Redalyc.New Records of Sea Anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa
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Anthopleura and the Phylogeny of Actinioidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
Org Divers Evol (2017) 17:545–564 DOI 10.1007/s13127-017-0326-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Anthopleura and the phylogeny of Actinioidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) M. Daly1 & L. M. Crowley2 & P. Larson1 & E. Rodríguez2 & E. Heestand Saucier1,3 & D. G. Fautin4 Received: 29 November 2016 /Accepted: 2 March 2017 /Published online: 27 April 2017 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2017 Abstract Members of the sea anemone genus Anthopleura by the discovery that acrorhagi and verrucae are are familiar constituents of rocky intertidal communities. pleisiomorphic for the subset of Actinioidea studied. Despite its familiarity and the number of studies that use its members to understand ecological or biological phe- Keywords Anthopleura . Actinioidea . Cnidaria . Verrucae . nomena, the diversity and phylogeny of this group are poor- Acrorhagi . Pseudoacrorhagi . Atomized coding ly understood. Many of the taxonomic and phylogenetic problems stem from problems with the documentation and interpretation of acrorhagi and verrucae, the two features Anthopleura Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860 that are used to recognize members of Anthopleura.These (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) is one of the most anatomical features have a broad distribution within the familiar and well-known genera of sea anemones. Its members superfamily Actinioidea, and their occurrence and exclu- are found in both temperate and tropical rocky intertidal hab- sivity are not clear. We use DNA sequences from the nu- itats and are abundant and species-rich when present (e.g., cleus and mitochondrion and cladistic analysis of verrucae Stephenson 1935; Stephenson and Stephenson 1972; and acrorhagi to test the monophyly of Anthopleura and to England 1992; Pearse and Francis 2000). -
The Sea Anemone Exaiptasia Diaphana (Actiniaria: Aiptasiidae) Associated to Rhodoliths at Isla Del Coco National Park, Costa Rica
The sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (Actiniaria: Aiptasiidae) associated to rhodoliths at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica Fabián H. Acuña1,2,5*, Jorge Cortés3,4, Agustín Garese1,2 & Ricardo González-Muñoz1,2 1. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC). CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Funes 3250. 7600 Mar del Plata. Argentina, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. 2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). 3. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Ciudad de la Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica. 4. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica, [email protected] 5. Estación Científica Coiba (Coiba-AIP), Clayton, Panamá, República de Panamá. * Correspondence Received 16-VI-2018. Corrected 14-I-2019. Accepted 01-III-2019. Abstract. Introduction: The sea anemones diversity is still poorly studied in Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica. Objective: To report for the first time the presence of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana. Methods: Some rhodoliths were examined in situ in Punta Ulloa at 14 m depth, by SCUBA during the expedition UCR- UNA-COCO-I to Isla del Coco National Park on 24th April 2010. Living anemones settled on rhodoliths were photographed and its external morphological features and measures were recorded in situ. Results: Several indi- viduals of E. diaphana were observed on rodoliths and we repeatedly observed several small individuals of this sea anemone surrounding the largest individual in an area (presumably the founder sea anemone) on rhodoliths from Punta Ulloa. -
Symbiodinium Diversity and Potential Hybridisation on the Highly Biodiverse Coral Reefs of Timor-Leste
Symbiodinium diversity and potential hybridisation on the highly biodiverse coral reefs of Timor-Leste Joshua Ian Brian A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Marine Biology Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 2018 Atauro Island, Timor-Leste ii Abstract To persist in oligotrophic waters, reef-building corals rely on nutritional interactions with their intracellular symbionts: photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. This relationship is threatened by increasing environmental stress, which can stimulate loss of these symbionts from coral tissues (‘coral bleaching’). Members of the genus Symbiodinium display high levels of genetic diversity, and demonstrate a corresponding diversity in physiological responses to environmental change. However, the true diversity and potential for genetic adaptation in this genus remain poorly characterised. This thesis aimed to further the understanding of symbiont diversity and adaptive potential by conducting assessments of Symbiodinium at Atauro Island and the neighbouring Timor-Leste mainland. These sites have previously been shown to be of outstanding conservation value, with extremely high levels of coral diversity. Atauro Island also possibly hosts the highest diversity of reef fish in the world. However, the Symbiodinium communities at these sites have never been assessed. Two specific objectives were therefore addressed here. The first was to measure Symbiodinium diversity at Atauro Island (four sites) and Timor (three sites), using direct sequencing of three gene regions: cob gene, mitochondrion; ITS2 region, nucleus; and psbAncr region, chloroplast; in addition to Next Generation Sequencing of the ITS2 region. The second objective was to establish evidence for Symbiodinium hybridisation, a potentially rapid evolutionary mechanism that may facilitate adaptation to environmental stress, by looking for genetic incongruences between Symbiodinium organelles. -
