A Comparative Survey of Reef in Caribbean and Pacific Costa Rica

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Comparative Survey of Reef in Caribbean and Pacific Costa Rica A comparative survey of reef fISh es in Caribbean and Pacific Costa Rica Peter C. Phillips Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. Mikie 1. Perez-Cruet Associated Colleges of the Midwest (ACM), San José, Costa Rica. Present address: University of South Florida, Tam­ pa, Florida 33604, U.S.A. (Received fOI publication November 11, 1983) Abstraet: Fishes from five transects in Manuel Antonio National Park (pacific) and seven transects in Cahuita National Park (Caribbean), Costa Rica were censuscd using a rapíd visual technique from February to April 1982. Cahuita, with 49 species, had a higher overaU species diversity, whereas more individuals were usually seen on the Manuel Antonio transects, where 39 species were counted. Transects with similar habitat com­ plexity showed highest PS values (approximately 60%). Wrasses (Labridae) and damselfish (Pomacentridae) dominated in both the Pacific rock reer and the alribbean coral reef study areas. Individuals up to 7.5 cm usually dominated on transects, but an ¡ncrease in size was observed as the habitat complexity increased. Diversity was low at Cah�ita in relation to other Caribbean reer areas, probably due to the declining state of the coral reer. Thc specics diversity valucs at Manuel Antonio are within the range of values found in Cen­ tral American Pacific estuarine and tidepool studies. Rock reefs and coral reefs morphologically tional Parks, Cahuita (Caribbean) and Manuel present very similar habitats of considerable Antonio (Pacific) during February, March and niche diversity harboring a great variety of fish April 1982. assemblages. Since the structure of a reef is very irregular and complex, most standard STUDY AREA methods of fish sampling (nets), are inadequate (Alevizon and Brooks, 1975). Other melhods Cahuita National Park is situated 35 km which involve lhe use of rotenone (Srnith, soulh of Limón on the Caribbean coast of 1973) or explosives (Talbott and Goldman, Costa Rica (Fig. 1). Its coral reef extends to 1973) are efficient for collections but are 300 m from lhe shore around Cahuita Point frequently incompatible with the goals of areas and is 4 km long. The nearshore currents in lhe set aside for conservation purposes. In order to area flow from north to south. Risk el al. overcome this problem, various visual census (1980) noted that the reef at Cahuita is in a techniques have been developed which require state of decline probably due to heavy sediment no direct collection of fishes (Brock, 1954; loading in the rivers to lhe north of lhe park Hobson, 1974; Jones and Thompson, 1978; during heavy rains aand contamination from Gladfelter el al. , 1980; Sale, 1980). One visual the port city of Limón. In a study by Wel­ method places transects over the study areas tington (1974), 34 species of coral were found and by repeatedly taking sightings of the on the Cahuita reer. abundance of fish species a10ng a transect, an Manuel Antonio National Park, on lhe accurate estimation of fish inhabiting the Pacific coast (Fig. 2), is characterized by rock transect area can be determined. ctiffs interspersed by sand beaches. Allhough The present study utllizes a rapid visual there is no extensive living coral reef at Manuel census technique to estimate the number of Antonio there are numerous rack reefs and fish species, their abundance and size distri­ occasional coral fo nnations. bution in relation to habitat complexity for The transects in bolh study areas were a series of transects at two Costa Rican Na- numbered according to degree of habitat 96 REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL f) Internol eresl PACIFIC OCEAN . �. .. ,. \ . .• .. ... • . .. ... CAR'8B�AN SEA o 500 � m o 500 S � m ! Fig. 1. Transects in Cahuita National Park (Caribbean), Fig. 2. Transects in Manuel Antonio National Park Costa Rica. (pacific), Costa Rica. ....... _". ---. - . F?====. -:i Fig. 3. Overlap in the ichthyofaunal species compo­ Fig. 4. Overlap in the ichthyofaunal species composi­ sition for the seven transects in Cahuita. tion fOI the five transects in Manuel Antonio. complexity, Transect I being tbe least complex. Transeet 3: Inside part of tbe intemal crest, Here, habitat complexity refers to an area 'S composed of c1umps of coral up to 1 m in topographical irregularity. height covered by numerous small patches of Figure 1 indicates the seven different hab· vegetation and algae. The most corumon itats which were sampled at Cahuita: coral s were Diploria sp., Porites sp. and Sideras­ trea sp. Between the coral fo rmations were flat Transeet 1: Located inside the internal reef areas of sand and coral rubble. Deptbs ranged erest, this area was characterized by loose from 0.5 to 1.5 m. dead coral rubble free of vegetation. The bottom was flat witb a depth from 0.5 to 1.5 Transee! 