Application Benchmarks Vs. Megahertz (Mhz) As a Measure of Performance for the IDT Winchip Family Application Benchmarks Vs
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SIMD Extensions
SIMD Extensions PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 12 May 2012 17:14:46 UTC Contents Articles SIMD 1 MMX (instruction set) 6 3DNow! 8 Streaming SIMD Extensions 12 SSE2 16 SSE3 18 SSSE3 20 SSE4 22 SSE5 26 Advanced Vector Extensions 28 CVT16 instruction set 31 XOP instruction set 31 References Article Sources and Contributors 33 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 34 Article Licenses License 35 SIMD 1 SIMD Single instruction Multiple instruction Single data SISD MISD Multiple data SIMD MIMD Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD), is a class of parallel computers in Flynn's taxonomy. It describes computers with multiple processing elements that perform the same operation on multiple data simultaneously. Thus, such machines exploit data level parallelism. History The first use of SIMD instructions was in vector supercomputers of the early 1970s such as the CDC Star-100 and the Texas Instruments ASC, which could operate on a vector of data with a single instruction. Vector processing was especially popularized by Cray in the 1970s and 1980s. Vector-processing architectures are now considered separate from SIMD machines, based on the fact that vector machines processed the vectors one word at a time through pipelined processors (though still based on a single instruction), whereas modern SIMD machines process all elements of the vector simultaneously.[1] The first era of modern SIMD machines was characterized by massively parallel processing-style supercomputers such as the Thinking Machines CM-1 and CM-2. These machines had many limited-functionality processors that would work in parallel. -
Performance of a Computer (Chapter 4) Vishwani D
ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Computer Architecture and Design Fall 2013 Performance of a Computer (Chapter 4) Vishwani D. Agrawal & Victor P. Nelson epartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 1 What is Performance? Response time: the time between the start and completion of a task. Throughput: the total amount of work done in a given time. Some performance measures: MIPS (million instructions per second). MFLOPS (million floating point operations per second), also GFLOPS, TFLOPS (1012), etc. SPEC (System Performance Evaluation Corporation) benchmarks. LINPACK benchmarks, floating point computing, used for supercomputers. Synthetic benchmarks. ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 2 Small and Large Numbers Small Large 10-3 milli m 103 kilo k 10-6 micro μ 106 mega M 10-9 nano n 109 giga G 10-12 pico p 1012 tera T 10-15 femto f 1015 peta P 10-18 atto 1018 exa 10-21 zepto 1021 zetta 10-24 yocto 1024 yotta ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 3 Computer Memory Size Number bits bytes 210 1,024 K Kb KB 220 1,048,576 M Mb MB 230 1,073,741,824 G Gb GB 240 1,099,511,627,776 T Tb TB ELEC 5200-001/6200-001 Performance Fall 2013 . Lecture 4 Units for Measuring Performance Time in seconds (s), microseconds (μs), nanoseconds (ns), or picoseconds (ps). Clock cycle Period of the hardware clock Example: one clock cycle means 1 nanosecond for a 1GHz clock frequency (or 1GHz clock rate) CPU time = (CPU clock cycles)/(clock rate) Cycles per instruction (CPI): average number of clock cycles used to execute a computer instruction. -
How Microprocessors Work E 1 of 64 ZM
How Microprocessors Work e 1 of 64 ZM How Microprocessors Work ZAHIDMEHBOOB +923215020706 [email protected] 2003 BS(IT) PRESTION UNIVERSITY How Microprocessors Work The computer you are using to read this page uses a microprocessor to do its work. The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine, a server or a laptop. The microprocessor you are using might be a Pentium, a K6, a PowerPC, a Sparc or any of the many other brands and types of microprocessors, but they all do approximately the same thing in approximately the same way. If you have ever wondered what the microprocessor in your computer is doing, or if you have ever wondered about the differences between types of microprocessors, then read on. Microprocessor History A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel [email protected] +923215020706 (2003) How Microprocessors Work e 2 of 64 ZM 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful -- all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the first portable electronic calculators. The first microprocessor to make it into a home computer was the Intel 8080, a complete 8- bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. -
Evolution Des X86befehlssatzes Und Seiner Erweiterungen