A Diverse Host Thrombospondin-Type-1
RESEARCH ARTICLE A diverse host thrombospondin-type-1 repeat protein repertoire promotes symbiont colonization during establishment of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis Emilie-Fleur Neubauer1, Angela Z Poole2,3, Philipp Neubauer4, Olivier Detournay5, Kenneth Tan3, Simon K Davy1*, Virginia M Weis3* 1School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; 2Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, United States; 3Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States; 4Dragonfly Data Science, Wellington, New Zealand; 5Planktovie sas, Allauch, France Abstract The mutualistic endosymbiosis between cnidarians and dinoflagellates is mediated by complex inter-partner signaling events, where the host cnidarian innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognition and regulation of symbionts. To date, little is known about the diversity of thrombospondin-type-1 repeat (TSR) domain proteins in basal metazoans or their potential role in regulation of cnidarian-dinoflagellate mutualisms. We reveal a large and diverse repertoire of TSR proteins in seven anthozoan species, and show that in the model sea anemone Aiptasia pallida the TSR domain promotes colonization of the host by the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium minutum. Blocking TSR domains led to decreased colonization success, while adding exogenous *For correspondence: Simon. TSRs resulted in a ‘super colonization’. Furthermore, gene expression of TSR proteins was highest [email protected] (SKD); weisv@ at early time-points during symbiosis establishment. Our work characterizes the diversity of oregonstate.edu (VMW) cnidarian TSR proteins and provides evidence that these proteins play an important role in the Competing interests: The establishment of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. authors declare that no DOI: 10.7554/eLife.24494.001 competing interests exist. -
Comprehensive Phylogenomic Analyses Resolve Cnidarian Relationships and the Origins of Key Organismal Traits
Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses resolve cnidarian relationships and the origins of key organismal traits Ehsan Kayal1,2, Bastian Bentlage1,3, M. Sabrina Pankey5, Aki H. Ohdera4, Monica Medina4, David C. Plachetzki5*, Allen G. Collins1,6, Joseph F. Ryan7,8* Authors Institutions: 1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 2. UPMC, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France 3. Marine Laboratory, university of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA 4. Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 5. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA 6. National Systematics Laboratory, NOAA Fisheries, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 7. Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL, USA 8. Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3172v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 21 Aug 2017, publ: 21 Aug 20171 Abstract Background: The phylogeny of Cnidaria has been a source of debate for decades, during which nearly all-possible relationships among the major lineages have been proposed. The ecological success of Cnidaria is predicated on several fascinating organismal innovations including symbiosis, colonial body plans and elaborate life histories, however, understanding the origins and subsequent diversification of these traits remains difficult due to persistent uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary relationships within Cnidaria. While recent phylogenomic studies have advanced our knowledge of the cnidarian tree of life, no analysis to date has included genome scale data for each major cnidarian lineage. Results: Here we describe a well-supported hypothesis for cnidarian phylogeny based on phylogenomic analyses of new and existing genome scale data that includes representatives of all cnidarian classes. -
Toxin-Like Neuropeptides in the Sea Anemone Nematostella Unravel Recruitment from the Nervous System to Venom