4: Northem part of the reef erest m. loca!ed on tbe poin!. There were large coral fo rmations to 2 m in height. There was also Transect 2: Inside of the reef crest of much vegetation and small patches of the Cahuita point and surrounded by extensive corals; Siderastrea ra dians, MilIepora sp., fields of turtle grass (Thalassia sp.), thls flat Agaricia sp. and Diploria clivosa. This area area was covered by coral formations up to aeted as a buttress against tbe strong incoming 0.75 m in height and small patches ofthe corals current and waves. Mon tastrea sp., Porites spp., and MilIepo­ ra sp. Transee! S: This small coral reef in tbe PHI LLIPS & PEREZ-CR UE T: Reef fishes of Caribbean and Pacific Costa Rica 97 shallowest part of the lagoon included the of the island and the rack outcrapping, but the following corals� Acropora sp .. Siderastrea sp., rocks in the channel were generally of mediurn Po rites sp., Diploria sp., and Corgonia sp. The - size. This area was exposed to the waves surrounding lagoon was of coral rubble. sand entering the bay and Ihere was usual!y a strang beds of Thalassia sp. and large blocks of coral. current. The water depth was from 0.5 to 6 m. This small reef was from 1 to 2 m in depth. Transect s: lnside part of a rack point in Transect 6: On the outer side of the intemal Manuel Antonio Bay. There was one large crest and composed of fields of branching coral head which, along with Ihe racks, ranged o::: Acropora sp. surraunded by areas of MilIepora in height from 0.5 to 2 m. During low tide Ihis sp., Siderastrea radlans, Montastrea caver­ area was protected from the incoming waves by nosa, Pon' tes astreoides, Agarióa agaricites, the rock pojnt, which was uoderwater at high Diploria stn'gosa and Mo ntastrea annualus. tide. The water depth was fram 0.5 to 5 m. This area 's irregularity provided a very complex habitat for fishes. The water depth was fram 0.5 to 3 m. MATERIAL AND METHODS Transect 7: This most complex habitat was a Dne huodred foot transects were perma­ reef located between the internal and externa! nentIy identified with plastic jugs secured by crests. It was made up of large branching eord to the bottom. Fishes were sighted by the Acropora palmata that extended to heights of 4 junior author equipped with snorkeling gear. m. Also there were large heads of Diploria Eight sightings of each lOO foot transect stngosa, Siderastrea radians and Montastrea were taken irrespective of tidal stage and cavernosa and large patches of MilIepora sp., recorded 00 an underwater writing pad. Each Porites astreoides, Dichocoenia stokesii, Col­ transect included a field 1 m to either side pophyllia sp., Porites porites and Agarida and from Ihe bollom to Ihe surfaee. Photo­ agaricites. The water depth ranged fram O to 6 graphs of fish species that could not be im­ m. mediately identified were taken with a Nikonos Figure 2 indica tes the five different habitats 4A underwater camera. An effort was also which were sampled at Manuel Antonio: made to record the fish species that hid in caves or under coral during the day , sinee the visual Transect 1: This plain area was located oear technique is only accurate for diurnal species the beach in Manuel Antonio Bay and was (Broek, 1982). Therefore, the transect data characterized by smal! racks, pebbles and coral reflect relative rather than absolute abundance. rubble which were covered in sorne places by The use of snorkeling gear tends to reduce Ihe algae. The water depth was approximatley 4 m. amount of noise assoeiated wilh SCUBA and also facilitates the fish census in shallower Transect 2: Rock reer also in Manuel Anto­ waters (Chapman el al., 1974). It was noted nio Bay. The bOllom was of irregular racks that that smaller species seemed to be attracted to measured from a few contimeters to 0.3 m in Ihe bOllom sediment Ihat was raised during height. In between the racks there were sandy sampling. This allraetion of smaller fishes may areas and areas that were sparsely covered by have led to a bias of higher eounts of these low vegetation. smaller individuals. Upon completion of all sightings, eaeh N Transect 3: Roek reef on the calm east side (number of individual sightings per species of a small island in Puerto Escondido Bay. per transect area) was divided by 8 and Ihe Characteristic of this area were the medium­ respective standard deviation was calculated. sized raeks that ranged in height fram 0.2 Individual fish in each sighting were grouped to 1 m fo rrning nurnerous small caves. The into the following size categories; Graup water depth ranged from 0.5 to 2 m. 1, to 7.5 cm; Group 2, 7.5-20 cm; Group 3, 20.5-28 cm; Group 4, 28.546 cm; and Graup Transect 4: West side of the small island in 5>46 cm.
