Journal of National Defense Studies Guest Editors: Jay Albanese, Virginia Commonwealth University Edna Erez, Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago Editor: Pinhas Yehezkeally Editing Assistance and Hebrew Translation: David Harris Linguistic Editing (Hebrew): Sharon Fraiman Cover: Salit Sela Journal of National Defense Studies is a professional journal, published by the Israel National Defense College Research Center, I.D.F. The journal publishes academic papers in all areas of national security. It is a platform on which investigators of the National Defense College, its graduates and students can put forward their analyses and views. Israel National Defense College Research Center, I.D.F., Army mailbox: 02624, Tel: +972-3-7603526 e-mail: [email protected] Journal of NATIONAL DEFENSE STUDIES Special Issue: New Perspectives on Terrorism Published by the Research Center of the Israel National Defense College, IDF Issue No. 6 May 2008 CONTENTS Contributors 5 Jay Albanese Introduction 9 New Perspectives on Terrorism Hans-Joerg Albrecht Terrorism, Risk, and Legislation 13 Maria Alvanou The Phenomenon of Palestinian 51 Suicide Terrorism Edna Erez and Palestinian Women in 83 Anat Berko Terrorism: Protectors or Protected? Yoram Schweitzer Istishad as an Ideological and 113 Practical Tool in the Hands of Al-Qaeda Katharina Von Knop The Multifaceted Roles of 139 Women Inside Al-Qaeda Journal of National Defense Studies, no. 6, May 2008 Contributors Jay Albanese is Professor in the Wilder School of Government & Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. He served as Chief of the International Center at the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the research arm of the U.S. Department of Justice, from 2002-2006. Dr. Albanese is author of numerous articles and books that include Organized Crime in Our Times (5th ed., Lexis/Nexis/Anderson, 2007), Criminal Justice (4th ed., Allyn & Bacon, 2008), and Professional Ethics in Criminal Justice: Being Ethical When No One is Looking (Allyn & Bacon, 2006). He is editor of the books Transnational Crime (de Sitter, 2005) and Combating Piracy: Intellectual Property Theft and Fraud (Transaction, 2007). Dr. Albanese is recipient of the Elske Smith Distinguished Lecturer Award from Virginia Commonwealth University. He has served as Executive Director of the International Association for the Study of Organized Crime, and is a past president of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS). Hans-Joerg Albrecht is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law in Freiburg, Germany. He teaches courses on criminal law, criminal justice and criminology at the University of Freiburg, where he earned his Ph.D. He has been guest professor at the Center for Criminal Law and Criminal Justice of the China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, and the Law Faculty of Hainan University, Renmin University, Wuhan University, and Beijing Normal University. Professor Albrecht has life membership at Clare Hall College at Cambridge University UK, and professorship and permanent faculty membership on the Faculty of Law of Qom High Education Center in Teheran, Iran. His research interests include legal, criminological and policy topics - sentencing theory, juvenile crime, drug policies, environmental crime and organized crime, evaluation research and systems of criminal sanctions. He has published, co-published and edited various books on sentencing, day-fine systems, recidivism, child abuse and neglect, drug policies, research on victimisation, and white-collar crime. Maria Alvanou is a defence lawyer and a full professor of criminology at the Greek Police Officer's Academy. She is a Senior Analyst for the ITSTIME Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues and Managing Emergencies of the Catholic University in Milan and the RIEAS Research Institute for European and American Studies dealing with terrorism issues. She is an expert-criminologist court evaluator for terrorism cases and lectures at the Police Officers' Post Educational 5 Contributors Academy-Department of Thessaloniki on issues of National Security and Terrorism. She obtained her PhD from the International Research Doctorate in Criminology of Transcrime (Joint Research Center on Transnational Crime, University of Trento & Catholic University of Sacro Cuore - Milan), where she was also an external collaborator. Her doctoral research was focused on Palestinian female suicide bombers and for this reason she conducted fieldwork in Israel. She holds an LLM from the Department of History, Philosophy and Sociology of Law - Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki. She is a member of the EU network of 14 experts on violent radicalisation managed by