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A Sacrificial Millipede Altruistically Protects Its Swarm Using a Drone
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A sacrificial millipede altruistically protects its swarm using a drone blood enzyme, mandelonitrile Received: 05 January 2016 Accepted: 29 April 2016 oxidase Published: 06 June 2016 Yuko Ishida1,2, Yasumasa Kuwahara1,2, Mohammad Dadashipour1,2, Atsutoshi Ina1,2, Takuya Yamaguchi1,2, Masashi Morita1,2, Yayoi Ichiki1,2 & Yasuhisa Asano1,2 Soldiers of some eusocial insects exhibit an altruistic self-destructive defense behavior in emergency situations when attacked by large enemies. The swarm-forming invasive millipede, Chamberlinius hualienensis, which is not classified as eusocial animal, exudes irritant chemicals such as benzoyl cyanide as a defensive secretion. Although it has been thought that this defensive chemical was converted from mandelonitrile, identification of the biocatalyst has remained unidentified for 40 years. Here, we identify the novel blood enzyme, mandelonitrile oxidase (ChuaMOX), which stoichiometrically catalyzes oxygen consumption and synthesis of benzoyl cyanide and hydrogen peroxide from mandelonitrile. Interestingly the enzymatic activity is suppressed at a blood pH of 7, and the enzyme is segregated by membranes of defensive sacs from mandelonitrile which has a pH of 4.6, the optimum pH for ChuaMOX activity. In addition, strong body muscle contractions are necessary for de novo synthesis of benzoyl cyanide. We propose that, to protect its swarm, the sacrificial millipede also applies a self- destructive defense strategy—the endogenous rupturing of the defensive sacs to mix ChuaMOX and mandelonitrile at an optimum pH. Further study of defensive systems in primitive arthropods will pave the way to elucidate the evolution of altruistic defenses in the animal kingdom. Swarm-forming animals have unique defense systems for protection. -
Arxiv:2104.01203V2 [Physics.Bio-Ph] 24 Apr 2021
Universal features in panarthropod inter-limb coordination during forward walking Jasmine A. Nirody1,2 1Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA 2All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AL United Kingdom April 27, 2021 Abstract Terrestrial animals must often negotiate heterogeneous, varying environments. Accordingly, their locomotive strategies must adapt to a wide range of terrain, as well as to a range of speeds in order to accomplish different behavioral goals. Studies in Drosophila have found that inter-leg coordination patterns (ICPs) vary smoothly with walking speed, rather than switching between distinct gaits as in vertebrates (e.g., horses transitioning between trotting and galloping). Such a continuum of stepping patterns implies that separate neural controllers are not necessary for each observed ICP. Furthermore, the spectrum of Drosophila stepping patterns includes all canonical coordination patterns observed during forward walking in insects. This raises the exciting possibility that the controller in Drosophila is common to all insects, and perhaps more generally to panarthropod walkers. Here, we survey and collate data on leg kinematics and inter-leg coordination relationships during forward walking in a range of arthropod species, as well as include data from a recent behavioral investigation into the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. Using this comparative dataset, we point to several functional and morphological features that are shared amongst panarthropods. The goal of the framework presented in this review is to emphasize the importance of comparative functional and morphological analyses in understanding the origins and diversification of walking in Panarthropoda. Walking, a behavior fundamental to numerous tasks important for an organism's survival, is assumed to have become highly optimized during evolution. -
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Millipedes (Diplopoda) Thesis