Recommended publications
  • New Records of Benthic Marine Algae and Cyanobacteria for Costa Rica, and a Comparison with Other Central American Countries
    Helgol Mar Res (2009) 63:219–229 DOI 10.1007/s10152-009-0151-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE New records of benthic marine algae and Cyanobacteria for Costa Rica, and a comparison with other Central American countries Andrea Bernecker Æ Ingo S. Wehrtmann Received: 27 August 2008 / Revised: 19 February 2009 / Accepted: 20 February 2009 / Published online: 11 March 2009 Ó Springer-Verlag and AWI 2009 Abstract We present the results of an intensive sampling Rica; we discuss this result in relation to the emergence of program carried out from 2000 to 2007 along both coasts of the Central American Isthmus. Costa Rica, Central America. The presence of 44 species of benthic marine algae is reported for the first time for Costa Keywords Marine macroalgae Á Cyanobacteria Á Rica. Most of the new records are Rhodophyta (27 spp.), Costa Rica Á Central America followed by Chlorophyta (15 spp.), and Heterokontophyta, Phaeophycea (2 spp.). Overall, the currently known marine flora of Costa Rica is comprised of 446 benthic marine Introduction algae and 24 Cyanobacteria. This species number is an under estimation, and will increase when species of benthic The marine benthic flora plays an important role in the marine algae from taxonomic groups where only limited marine environment. It forms the basis of many marine information is available (e.g., microfilamentous benthic food chains and harbors an impressive variety of organ- marine algae, Cyanobacteria) are included. The Caribbean isms. Fish, decapods and mollusks are among the most coast harbors considerably more benthic marine algae (318 prominent species associated with the marine flora, which spp.) than the Pacific coast (190 spp.); such a trend has serves these animals as a refuge and for alimentation (Hay been observed in all neighboring countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Costa Rica Tour & Activity Suggestions
    Costa Rica Tour & Activity Suggestions Costa Rica Introduction Costa Rica is an incredible country with more activities and attractions than any single trip can contain. With Pacific and Caribbean coastlines, volcanoes, rainforests, wild rivers and 5% of the world’s biodiversity, Costa Rica is the perfect desti- nation for those who love active, outdoor experiences. No matter what part of Costa Rica you are visiting, there are many activity options that are great for families with children, and there are also adventurous options for those adults look- ing for an adrenaline rush that they may not find back home. This guide covers some of the highlights and suggestions for those staying in the main regions in Costa Rica. It is import- ant to note that there are many more options available, as shown by the map below. So let us know what you are inter- ested in, and we can try and customize the right experience for you. Map of Costa Rica Tours & Activities by Region © 2016 All Rights Reserved Guanacaste Rio Celeste & Tenorio Volcano If you enjoy hiking, nature and spectacular waterfalls, then we recommend that you visit Rio Celeste and Tenorio Volcano National Park. We will take you on a hike where you will learn all about the local flora and fauna, see the boiling volcanic mud pots, and finally, the Rio Celeste Waterfall. This river has a magical blue color that occurs due to a unique chemical reaction in the water. You won’t want to miss it! Pacific Catamaran Cruise Set sail on the open seas in one of our catamarans.
