personally, from a number of persons. First of all, I would like to thank the staff and professors of the institutes that hosted me, namely the Institute for Political Science of the University of Hamburg, the Europa-College Hamburg, the Research Centre for East European Studies of the University of Bremen, the Kiev National University and, finally, the High School of Economics in Moscow. These institutions provided me with indispensable social and intellectual capital and offered a forum to discuss the issues this study confronts. The graduate colloquiums at the Research Centre for East European Studies of the University of Bremen and the Institute for Political Science of the University of Hamburg offered me an inspiring research environment of intelligent and creative young researchers. I could not have written this thesis without the constant support of both my supervisors, Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff and Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit. My deep thanks go to both for their indispensable support and intelligent comments. Their motivating ideas and thoughts resulting from their own research areas and their open-mindedness motivated me to finalize the thesis. Besides the academic circles, I am deeply indebted to Ukrainian experts from NGOs in Kiev who gave their time and attention and responded to my questions related to my empirical research. In particular, I want to thank Volodymyr Omelchenko from the Razumkov Centre, Dmytro Shulga from the International Renaissance Foundation, Arthur Denisenko from the National Ecological Centre of Ukraine, Ildar Gazizullin from the International Centre for Policy Studies, Roman Nitsovych from the Ua-Energy, Nataliya Andrusevych from the Society and Environmental RAC, Zoriana Mishchuk from the ENENGO “MAMA-86” and Michael M. Gonchar from “Nomos”. The most important backing came from my family. In this context I would like to deeply thank my parents, Ludmila and Vasilij Illiushchenia, and my sister Veronika. Last but not least, I am grateful for the financial support of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation that has bolstered this project from the beginning. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................................13 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................15 1.1 AIM OF THE STUDY AND STATE OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................................................... 15 1.2 THE RESEARCH QUESTION AND THE RESEARCH OUTLINE ................................................................................. 19 1.2.1 The Research Question and Analytical Concepts ........................................................................ 19 1.2.2 Case Selection and Contribution to the Research ....................................................................... 21 1.2.3 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 24 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 26 2. REGULATORY REFORMS AS AN OBJECT OF ANALYSIS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE ......................................28 2.1 OBJECT OF ANALYSIS – REGULATORY REFORMS IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY .................................................... 28 2.1.1 Natural Monopoly in the Electricity Sector ................................................................................. 28 2.1.2 Liberalisation of Electricity Markets ........................................................................................... 30 2.1.3 Economic Models of Electricity Market Organization................................................................. 32 2.2 NEW INSTITUTIONALISM THEORY FOR STUDYING REGULATORY REFORMS ........................................................... 36 2.2.1 Definitions and Key Theoretical Assumptions of the New Institutionalism ................................ 36 2.2.2 Three Perspectives in the New Institutionalism .......................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Theoretical and Methodological Diversity within the New Institutionalism ............................... 41 2.3 EXPLAINING THE OUTCOME OF POLICY-MAKING IN THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR: ACTOR-CENTRED RATIONAL CHOICE NEOINSTITUTIONALISM .................................................................................................................................. 44 2.4 SUB-CONCLUSION: RESEARCH DESIGN ......................................................................................................... 47 3. CASE STUDY I. POLITICS OF ELECTRICITY LIBERALISATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (1990 - 2010) ....52 3.1 ELECTRICITY MARKET REFORM IN THE EU IN THE 1990S ................................................................................. 52 3.1.1 Basic Features of the Power Industry of the Countries of the EU in the 1990s ........................... 52 3.1.2 Regulatory Policies ..................................................................................................................... 56 3.1.2.1 A Long Way to the First Proposal for the Establishment of the Internal Electricity Market ................56 3.1.2.2 A Renewed Proposal for the Electricity Directive 1993 and Negotiations on the Single Buyer Model 59 3.1.2.3 The Content of the Directive 96/92/EC and Its Implementation in the Member States ......................61 3.1.3 Actors’ Constellations on Electricity Liberalisation Policy-Making ............................................. 63 3.1.3.1 Autonomous Actions of EU Institutions vs. Member States ................................................................63 3.1.3.1.1 European Commission vs. Member States ..................................................................................63 3.1.3.1.2 European Parliament vs. Member States ....................................................................................69 3.1.3.1.3 European Court of Justice vs. Member States .............................................................................70 3.1.3.2 Access of Interest Groups to Policy-Making .........................................................................................72 7 3.1.4 Mode of Actors’ Interaction and Its Effectiveness ...................................................................... 75 3.2 ELECTRICITY MARKET REFORM IN THE EU IN THE 2000S ................................................................................. 78 3.2.1 Basic Features of the Power Industry in the Countries of the EU in the 2000s ........................... 78 3.2.2 Regulatory Policies ..................................................................................................................... 82 3.2.2.1 Necessity for Further Harmonisation in the Internal Electricity Market ..............................................82 3.2.2.2 The Way to the Second Electricity Directive ........................................................................................85 3.2.2.3 The Way to the Third Energy Directive ................................................................................................87 3.2.2.4 The Content of the Electricity Directive 2003 and the Electricity Directive 2009 ................................94 3.2.2.5 The Implementation of the Second and the Third Energy Directives between 2004 and 2010 ...........97 3.2.3 Actors’ Constellations on Electricity Liberalisation Policy-Making ........................................... 102 3.2.3.1 Autonomous Actions of EU Institutions vs. Member States ..............................................................102 3.2.3.1.1 European Commission vs. Member States ................................................................................102 3.2.3.1.2 European Parliament vs. Member States ..................................................................................107 3.2.3.1.3 European Court of Justice vs. Member States ...........................................................................110 3.2.3.2 Access of Interest Groups to Policy-Making .......................................................................................111 3.2.4 Mode of Actors’ Interaction and Its Effectiveness .................................................................... 117 3.3 SUB-CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................
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