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Millipedes (Diplopoda) Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Monica A. Farfan, B.S. Graduate Program in Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University 2010 Thesis Committee: Hans Klompen, Advisor John W. Wenzel Andrew Michel Copyright by Monica A. Farfan 2010 Abstract The focus of this thesis is the ecology of invasive millipedes (Diplopoda) in the family Julidae. This particular group of millipedes are thought to be introduced into North America from Europe and are now widely found in many urban, anthropogenic habitats in the U.S. Why are these animals such effective colonizers and why do they seem to be mostly present in anthropogenic habitats? In a review of the literature addressing the role of millipedes in nutrient cycling, the interactions of millipedes and communities of fungi and bacteria are discussed. The presence of millipedes stimulates fungal growth while fungal hyphae and bacteria positively effect feeding intensity and nutrient assimilation efficiency in millipedes. Millipedes may also utilize enzymes from these organisms. In a continuation of the study of the ecology of the family Julidae, a comparative study was completed on mites associated with millipedes in the family Julidae in eastern North America and the United Kingdom. The goals of this study were: 1. To establish what mites are present on these millipedes in North America 2. To see if this fauna is the same as in Europe 3. To examine host association patterns looking specifically for host or habitat specificity. -
Ommatoiulus Moreleti (Lucas) and Cylindroiulus
Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group Volume 30 (2018) OMMATOIULUS MORELETI (LUCAS) AND CYLINDROIULUS PYRENAICUS (BRÖLEMANN) NEW TO THE UK (DIPLOPODA, JULIDA: JULIDAE) AND A NEW HOST FOR RICKIA LABOULBENIOIDES (LABOULBENIALES) Steve J. Gregory1, Christian Owen2, Greg Jones and Emma Williams 1 4 Mount Pleasant Cottages, Church Street, East Hendred, Oxfordshire, OX12 8LA, UK. E-mail: [email protected] 2 75 Lewis Street, Aberbargoed. CF8 19DZ, UK. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The schizophylline millipede Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas) and the cylindroiuline millipede Cylindroiulus pyrenaicus (Brölemann) (Julida: Julidae) are recorded new for the UK from a site near Bridgend, Glamorganshire, in April 2017. An unidentified millipede first collected in April 2004 from Kenfig Burrows, Glamorganshire, is also confirmed as being C. pyrenaicus. Both species are described and illustrated, enabling identification. C. pyrenaicus is reported as a new host for the Laboulbeniales fungus Rickia laboulbenioides. Summary information is provided on habitat preferences of both species in South Wales and on their foreign distribution and habitats. It is considered likely that both species have been unintentionally introduced into the UK as a consequence of industrial activity in the Valleys of south Wales. INTRODUCTION The genera Ommatoiulus Latzel, 1884 and Cylindroiulus Verhoeff, 1894 (Julida: Julidae) both display high species diversity (Kime & Enghoff, 2017). Of the 47 described species of Ommatoiulus the majority are found in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula (ibid). Currently, just one species, Ommatoiulus sabulosus (Linnaeus, 1758), is known from Britain and Ireland, a species that occurs widely across northern Europe (Kime, 1999) and in Britain reaches the northern Scottish coastline (Lee, 2006). -
A Millipede Compound Eye Mediating Low-Resolution Vision T ⁎ John D
Vision Research 165 (2019) 36–44 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres A millipede compound eye mediating low-resolution vision T ⁎ John D. Kirwan , Dan-E. Nilsson Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Millipedes are a species-rich and ancient arthropod clade which typically bear a pair of lateral compound eyes Visual ecology with a small number of large facets. To understand the visual tasks that underlie the evolution of millipede eyes, Visually-guided behaviour their spatial resolving performance is of key importance. We here investigate the spatial resolution of the mil- Visual acuity lipede Cylindroiulus punctatus using behavioural assays. Individual animals were placed in the centre of a cy- Photoreception lindrical arena under bright downwelling light, with dark stimuli of varying angular dimensions placed on the Myriapoda arena wall. We used continuous isoluminant stimuli based on a difference of Gaussians signal to test foror- Diplopoda ientation to the dark target via object taxis. Headings of individual animals were tracked in relation to the stimuli to determine whether the animals oriented towards the stimulus. We implemented a multilevel logistic regression model to identify the arc width of the stimulus that animals could resolve. We then modelled the angular sensitivity needed to identify this. We also related the visual performance to the 3D anatomy of the eye. We found that C. punctatus can resolve a stimulus of 56° period (sufficient to detect a 20° dark target). Assuming a contrast threshold of 10%, this requires a receptor acceptance angle of 72° or narrower. -