the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) for Defence and Security Studies. Her current research in the Panteion University of Athens about legislation and jihadi websites is supported with a grant from the Greek State. Anat Berko is a Research Fellow with the Institute for Counter-terrorism (ICT), the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, Israel. She lectures in the Center's Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and Security, at a seminar at the Center of Excellence-Defence Against Terrorism in Turkey and for NATO and PIP (Partnership for Peace countries) military and police forces. Dr. Berko serves on Israel's Counter-Terrorism Team and the Israeli Council for National Security as an advisor to senior echelon governmental decision makers. An expert on suicidal terrorists, she is widely covered in the Israeli and international media. Her book The Path to Paradise: The inner world of female and male suicide bombers and their dispatchers (2007) is published by Praeger. Dr. Berko completed her military career in the Israeli Defense Forces as a Lieutenant Colonel and she holds a Ph.D. in Criminology from Bar-Ilan University. Edna Erez Edna Erez is Professor and Head of the Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She has a Law degree (LL.B) from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Ph.D. in Sociology/Criminology from the University of Pennsylvania. Professor Erez has published over 100 articles and book chapters in criminology and legal studies. She received around two million dollar in grants from state and federal grants in the US and overseas, and she has served on review panels for National Institute of Justice in the areas of violence against women and comparative criminology. She is past editor of Justice Quarterly, and co-editor of Victims and Violence and International review of Victimology. Among her recently completed or ongoing funded research projects are a national study on violence against immigrant women and systemic responses, policing domestic violence in the Arab/Palestinian community in Israel, women in terrorism, victims of terrorism, and terrorism, crime and the internet. Yoram Schweitzer is a Senior Research Fellow at Tel Aviv University's Institute for National Security Studies, the Director of the Institute's Terrorism and Low Intensity Warfare project. Mr. Schweitzer is a former official in the Israeli intelligence community and consultant to the Prime Minister's Office. He 6 Journal of National Defense Studies, no. 6, May 2008 has lectured and published widely on terror-related issues and, for the last three years, has been teaching a course at Tel Aviv University on matters related to terrorism. Mr. Schweitzer continues to advise various private and public sector organizations on Counter-Terrorism strategies. In recent years, among other areas, Schweitzer's research has circled around meetings with failed suicide terrorists and their dispatchers in an effort to analyze their motivations and objectives. In this regard, Schweitzer has recently published two significant studies: "Palestinian Istishhadia: a Developing Instrument", Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 30:8, 667-689 (August 2007); "Palestinian Female Suicide Bombers: Virtuous Heroines or Damaged Goods?", Ed. Cindy Ness (Feb. 2008). For further information about Mr. Schweitzer's research, please see Schweitzer's homesite: www.labat.co.il Katharina Von Knop is a Fellow at the University of the Armed Forces in Munich, Germany at the department for International Politics and International Law. Dr. von Knop received a research grant from the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies to conduct the research on the multifaceted role of women inside al-Qaeda and to identify Counter and Antiterrorism measures specifically tailored addressing women. In 2007 she was on the research board at the Jebsen Center for Counter-Terrorism Studies at the Fletcher School, Tufts University in Boston. She holds a Ph.D. in Political Science with the focus on Terrorism and Counterterrorism, a M.A. in Political Science with the focus on Security Studies and Political Marketing and Campaigning, and a B.A. in Communication Science, Sociology and Political Science. She has published four books on terrorism and counterterrorism as well as several scientific articles. She has presented at the International Studies Association multiple times as well as at the American Political Studies Association Annual Convention. In 2006 she organized together with Dr. Boaz Ganor a NATO advance research workshop on Hypermedia Seduction for Terrorist Recruiting 7 Journal of National Defense Studies, No. 6, May 2008 Introduction New Perspectives on Terrorism * Jay Albanese This special issue of the Journal of National Defense