Technische Universität Dresden Evolution des x86-Befehlssatzes und seiner Erweiterungen Peter Ebert Dresden, 15.07.2009 Einführung · Überblick & Historie · Konkurrierende Befehlssatzarchitekture n · Befehlsarten · Registerstruktur · x87 15.07.2009 Evolution des x86-Befehlssatzes und seiner Erweiterungen 2/24 Übersicht & Historie · IBM 1981: erster PC · x86-Architektur verwendet einen CISC-Befehlssatz · alle Prozessoren seit dem Pentium Pro sind aber hybride CISC/RISC-Prozessoren 1978 1. Gen.: 8086 1982 2. Gen.: 80286 1985 3. Gen.: 80386 IA-32 1989 4. Gen.: 80486 1993 5. Gen.: Pentium MMX 1995 6. Gen.: P2, P3 3DNow!, SSE 1999 7. Gen.: Athlon (XP), P4 SSE2 2003 8. Gen.: Opteron x86-64 15.07.2009 Evolution des x86-Befehlssatzes und seiner Erweiterungen 3/24 Konkurrierende Befehlssatzarchitekturen · ARM (Acorn Risc Machine) RISC-Architektur 1983 vom englischen Computerhersteller Acorn. Einsatz vor allem im eingebetteten Bereich z.B.: Mobiltelefonen, PDAs, Routern, iPod, iPhone, Internet Tablets von Nokia und den neueren PDAs von ASUS, Konsolen wie der Nintendo DS, der GP2X und die Pandora. · PowerPC (Performance optimization with enhanced RISC Performance Chip) 1991 durch ein Konsortium aus Apple, IBM und Motorola. z.B.: Nintendo GameCube und Wii, Xbox 360 von Microsoft, Playstation 3 von Sony und in vielen eingebetteten Systemen. Auch benutzen PKW und Produkte in der Luft- und Raumfahrt · SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) Von Sun Microsystems entwickelt ab 1985 und vermarktete ab 1987, offene Architektur, 1995 64-Bit-Erweiterung (UltraSparc) 15.07.2009 Evolution des x86-Befehlssatzes und seiner Erweiterungen 4/24 Befehlsarten · Transferbefehlen werden Daten innerhalb des Systems bewegt. Die Daten werden dabei nur kopiert, d. h. bleiben an ihrem Quellort unverändert. -
6IF Ver. 1.X MANUAL
5SMT / 5SMTS SiS 530 ALL-IN-ONE AT MAINBOARD OPERATION MANUAL DOC NO. UM-SMT-E4 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… PRINTED IN TAIWAN SiS530 AT MAINBOARD TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER & SECTION PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW ...................................................................................1-1 1.2 SYSTEM BOARD LAYOUT .........................................................................1-2 2. FEATURES .............................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 2.1 MAINBOARD SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................2-1 3. HARDWARE SETUP ............................................................................. 3-1 3.1 UNPACKING...................................................................................................3-1 3.2 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION...............................................................3-2 3.2.1 CONNECTORS...................................................................................3-2 3.2.2 JUMPERS ............................................................................................3-17 3.2.3 QUICK INSTALLATION OF POPULAR CPU..............................3-23 3.2.4 INSTALLATION OF DEVICE DRIVER ........................................3-26 4. AWARD BIOS SETUP ........................................................................... 4-1 4.1 GETTING STARTED.....................................................................................4-1 -
IDT Winchip 2A Data Sheet
Preliminary Information PROCESSOR Version A Data Sheet Preliminary Information January 1999 IDT WINCHIP 2ATM PROCESSOR DATA SHEET This is Version 1.0 of the IDT WinChip 2 version A Processor data sheet. The latest versions of this data sheet may be obtained from www.winchip.com © 1999 Integrated Device Technology, Inc. All Rights Reserved Integrated Device Technology, Inc. (IDT) reserves the right to make changes in its products without notice in order to improve design or performance characteristics. This publication neither states nor implies any representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No license, express or implied, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. IDT makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication or the information contained herein, and reserves the right to make changes at any time, without notice. IDT disclaims responsibility for any consequences resulting from the use of the information included herein. LIFE SUPPORT POLICY Integrated Device Technology's products are not authorized for use as components in life support or other medical devices or systems (hereinafter life support devices) unless a specific written agreement pertaining to such intended use is executed between the manufacturer and an officer of IDT. 1. Life support devices are devices which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform, when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user. -
Table of Contents