    [Show full text]
  • ICCA-Submission 2-Marine Areas of Responsible Fishing: a Path Toward
    “Marine Areas of Responsible Fishing”: A Path Toward Small-Scale Fisheries 10 Co-Management in Costa Rica? Perspectives from Golfo Dulce Luc Fargier, Hans J. Hartmann and Helena Molina-Ureña Abstract This chapter analyzes participatory management processes of small-scale fisheries in two Pacific embayments of Costa Rica, a centralized state of Central America where fisher- ies management is traditionally “top-down”, data deficient, and poorly adapted to local biological and socio-economic conditions. We provide an historical overview of coastal activities governance and fisheries national context, and describe different participative approaches to small-scale fishery management. The Marine Area of Responsible Fishing (Área Marina de Pesca Responsable, or AMPR), created in 2008, is a management tool developed by the Costa Rican government to effectively involve fishers organizations in small-scale fisheries management. In this paper, we compare participative management initiatives associated with AMPRs in the Golfo Dulce and Golfo de Nicoya (Palito and Tár- coles), and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Cahuita and Marino Ballena National Parks. Based on our analysis, we recommend ten measures to improve the small-scale fisheries co- management process. Among these, five recommendations stand out: (1) increase the participation of artisanal fishers in the development of collective choice rules; (2) allocate costs and benefits of management measures among artisanal fishers; (3) improve local lead- ership; (4) improve understanding and transparency of the management process; and (5) formalize and implement strategic fisheries management plans. Keywords Small-scale fisheries · Marine area of responsible fishing · Co-management · Costa Rica · Tropical Eastern Pacific fisheries 10.1 Introduction There are no universal definitions of small- scale or artisanal L.
    [Show full text]
  • ASOCIACIÓN WIDECAST Sea Turtle Conservation Program of the South Eastern Caribbean, Costa Rica 2008 Nesting Season
    ASOCIACIÓN WIDECAST Sea Turtle Conservation Program of the South Eastern Caribbean, Costa Rica 2008 Nesting Season Working in Conservation and Sustainable Development Working in Conservation and Sustainable Development The Sea Turtle Conservation Program of the South Caribbean of Costa Rica is pleased[The Sea to announceTurtle Conservation that will join Program WIDECAST of the SouthCosta CaribbeanRica in August of Costa 2007. Rica After is manypleased great to announceyears working that will along join AsociationWIDECAST ANAI, Costa we Rica will in leaveAugust our 2007. friends After at ANAI,many andgreat become years working part of alongthe WIDECAST Asociation WIDECAST,network. WIDECAST we will leave is a our non-profit friends organizationat WIDECAST, that and supports become local part sea of theturtle WIDECAST conservation network. initiatives WIDECAST in most is states a andnon-profit countries organization of the Caribbean that supports region loca proml seaoting turtle cooperation conservation between initiatives all nations. in Formost over states two and decades countries WIDECAST of the Caribbean has counted region with promoting the support cooperation from National Coordinatorsbetween all nations.in more Forthan over 30 nations two decades and territories WIDECAST in the has Caribbean, counted with and theworked closesupport with from key National stakeholders Coordinators at a ingovernmental more than 30 and nations non-governmental and territories in levelthe (includingCaribbean, scientists, and worked conservationists, close with key stakeholdersresource managers, at a governmental educators, and etc.), non- to promotegovernmental regional level capacity (including and scientists, assist with conservationists, the design andresource implementation managers, of scientificallyeducators, etc.),sound to promotesea turtle regional manage capacityment andprograms assist withat local,the design national and and regionalimplementation (international) of scientifically levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoadventures Central American Travel Brochure Third Edition