The Belgian Millipede Fauna (Diplopoda)
I I BULLETIN DE L'INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE BELGIQUE ENTOMOLOGIE, 74: 35-68, 200ll BULLETIN VAN HET KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN ENTOMOLOGIE, 74: 35-68, 2004 The Belgian Millipede Fauna (Diplopoda) by R. Desmond KIME Summary (BIERNAUX, 1972) and the first Belgian millipede atlas concerning these two groups (BIERNAUX, 1971). Between The work done in the past on Belgian millipedes is briefly reviewed 1977 and 1980 MARQUET made a huge collection of soil and previous publications on the subject are cited. A check-list of Belgian Diplopoda is given. Biogeographical districts of Belgium are invertebrates taken from all regions of the country for the indicated and the distribution of millipedes within these is noted. Each Belgian Royal Institute ofNatural Science, the millipedes spedes is reviewed; its distribution in Belgium is related to its of which I identified and catalogued at the request of European geographical range and to knowledge of its ecology. Maps of distribution within Belgium are presented. There is discussion of the Dr Leon BAERT. My own collecting in Belgium began in origins, evolution and community composition of the Belgian milli 1974 and has continued to the present day. Detailed pede fauna. ecological studies were carried out from 1977 onwards, based in the laboratory of Professor Key words: Diplopoda, Belgium, check-list, biogeography, ecology, Philippe LEBRUN at faunal origins. Louvain-la-Neuve, some of these with colleagues at Gembloux, and at the Belgian Royal Institute of Natural Science. These studies gave rise to a number of publica tions adding to the knowledge of the Belgian fauna (KIME Introduction & WAUTHY, 1984; BRANQUART, 1991; KIME, 1992; KIME et al., 1992; BRANQUART et al., 1995, KIME, 1997). -
Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum
Bulletin Zoölogisch Museum UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM Vol.11 No. 11 1988 The generic position of Orthomorpha bucharensis Lohmander and O. mumi- nabadensis Gulička, and the taxonomic status of Hedinomorpha Verhoeff (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae) C.A.W. Jeekel Abstract Redescription of Orthomorpha muminabadensis Gulička based on topotypical specimens. It is a synonym ofOrthomorpha bu- and the charensis Lohmander, species belongs to the genus Hedinomorpha Verhoeff. The latter is referred definitely to the tribe Sulciferini. INTRODUCTION "possibly the discovery of related forms will throw In 1933 Verhoeff published his paper on the scanty some more light on the ultimate status of this genus" but precious collection of Myriapoda obtained during (Jeekel, I.e.: 74). the Sven Hedin Expedition to China. A majority of New information on Hedinomorpha has become to the Diplopoda belonged the family Paradoxosoma- available recently by the description of a new spe- tidae, of which Verhoeff described four monotypical cies, H. biramipedicula, from China by Zhang & Tang genera. Two of these, Kochliopus Verhoeff and (1985). Kansupus Verhoeff, have long been recognized as Moreover, the examination of topotypical speci- synonyms of Helicorthomorpha Attems and Krono- mens of Orthomorpha muminabadensis Gulióka, de- polites Attems, respectively (cfr. Attems, 1937). scribed from Muminabad, Tadzhikistan, U.S.S.R., The other two, Hedinomorpha Verhoeff and Man- kindly submitted to me by my colleague Dr. S.I. Golo- darinopus Verhoeff, were treated as synonyms of vatch, Moscow, has shown that this species belongs Orthomorpha Bollman and Sundanina Attems, re- to Hedinomorpha. spectively, by Attems (I.e.), but reinstated as valid In addition, Dr. Golovatch informed me that re- genera by the present writer (Jeekel, 1968), and ten- examination of the female type of Orthomorpha bu- tatively referred to the tribe Sulciferini. -
On Mass Migrations in Millipedes Based on A
ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH New observations - with older ones reviewed - on mass migrations in millipedes based on a recent outbreak on Hachijojima (Izu Islands) of the polydesmid diplopod (Chamberlinius hualienensis, Wang 1956): Nothing appears to make much sense Victor Benno MEYER-ROCHOW1,2,* 1 Research Institute of Luminous Organisms, Hachijo, 2749 Nakanogo (Hachijojima), Tokyo, 100-1623, Japan 2 Department of Biology (Eläinmuseo), University of Oulu, SF-90014 Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, Finland ABSTRACT individuals occurring together at close proximity. It is concluded that mass migrations and aggregations in Mass aggregations and migrations of millipedes millipedes do not have one common cause, but despite numerous attempts to find causes for their represent phenomena that often are seasonally occurrences are still an enigma. They have been recurring events and appear identical in their reported from both southern and northern outcome, but which have evolved as responses to hemisphere countries, from highlands and lowlands different causes in different millipede taxa and of both tropical and temperate regions and they can therefore need to be examined on a case-to-case involve species belonging to the orders Julida and basis. Spirobolida, Polydesmida and Glomerida. According Keywords: Myriapoda; Spawning migration; Aggregation to the main suggestions put forward in the past, 1 mass occurrences in Diplopoda occur: (1) because behaviour; Diplopod commensals and parasites of a lack of food and a population increase beyond sustainable levels; (2) for the purpose of INTRODUCTION reproduction and in order to locate suitable oviposition sites; (3) to find overwintering or Mass aggregations of millipedes are not a recent phenomenon aestivation sites; (4) because of habitat disruption (Hopkin & Read, 1992). -
Půdní Fauna Habilitační Práce
UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Přírodovědecká fakulta Půdní fauna habilitační práce předkládá RNDr. Mgr. Ivan Hadrián Tuf, Ph.D. Katedra ekologie a životního prostředí, PřF UP jako součást požadavků habilitačního řízení v oboru Ekologie 2017 Ivan H. Tuf © Ivan H. Tuf, 2017 Půdní fauna Obsah Úvod .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 Metody vzorkování půdních bezobratlých .................................................................................................... 3 Kvantitativní vzorkování povrchově aktivních bezobratlých.................................................................... 3 Kvantitativní vzorkování půdu obývajících bezobratlých ......................................................................... 6 Jak oddělit živočichy od substrátu? .......................................................................................................... 9 Volba vhodné metody ............................................................................................................................ 10 Publikace autora k dané tematice, jež jsou součástí této práce ............................................................ 10 Další publikace autora k dané tematice ................................................................................................. 11 Evoluční aspekty života v půdě .................................................................................................................. -
Myriapodologica
Myriapodologica A SERIES OF OCCASIONAL PAPERS PUBUSHED AT RADFORD UNIVERSITY ISSN 0163-5395 VoL 1, No. 11 September 1, 1982 An extraordinary new genus of the millipede family Nemasomatidae (Diplopoda: Julida) BY HENRIK ENGHOFF ABSTRACT Chelojulus scu/pturatus, n. gen., n. sp., is described from Idaho, USA The genus is unique among the Julida in having the ozopores borne on ovoid dorsolateral swellings, and in having the fifth pair of male legs transformed into functional forcepts. Arguments are presented in favour of the hypothesis that Chelojulus is the sister-group of Telsonemasoma, a nemasomatid genus known from Oregon, USA. INTRODUCTION In a recent paper on the millipede order Julida (Enghoff, 1981) I stated that "The Julida are comparatively uniform in external appearance." Had I then had at hand the species described in the present paper, this sentence might have been omitted: Che/ojulus sculpturatus is certainly the most disjunct of julidan millipedes as far as external structure is concerned. I am extremely grateful to Dr. R. L. Hoffman, Radford, Virginia, who discovered the new species among unidentified millipedes belonging to the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA). Dr. Hoffman at once recognized the signif icance of the speciments and generously forwarded them to me for study. The drawings of habitus and body segments are due to the skill of Mr. Robert Nielsen, artist of Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen. Scanned with permission by Virginia Tech Insect Systematics Group 2014 (www.jointedlegs.org) 70 Myriapodologica TAXONOMY Chelojulus, new genus Diagnosis: A genus of Nemasomatidae (sensu Enghoff, 19B1). Agreeing with other nemasomatids in the possession of handlike branched teeth in the mandibular pectinate lamellae, and particularly with T elsonemasoma in the occurrence of biramous anterior gonopod telopodites. -