Table Of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. PREFACE ................................................................................. 1-1 1.2. KEY FEATURES ....................................................................... 1-1 1.3. PERFORMANCE LIST .............................................................. 1-3 1.4. BLOCK DIAGRAM..................................................................... 1-4 1.5. INTRODUCE THE PCI - BUS .................................................... 1-5 1.6. FEATURES ............................................................................... 1-5 1.7. What is AGP ............................................................................. 1-6 2. SPECIFICATION 2.1. HARDWARE ............................................................................. 2-1 2.2. SOFTWARE.............................................................................. 2-2 2.3. ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................ 2-2 3. HARDWARE INSTALLATION 3.1. UNPACKING............................................................................. 3-1 3.2. MAINBOARD LAYOUT.............................................................. 3-2 3.3. QUICK REFERENCE FOR JUMPERS & CONNECTORS .......... 3-3 3.4. SRAM INSTALLATION DRAM INSTALLATION.......................... 3-5 3.5. DRAM INSTALLATION.............................................................. 3-5 3.6. CPU INSTALLATION AND JUMPERS SETUP........................... 3-5 3.7. CMOS RTC & ISA CFG CMOS SRAM...................................... -
AMD's Early Processor Lines, up to the Hammer Family (Families K8
AMD’s early processor lines, up to the Hammer Family (Families K8 - K10.5h) Dezső Sima October 2018 (Ver. 1.1) Sima Dezső, 2018 AMD’s early processor lines, up to the Hammer Family (Families K8 - K10.5h) • 1. Introduction to AMD’s processor families • 2. AMD’s 32-bit x86 families • 3. Migration of 32-bit ISAs and microarchitectures to 64-bit • 4. Overview of AMD’s K8 – K10.5 (Hammer-based) families • 5. The K8 (Hammer) family • 6. The K10 Barcelona family • 7. The K10.5 Shanghai family • 8. The K10.5 Istambul family • 9. The K10.5-based Magny-Course/Lisbon family • 10. References 1. Introduction to AMD’s processor families 1. Introduction to AMD’s processor families (1) 1. Introduction to AMD’s processor families AMD’s early x86 processor history [1] AMD’s own processors Second sourced processors 1. Introduction to AMD’s processor families (2) Evolution of AMD’s early processors [2] 1. Introduction to AMD’s processor families (3) Historical remarks 1) Beyond x86 processors AMD also designed and marketed two embedded processor families; • the 2900 family of bipolar, 4-bit slice microprocessors (1975-?) used in a number of processors, such as particular DEC 11 family models, and • the 29000 family (29K family) of CMOS, 32-bit embedded microcontrollers (1987-95). In late 1995 AMD cancelled their 29K family development and transferred the related design team to the firm’s K5 effort, in order to focus on x86 processors [3]. 2) Initially, AMD designed the Am386/486 processors that were clones of Intel’s processors. -
SMBIOS Specification
1 2 Document Identifier: DSP0134 3 Date: 2019-10-31 4 Version: 3.4.0a 5 System Management BIOS (SMBIOS) Reference 6 Specification Information for Work-in-Progress version: IMPORTANT: This document is not a standard. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the DMTF or its members. Because this document is a Work in Progress, this document may still change, perhaps profoundly and without notice. This document is available for public review and comment until superseded. Provide any comments through the DMTF Feedback Portal: http://www.dmtf.org/standards/feedback 7 Supersedes: 3.3.0 8 Document Class: Normative 9 Document Status: Work in Progress 10 Document Language: en-US 11 System Management BIOS (SMBIOS) Reference Specification DSP0134 12 Copyright Notice 13 Copyright © 2000, 2002, 2004–2019 DMTF. All rights reserved. 14 DMTF is a not-for-profit association of industry members dedicated to promoting enterprise and systems 15 management and interoperability. Members and non-members may reproduce DMTF specifications and 16 documents, provided that correct attribution is given. As DMTF specifications may be revised from time to 17 time, the particular version and release date should always be noted. 18 Implementation of certain elements of this standard or proposed standard may be subject to third party 19 patent rights, including provisional patent rights (herein "patent rights"). DMTF makes no representations 20 to users of the standard as to the existence of such rights, and is not responsible to recognize, disclose, 21 or identify any or all such third party patent right, owners or claimants, nor for any incomplete or 22 inaccurate identification or disclosure of such rights, owners or claimants. -
The X86 Is Dead. Long Live the X86!