    to Costa Rica… Welcome National Parks, Biological & Wildlife Reserves and Protected Areas Highlands: 1 Braulio Carrillo National Park 2 Arenal National Park 3 Monteverde Biological Reserve Caribbean Coast: 4 Tortugero National Park 5 Cahuita National Park Pacific Coast: 6 Guanacaste National Park 7 Rincon de la Vieja National Park 8 Las Baulas Protected Area (turtle nesting beach) 9 Tamarindo Wildlife Refuge 10 Carara Biological Reserve 11 Manuel Antonio National Park 12 Corcovado National Park COSTA RICA COSTA PAGE San Jose Hotels & Activities 6 F riendly, peaceful Costa Rica has an immense range of climates, Xandari Plantation & Peace Lodge 7 flora and fauna of particular interest to naturalists from around La Selva Verde & Pacuare Lodge 8, 9 the world. In 1948 Costa Rica voted to abolish its army and today proudly spends 60% of its budget on social services. It boasts a Caribbean Coast high level of sanitation and education, and is one of the most Tortuguero, Puerto Viejo/Punta Cocles 9, 10 literate nations on earth. Highlands of Costa Rica Deeply committed to ecology, Costa Rica has set aside nearly 30% Arenal 11-13 of its land as national parks or as private reserves. It has long, Monteverde 14, 15 sandy beaches on both coasts which are ideal for an active or relaxing vacation. Costa Rica is an excellent family destination. Pacific Coast Once you have savored the misty mountains, tropical rainforests, Northern Pacific: Tamarindo & Papagayo 16, 17 and warm, friendly “Ticos,” you will wonder why you stayed away Central Pacific: Jaco, Esterillos, Herradura 18 so long! Southern Pacific: Quepos/Manuel Antonio 19, 20 Osa Peninsula: Lapa Rios & Casa Corcovado 21 Suggested Itineraries 22-25 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caribbean Lowlands Destination Guide
    The Caribbean Lowlands Destination Guide Overview of The Caribbean Lowlands The Caribbean has a cultural diversity that is different from the rest of Costa Rica. With its beautiful beaches, great surfing conditions, and pristine national parks, it is becoming one of the top attractions for adventurers. Less developed than the Pacific side, it has fewer roads and smaller settlements. About half the area is set apart and protected in parks and wildlife refuges. The capital of the region is the seedy port of Limon, which is generally avoided by tourists and used only as a transport hub. However, it is regaining popularity as a cruise port. Cahuita is a relaxed village neighbouring the Cahuita National Park, and here the Creole culture is particularly evident in the food and music. Further south is the even more tranquil hamlet of Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, popular for its surfing and splendid coastline. In the north, the coastal National Park of Tortuguero is one of the most important breeding and nesting sites of the green sea turtle. The villages are laidback with an unhurried atmosphere common throughout the region. The majority of the people are extremely friendly, live close to the coast, and speak a lively form of English. They delight in showing visitors the natural beauty of the area and are eager to share their culture with others. There is plenty to see and do, but things are relaxed so take time to experience this rewarding side of Costa Rica. Key Facts Language: Spanish is the official language, but English is widely spoken.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BEST of COSTA RICA of COSTA the BEST Periences Keep on Coming
    1 TTHEHE BBESTEST OOFF CCOSTAOSTA RRICAICA COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 004_482197-ch01.indd4_482197-ch01.indd 1 110/9/090/9/09 111:51:361:51:36 AAMM 1 irst coming to the attention of international travelers in the mid-1990s, Costa Rica is currently—and consistently— one of the hottest vacation and adventure-travel destinations in Latin America, with over two million Fvisitors each year. Despite the boom in vacationers, Costa Rica remains a place rich in natural wonders and biodiversity, where you can still fi nd yourself far from the maddening crowds. The country boasts a wealth of unsullied beaches that stretch for miles, small lodgings that haven’t attracted hordes of tourists, jungle rivers The Best of Natural Costa Rica Costa of Natural Best The for rafting and kayaking, and spectacular cloud- and rainforests with ample opportunities for bird-watching and hiking. In addition to the country’s trademark eco- and adventure-tourism offerings, you will also fi nd luxury resorts and golf courses, plush spas, and some truly spectacular boutique hotels and lodges. Having lived in Costa Rica for more than 18 years, I continue to explore and discover new spots, adventures, restaurants, and lodgings—and my “best of” ex- THE BEST OF COSTA RICA OF COSTA THE BEST periences keep on coming. In this chapter I’ve selected the very best of what this unique country has to offer. These places and experiences are covered in greater detail elsewhere in the book; this chapter is merely meant to give you an overview of the highlights so that you can start planning your own adventure.