Toxin-like neuropeptides in the sea anemone Nematostella unravel recruitment from the nervous system to venom Maria Y. Sachkovaa,b,1, Morani Landaua,2, Joachim M. Surma,2, Jason Macranderc,d, Shir A. Singera, Adam M. Reitzelc, and Yehu Morana,1 aDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel; bSars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223; and dBiology Department, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL 33801 Edited by Baldomero M. Olivera, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, and approved September 14, 2020 (received for review May 31, 2020) The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) is a to a target receptor in the nervous system of the prey or predator powerful model for characterizing the evolution of genes func- interfering with transmission of electric impulses. For example, tioning in venom and nervous systems. Although venom has Nv1 toxin from Nematostella inhibits inactivation of arthropod evolved independently numerous times in animals, the evolution- sodium channels (12), while ShK toxin from Stichodactyla heli- ary origin of many toxins remains unknown. In this work, we pin- anthus is a potassium channel blocker (13). Nematostella’snem- point an ancestral gene giving rise to a new toxin and functionally atocytes produce multiple toxins with a 6-cysteine pattern of the characterize both genes in the same species. Thus, we report a ShK toxin (7, 9). The ShKT superfamily is ubiquitous across sea case of protein recruitment from the cnidarian nervous to venom anemones (14); however, its evolutionary origin remains unknown. -
New Records of Benthic Marine Algae and Cyanobacteria for Costa Rica, and a Comparison with Other Central American Countries
Helgol Mar Res (2009) 63:219–229 DOI 10.1007/s10152-009-0151-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE New records of benthic marine algae and Cyanobacteria for Costa Rica, and a comparison with other Central American countries Andrea Bernecker Æ Ingo S. Wehrtmann Received: 27 August 2008 / Revised: 19 February 2009 / Accepted: 20 February 2009 / Published online: 11 March 2009 Ó Springer-Verlag and AWI 2009 Abstract We present the results of an intensive sampling Rica; we discuss this result in relation to the emergence of program carried out from 2000 to 2007 along both coasts of the Central American Isthmus. Costa Rica, Central America. The presence of 44 species of benthic marine algae is reported for the first time for Costa Keywords Marine macroalgae Á Cyanobacteria Á Rica. Most of the new records are Rhodophyta (27 spp.), Costa Rica Á Central America followed by Chlorophyta (15 spp.), and Heterokontophyta, Phaeophycea (2 spp.). Overall, the currently known marine flora of Costa Rica is comprised of 446 benthic marine Introduction algae and 24 Cyanobacteria. This species number is an under estimation, and will increase when species of benthic The marine benthic flora plays an important role in the marine algae from taxonomic groups where only limited marine environment. It forms the basis of many marine information is available (e.g., microfilamentous benthic food chains and harbors an impressive variety of organ- marine algae, Cyanobacteria) are included. The Caribbean isms. Fish, decapods and mollusks are among the most coast harbors considerably more benthic marine algae (318 prominent species associated with the marine flora, which spp.) than the Pacific coast (190 spp.); such a trend has serves these animals as a refuge and for alimentation (Hay been observed in all neighboring countries. -
Stylohates: a Shell-Forming Sea Anemone (Coelenterata, Anthozoa, Actiniidae)1
Pacific Science (1980), vol. 34, no. 4 © 1981 by The University Press of Hawaii. All rights reserved Stylohates: A Shell-Forming Sea Anemone (Coelenterata, Anthozoa, Actiniidae) 1 DAPHNE FAUTIN DUNN,2 DENNIS M. DEVANEY,3 and BARRY ROTH 4 ABSTRACT: Anatomy and cnidae distinguish two species of deep-sea ac tinians that produce coiled, chitinous shells inhabited by hermit crabs of the genus Parapagurus. The actinian type species, Stylobates aeneus, first assigned to the Mollusca, occurs around Hawaii and Guam with P. dofleini. Stylobates cancrisocia, originally described as Isadamsia cancrisocia, occurs off east Africa with P. trispinosus. MANY MEMBERS OF THE ORDER Actiniaria pedal disk secretes a chitinous cuticle over attach obligately or facultatively to gas the small mollusk shell which the pagurid tropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs. had initially occupied and to which the small Some of these partnerships seem to be actinian had first attached, often extending strictly phoretic, the normally sedentary sea the cuticular material beyond the lip of the anemone being transported by the motile shell (Balss 1924, Faurot 1910, Gosse 1858). hermit crab (Ross 1971, 1974b). The re This arrangement affords the crab mainly lationships between other species pairs are mechanical protection (Ross 1971). mutualistic, the anemone gaining motility Carlgren (I928a) described as a new genus while protecting its associate from predation and species Isadamsia cancrisocia (family (Balasch and Mengual 1974; Hand 1975; Actiniidae), an actinian attached to a shell McLean and Mariscal 1973; Ross 1971, occupied by a hermit crab, from four speci 1974b; Ross and von Boletsky 1979). As the mens collected by the Deutschen Tiefsee crustacean grows, it must move to increas Expedition (1898-1899) at 818 m in the ingly larger shells. -
Photosynthetic Symbioses in Animals