the x86 is dead. long live the x86! CC3.0 share-alike attribution copyright c 2013 nick black with diagrams by david kanter of http://realworldtech.com “Upon first looking into Intel’s x86” that upon which we gaze is mankind’s triumph, and we are its stewards. use it well. georgia tech ◦ summer 2013 ◦ cs4803uws ◦ nick black The x86 is dead. Long live the x86! Why study the x86? Used in a majority of servers, workstations, and laptops Receives the most focus in the kernel/toolchain Very complex processor, thus large optimization space Excellent documentation and literature Fascinating, revealing, lengthy history Do not think that x86 is all that’s gone on over the past 30 years1. That said, those who’ve chased peak on x86 can chase it anywhere. 1Commonly expressed as “All the world’s an x86.” georgia tech ◦ summer 2013 ◦ cs4803uws ◦ nick black The x86 is dead. Long live the x86! In the grim future of computing there are 10,000 ISAs Alpha + BWX/FIX/CIX/MVI SPARC V9 + VIS3a AVR32 + JVM JVMb CMS PTX/SASSc PA-RISC + MAX-2 TILE-Gxd SuperH ARM + NEONe i960 Blackfin IA64 (Itanium) PowerISA + AltiVec/VSXf MIPS + MDMX/MIPS-3D MMIX IBMHLA (s390 + z) a Most recently the “Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011”. b m68k Most recently the Java SE 7 spec, 2013-02-28. c Most recently the PTX ISA 3.1 spec, 2012-09-13. VAX + VAXVA d TILE-Gx ISA 1.2, 2013-02-26. e z80 / MOS6502 ARMv8: A64, A32, and T32, 2011-10-27. f MIX PowerISA v.2.06B, 2010-11-03. -
AMD Geode™ NX Processors BIOS Considerations Application Note
AMD Geode™ NX Processors BIOS Considerations Application Note PID: 32483 Rev: A Issue Date: October 2004 © 2004 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. The contents of this document are provided in connection with Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (“AMD”) products. AMD makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and reserves the right to make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. No license, whether express, implied, arising by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this publication. Except as set forth in AMD’s Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale, AMD assumes no liability whatsoever, and disclaims any express or implied warranty, relating to its products including, but not limited to, the implied warranty of mer- chantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or infringement of any intellectual property right. AMD’s products are not designed, intended, authorized or warranted for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or in other applications intended to support or sustain life, or in any other application in which the failure of AMD’s product could create a situation where personal injury, death, or severe property or environmental damage may occur. AMD reserves the right to discontinue or make changes to its products at any time without notice. Contacts www.amd.com Trademarks AMD, the AMD Arrow logo, AMD Athlon, AMD PowerNow!, and combinations thereof, and Geode are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. -
IDT Winchip 3 Processor Data Sheet
Preliminary Information PROCESSOR Data Sheet Preliminary Information April 1999 IDT WINCHIPTM 3 PROCESSOR DATA SHEET This is Version 0.9 of the IDT WinChip 3 Processor data sheet. The latest versions of this data sheet may be obtained from www.winchip.com All Rights Reserved Integrated Device Technology, Inc. (IDT) reserves the right to make changes in its products without notice in order to improve design or performance characteristics. This publication neither states nor implies any representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No license, express or implied, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document. IDT makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication or the information contained herein, and reserves the right to make changes at any time, without notice. IDT disclaims responsibility for any consequences resulting from the use of the information included herein. LIFE SUPPORT POLICY Integrated Device Technology's products are not authorized for use as components in life support or other medical devices or systems (hereinafter life support devices) unless a specific written agreement pertaining to such intended use is executed between the manufacturer and an officer of IDT. 1. Life support devices are devices which (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body or (b) support or sustain life and whose failure to perform, when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user.