    [Show full text]
  • Costa Rica's Coastal Secrets Trip Notes
    Current as of: January 23, 2020 - 16:46 Valid for departures: From January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021 Costa Rica's Coastal Secrets Trip Notes Ways to Travel: Guided Group, Tailor 15 Days Land only Trip Code: Made Adventures Min age: 16 WUR Leisurely / Destinations: Costa Rica Moderate Programmes: Wildlife Trip Overview From the wildlife rich waterways of Tortuguero to the dense jungle coastline of the Osa Peninsula, an area labelled by National Geographic as 'the most biologically intense place on Earth', Costa Rica reveals its secrets: Scarlet macaws rule the roost adding brilliant ashes of red, blue and gold to the foliage; Humpback whales breed in the waters off-shore, and sloths lazily crawl along cecropia branches. At a Glance Travel by minibus and boat 14 nights comfortable hotels and lodges Green turtle nesting season: July to October Trip Highlights Three nights in Drake Bay - the remote gateway to some of Costa Rica's premier wildlife destinations Corcovado National Park - the 'most biologically intense place on Earth' Discover the wildlife and waterways of Tortuguero, an important nesting site for Green turtles Unrivalled wildlife viewing - monkeys, sloths, dolphins & whales (in season) Visit both the Caribbean and Pacic Coastline Is This Trip for You? This trip has been graded 2 (Leisurely/Moderate) with a safari rating of 4. Driving distances are not very long and most of the roads that we travel on are of good quality. However, the road which leads to the river on the way to and from Tortuguero has a poor surface and this can result in slow driving times, particularly following heavy rain.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Conservation of Coral Reefs in Costa Rica
    Status and conservation of coral reefs in Costa Rica Jorge Cortés1, 2, Carlos E. Jiménez1, Ana C. Fonseca1, 3 & Juan José Alvarado1 1. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Ciudad de la Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; [email protected] 2. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica. 3. World Wildlife Fund (WWF), San José, Costa Rica, Interlink #718, P.O. Box 02-5635, Miami, Florida 33102, USA. Received 30-VIII-2009. Corrected 03-X-2009. Accepted 12-XII-2009. Abstract: Costa Rica has coral communities and reefs on the Caribbean coast and on the Pacific along the coast and off-shore islands. The Southern section of the Caribbean coast has fringing and patch reefs, carbonate banks, and an incipient algal ridge. The Pacific coast has coral communities, reefs and isolated coral colonies. Coral reefs have been seriously impacted in the last 30 years, mainly by sediments (Caribbean coast and some Pacific reefs) and by El Niño warming events (both coasts). Monitoring is being carried out at three sites on each coast. Both coasts suffered significant reductions in live coral cover in the 1980’s, but coral cover is now increasing in most sites. The government of Costa Rica is aware of the importance of coral reefs and marine environments in general, and in recent years decrees have been implemented (or are in the process of approval) to protect them, but limited resources endanger their proper management and conservation, including proper outreach to reef users and the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • CULTIVATING PEACE This Page Intentionally Left Blank CULTIVATING PEACE Conflict and Collaboration in Natural Resource Management
    CULTIVATING PEACE This page intentionally left blank CULTIVATING PEACE Conflict and Collaboration in Natural Resource Management Edited by Daniel Buckles INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Johannesburg • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore WORLD BANK INSTITUTE Washington, DC, USA Published by the International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9 In collaboration with the World Bank Institute of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA © International Development Research Centre 1999 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Canadian Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title : Cultivating peace : conflict and collaboration in natural resource management Co-published by the World Bank. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88936-899-6 1. Natural resources — Management — Developing countries — Congresses. 2. Conservation of natural resources — Developing countries — Congresses. 3. Conflict management — Developing countries — Congresses. 4. Sustainable development — Developing countries — Congresses. I. Buckles, Daniel. II. World Bank. III. International Development Research Centre (Canada) HC59.7C84 1999 333.7'09'12'4 C99-980392-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the International Development Research Centre. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the International Development Research Centre or to The World Bank, to its affiliated organization, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. William Mclaney Maribel Mafla Ana
    2010 THE THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION OF PROPOSED HYDROELECTRIC DAMS IN THE LA AMISTAD WORLD HERITAGE SITE, PANAMA AND COSTA RICA. Dr. William O. McLarney Lic. Maribel Mafla H Lic. Ana María Arias Lic. Danielle Bouchonnet 0 THE THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION IN THE LA AMISTAD WORLD HERITAGE SITE, PANAMA AND COSTA RICA, FROM PROPOSED HYDROELECTRIC DAMS A follow-up to McLarney and Mafla (2007): Probable Effects on Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function of Four Proposed Hydroelectric Dams in the Changuinola/Teribe Watershed, Bocas del Toro, Panama, with Emphasis on Effects Within the La Amistad World Heritage Site With consideration also of La Amistad/Costa Rica and the Pacific Slope of La Amistad. Dr. William O. McLarney Lic. Maribel Mafla H. Lic. Ana Maria Arias Lic. Danielle Bouchonnet Programa de Biomonitoreo Asociación ANAI Contact Information: Asociación ANAI (Costa Rica): ANAI, Inc. (United States): Apdo. 170-2070 1120 Meadows Rd. Sabanilla de Montes de Oca Franklin, North Carolina 28734 Costa Rica, C.A. USA Phone: (506) 2224-3570 Phone/fax: (828) 524-8369 (506) 2756-8120 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (506) 2253-7524 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Respectfully submitted to: UNESCO World Heritage Committee February, 2010 1 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO 8 INTRODUCTION 11 DAMS AS BARRIERS, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF DIADROMY 13 EFFECTS OF DAMS ON DIADROMOUS ANIMALS IN MESOAMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 17 EVENTS SINCE 2008 19 1. Social, Political and Legal Events: 19 Panama-Atlantic slope: 19 Panama-Pacific slope: 19 Costa Rica-Pacific slope: 20 Costa Rica-Atlantic slope: 20 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Parks of Costa Rica
    The National Parks Of Costa Rica Exploring the most biodiverse country on earth The National Parks Of Costa Rica The National Parks Of Costa Rica: Exploring the most biodiverse country on earth Exploring the most biodiverse country on earth Copyright © 2016 Horizon Guides Presented by: All our coverage is 100% impartial and editorially independent. Our guides are researched and written by destination experts and are not influenced in any way by our sponsors. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of all advice provided in this guide, the reality is that any travel information is liable to change at short notice. We strongly advise that you verify any important details prior to your trip as we cannot be held responsible for errors or information that has since become outdated. Published by Horizon Guides Suite 38, Alison Business Centre 39-40 Alison Crescent, Sheffield, S2 1AS http://horizontravelpress.com/ Edited by Cynthia Ord Layout & design by Simon Ross-Gill Front cover photograph: Brandon Alms © 123RF.com Contents Using This Guide 6 Welcome to Costa Rica Adventure Without End 10 Highlights 12 About The Authors 15 Best For... Best For Nature And Birdwatching 18 Best For Beach Escapes 21 Best For Active Adventures 22 Best For Families And Kids 25 Best For Luxurious Retreats 26 Exploring Costa Rica Costa Rica's National Parks, At A Glance 30 A A C C I Manuel Antonio National Park 32 I R R A A Poás Volcano National Park 36 A T T Tortuguero National Park 40 F COS F Cahuita National Park 45 COS F O Arenal Volcano National
    [Show full text]