Journal of Experimental Botany Advance Access published February 10, 2008 Journal of Experimental Botany, Page 1 of 12 doi:10.1093/jxb/erm328 SPECIAL ISSUE REVIEW PAPER Photosynthetic symbioses in animals A.A. Venn1,*, J.E. Loram1,* and A.E. Douglas2,† 1 Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, Ferry Reach, St Georges GE01, Bermuda 2 Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK Received 1 May 2007; Revised 24 October 2007; Accepted 29 October 2007 Abstract Introduction Animals acquire photosynthetically-fixed carbon by Oxygenic photosynthesis has apparently evolved just forming symbioses with algae and cyanobacteria. once, in the lineage that gave rise to all extant cyanobac- These associations are widespread in the phyla Por- teria (Cavalier-Smith, 2006). This metabolic capability ifera (sponges) and Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones has, however, been acquired on multiple occasions by etc.) but otherwise uncommon or absent from animal eukaryotes through symbiosis either with cyanobacteria or phyla. It is suggested that one factor contributing to with their unicellular eukaryotic derivatives generically the distribution of animal symbioses is the morpholog- termed ‘algae’. Overall, 27 (49%) of the 55 eukaryotic ically-simple body plan of the Porifera and Cnidaria groups identified by Baldauf (2003) have representatives with a large surface area:volume relationship well- which possess photosynthetic symbionts or their deriva- suited to light capture by symbiotic algae in their tives, the plastids. These include the three major groups of tissues. Photosynthetic products are released from multicellular eukaryotes: the plants, which are derivatives living symbiont cells to the animal host at substantial of the most ancient symbiosis between eukaryotes and rates. -
Final Report
Developing Molecular Methods to Identify and Quantify Ballast Water Organisms: A Test Case with Cnidarians SERDP Project # CP-1251 Performing Organization: Brian R. Kreiser Department of Biological Sciences 118 College Drive #5018 University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, MS 39406 601-266-6556 [email protected] Date: 4/15/04 Revision #: ?? Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Acronyms ii List of Figures iv List of Tables vi Acknowledgements 1 Executive Summary 2 Background 2 Methods 2 Results 3 Conclusions 5 Transition Plan 5 Recommendations 6 Objective 7 Background 8 The Problem and Approach 8 Why cnidarians? 9 Indicators of ballast water exchange 9 Materials and Methods 11 Phase I. Specimens 11 DNA Isolation 11 Marker Identification 11 Taxa identifications 13 Phase II. Detection ability 13 Detection limits 14 Testing mixed samples 14 Phase III. 14 Results and Accomplishments 16 Phase I. Specimens 16 DNA Isolation 16 Marker Identification 16 Taxa identifications 17 i RFLPs of 16S rRNA 17 Phase II. Detection ability 18 Detection limits 19 Testing mixed samples 19 Phase III. DNA extractions 19 PCR results 20 Conclusions 21 Summary, utility and follow-on efforts 21 Economic feasibility 22 Transition plan 23 Recommendations 23 Literature Cited 24 Appendices A - Supporting Data 27 B - List of Technical Publications 50 ii List of Acronyms DGGE - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis DMSO - dimethyl sulfoxide DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid ITS - internal transcribed spacer mtDNA - mitochondrial DNA PCR - polymerase chain reaction rRNA - ribosomal RNA - ribonucleic acid RFLPs - restriction fragment length polymorphisms SSCP - single strand conformation polymorphisms iii List of Figures Figure 1. Figure 1. -
Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) FEDERAL AGENCY of RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS FAR EASTERN BRANCH of the RUSSIAN ACADEMY of SCIENCES A.V
Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) FEDERAL AGENCY OF RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS FAR EASTERN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY Institute of Oceanography Proceedings of the Workshop “DEVELOPING LIFE–SUPPORTING MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ALONG WITH THE ASIA–PACIFIC COASTS – A SYNTHESIS OF PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DATA FOR THE SCIENCE–BASED MANAGEMENT AND SOCIO–ECOLOGICAL POLICY MAKING” under the aegis of the APN (Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research), VAST (Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology) and RAS (Russian Academy of Sciences) Vladivostok – Nha Trang Dalnauka 2016 УДК 574.5+574.9 DEVELOPING LIFE–SUPPORTING MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ALONG WITH THE ASIA–PACIFIC COASTS – A SYNTHESIS OF PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DATA. Edited by T.N. Dautova. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2016. 180 p. The book summarizes results of the workshop in the area of biodiversity, marine ecology and biogeography of the South China Sea and adjacent regions held on December 21–22 in Nha Trang, Vietnam. It discusses the synthesis of the biological data concerning the region and surrounding environments, such as marine currents, sedimentation, eutrophication and pollution. The special attention is paid to the policy making for science-based conservation and rational using of the marine ecosystems along with the Asia-pacific coasts. Organizing Committee Dr. Tatiana N. Dautova (co-chair), A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology FEB RAS and FEFU, Russia Dr. Dao Viet Ha (co-chair), Vice Director of Institute Oceanography, VAST, Vietnam Nguyen Phi Phat, Deputy Head of Department of General Management, Institute Oceanography, VAST, Vietnam Bui Thi Minh Ha, International relation officer, Institute of Oceanography, VAST, Vietnam Nguyen Ky, Institute Oceanography, VAST, Vietnam Thi Thu, Institute Oceanography, VAST, Vietnam Editor of the proceedings Tatiana N. -
CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.