Raincoat Compounds” Aem Nuylert1,2, Yasumasa Kuwahara1, Tipparat Hongpattarakere3 & Yasuhisa Asano 1,2
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Identifcation of saturated and unsaturated 1-methoxyalkanes from the Thai millipede Received: 16 March 2018 Accepted: 25 June 2018 Orthomorpha communis as Published: xx xx xxxx potential “Raincoat Compounds” Aem Nuylert1,2, Yasumasa Kuwahara1, Tipparat Hongpattarakere3 & Yasuhisa Asano 1,2 Mixtures of saturated and unsaturated 1-methoxyalkanes (alkyl methyl ethers, representing more than 45.4% of the millipede hexane extracts) were newly identifed from the Thai polydesmid millipede, Orthomorpha communis, in addition to well-known polydesmid defense allomones (benzaldehyde, benzoyl cyanide, benzoic acid, mandelonitrile, and mandelonitrile benzoate) and phenolics (phenol, o- and p-cresol, 2-methoxyphenol, 2-methoxy-5-methylphenol and 3-methoxy-4-methylphenol). The major compound was 1-methoxy-n-hexadecane (32.9%), and the mixture might function as “raincoat compounds” for the species to keep of water penetration and also to prevent desiccation. Certain arthropods are well known to produce exocrine secretions which serve a variety of functions such as defense against predators1, antimicrobial and antifungal activities2, protection against moisture3, and intraspe- cifc information pheromones4–6. Millipedes (Diplopoda) belonging to seven of the 16 orders (composed of 145 families, over 12,000 species described) possess exocrine glands (repugnatory glands or ozadenes, located on the pleurotergites) and the chemical compositions of their secretions have been studied for more than 140 species7–10. Among them, 58 species of Polydesmida have been examined worldwide and their defense allo- mone compositions have been well documented7–9. Most polydesmid species are cyanogenic, and their defense components are mainly produced by two enzymes [hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL)11 and mandelonitrile oxidase (MOX)12] from a mandelonitrile substrate stored in the reservoir of repugnatory glands. -
Wybrane Zagadnienia Z Zakresu Nauk Biologicznych I Weterynaryjnych
Wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu nauk biologicznych i weterynaryjnych Wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu nauk biologicznych i weterynaryjnych Redakcja: Kamil Maciąg Alicja Danielewska Lublin 2019 Wydawnictwo Naukowe TYGIEL składa serdecznie podziękowania dla zespołu Recenzentów za zaangażowanie w dokonane recenzje oraz merytoryczne wskazówki dla Autorów. Recenzentami niniejszej monografii byli: prof. dr hab. Łukasz Adaszek dr hab. Mariola Andrejko dr hab. inż. Ryszard Tuz dr Jolanta Artym dr n. o zdr. Mariola Janiszewska dr Agnieszka Kuźniar dr n. med. Łukasz Pilarz dr Anna Pytlak dr Małgorzata Telecka Wszystkie opublikowane rozdziały otrzymały pozytywne recenzje. Skład i łamanie: Alicja Danielewska Monika Maciąg Projekt okładki: Marcin Szklarczyk © Copyright by Wydawnictwo Naukowe TYGIEL sp. z o.o. ISBN 978-83-65932-95-2 Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Naukowe TYGIEL sp. z o.o. ul. Głowackiego 35/341, 20-060 Lublin www.wydawnictwo-tygiel.pl Spis treści Karolina Boguszewska, Michał Szewczuk, Bolesław T. Karwowski Naprawa uszkodzeń DNA w mitochondriach poprzez wycinanie zasady system BER .... 7 Michał Szewczuk, Karolina Boguszewska, Bolesław T. Karwowski Rola OGG1 w przebiegu procesu naprawy DNA przez system BER .................................. 19 Magdalena Szatkowska, Renata Krupa Paralogi RAD51 w naprawie pęknięć dwuniciowych DNA na drodze rekombinacji homologicznej ......................................................................................................................... 28 Jakub Krzaczyński, Beniamin Grabarek, Barbara Strzałka-Mrozik