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GFF ISSN: 1103-5897 (Print) 2000-0863 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/sgff20 Sponge spicule assemblages from the Cambrian (Series 2–3) of North Greenland (Laurentia): systematics and biogeography John S. Peel To cite this article: John S. Peel (2019) Sponge spicule assemblages from the Cambrian (Series 2–3) of North Greenland (Laurentia): systematics and biogeography, GFF, 141:2, 133-161, DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2019.1578261 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2019.1578261 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 03 Oct 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 75 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=sgff20 GFF 2019, VOL. 141, NO. 2, 133–161 https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2019.1578261 ARTICLE Sponge spicule assemblages from the Cambrian (Series 2–3) of North Greenland (Laurentia): systematics and biogeography John S. Peel Department of Earth Sciences (Palaeobiology), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Isolated microscopic spicules from disarticulated scleritomes demonstrate the presence of a diverse sponge Received 23 August 2018 fauna otherwise not evident from the macrofossil record in carbonate successions deposited during the un- Accepted 31 January 2019 named Cambrian Series 2 and Cambrian Series 3 (Miaolingian) in North Greenland. Most of the spicule KEYWORDS morphotypes are not recognised from faunas of articulated sponges known from contemporaneous Cambrian (Series 2–3); siliciclastic strata elsewhere. Assemblages are described in terms of four Cambrian stages and contain Miaolingian; sponge numerous spicule morphotypes not previously recorded from Laurentia. Many of the spicules can be spicules; systematics; correlated worldwide, however, extending current knowledge of the biogeographic distribution of sponge biogeography; North spicule-based taxa in the Cambrian. In particular, similar Cambrian Stage 4 (Series 2) and Miaolingian Greenland; Laurentia assemblages (Wuliuan, Drumian and Guzhangian stages) faunas are recorded from tropical palaeolatitudes in Australia, South China, Siberia and Laurentia, although this may in part reflect a methodology focused on the preparation of the carbonate samples that dominate these successions. New spicule-based taxa: Eiffelia floriformis n. sp., Australispongia? inuak n. sp., Celtispongia dorte n. gen. n. sp., Sanningasoqia borealis n. gen. n. sp., Speciosuspongia inughuitorum n. sp., Sulukispicula gelidae n. gen. n. sp. Introduction This paper extends the studies by Peel (2017a, 2018)in reviewing sponge spicule assemblages from the lower–middle Cambrian sponges from Laurentia are best known from diverse Cambrian (Cambrian Series 2–3) of North Greenland. Spicule assemblages of articulated specimens in the siliciclastic strata of associations are grouped into four assemblages: Unnamed Stage lagerstätten such as the Burgess Shale and Sirius Passet (Rigby 4 from Cambrian Series 2, and the Wuliuan Stage, Drumian 1978, 1983, 1986; Rigby & Collins 2004; Rigby et al. 2010; Stage and Guzhangian Stage from the Miaolingian Series. In Botting & Peel 2016). Isolated sponge spicules occur widely addition to offering primary documentation of the diversity of but, with few exceptions, they have attracted little attention sponges within carbonate successions from northern Laurentia (Rigby 1975;Pratt2002;Skovsted2006; McMenamin 2008; (present day coordinates), the assemblages permit integration of Harvey 2010; Botting et al. 2015;Peeletal.2016). New records the palaeocontinent into the emerging picture of sponge palaeo- from Cambrian Series 2–3 carbonates of Laurentia (North geography during the Cambrian (Botting & Muir in press). Greenland) were documented by Peel (2017a) in describing Although previously not well known from Laurentia, spicules Silicunculus Bengtson, 1986, Australispongia Dong & Knoll, of disarticulated sponges are widely distributed and often abun- 1996 and Thoracospongia Mehl, 1996, three genera that were dant in other Cambrian palaeocontinents (e.g., Bengtson 1986; originally reported on the basis of sponge spicules from Fedorov in Fedorov & Pereladov 1987;Bengtsonetal.1990; Australia. The Greenland occurrences suggested that spicule- Zhang & Pratt 1994 ;Dong&Knoll1996; Panasenko 1998;Elicki based sponge taxa may have had palaeogeographic and biostra- 2011;Mehl1998; Vasilieva 1998;Beresi2003; Castellani et al. 2012; tigraphic utility in the Cambrian, in addition to demonstrating Kouchinsky et al. 2011, 2015; Sugai et al. 2004;Changetal.2017; a diversity of sponges not otherwise recognised within the Peel 2017a, 2018), showing a morphological diversity that con- relatively well known articulated lagerstätten sponge faunas. tinues to increase into the Ordovician (Webby & Trotter 1993; The notion of widespread distribution of Cambrian sponge Carrera & Maletz 2014). While the focus of systematic studies of spicules gained further support with the description by Peel Cambrian sponges naturally lies with articulated scleritomes, spi- (2018) of spicule assemblages from the Holm Dal Formation cules from acid residues provide a useful source of supplementary (Miaolingian [= Cambrian Series 3], Guzhangian Stage, information since they often represent a size sample, 250–500 µm, Lejopyge laevigata Biozone) of North Greenland which com- not readily discerned in articulated specimens. They also provide pared closely with an assemblage described by Bengtson details of fine surface structures often not preserved (Castellani (1986) from the contemporaneous Mungerebar Limestone et al. 2012)andthenatureoftheaxialfilament of the individual of Queensland, Australia. Although located on separate rays in silicean sponges, a character diagnostic of demosponge or palaeocontinents, both localities were placed near the equator hexactinellid affinity in crown groups (Botting & Muir 2013). In in the Miaolingian (Torsvik & Cocks 2017). present day demosponges, the axial filament is triangular to CONTACT John S. Peel [email protected] Department of Earth Sciences (Palaeobiology), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. Published online 03 Oct 2019 134 J. S. PEEL hexagonal in cross-section but it is square in hexactinellids. Geological background However, the observed canals in most Cambrian specimens are The geological evolution of the Greenland portion of the usually circular (Castellani et al. 2012;Peel2018) although this is Laurentian margin during the lower Palaeozoic was reviewed often a reflection of diagenetic widening of the filament cavity. by Higgins et al. (1991). Cambrian stratigraphy of North Botting & Muir (2013) noted that well-preserved axial filaments Greenland was formally described by Ineson & Peel (1997). are rare in Lower Palaeozoic sponges but increased knowledge of Siliciclastic sediments of the Buen Formation yield the only filament morphology may provide a significant contribution to known articulated sponges (Botting et al. 2015; Botting & Peel resolving the current uncertainty concerning the relationship of 2016; Peel & Willman 2018). Isolated sponge spicules have Cambrian sponges to crown group poriferans (Botting & been recovered from several formations within the overlying Butterfield 2005;Botting&Muir2013, 2018; Botting et al. 2013, carbonate-dominated succession (Figs. 1–3) which forms 2017; Carrera & Botting 2008). a northwards prograding sedimentary complex extending The stauractins, pentactins and hexactins that characterise from Cambrian Series 2 (Stage 3) to the lowest Ordovician. most spicule occurrences in the Cambrian show little mor- This complex is dominated by platform margin carbonate phological variation between localities and are of limited use slope-apron carbonates, deep shelf carbonates and siliciclastic in taxonomy. However, a number of “spicule-based” taxa sediments referred to the Brønlund Fjord and Tavsens Iskappe have been named under zoological nomenclature for mor- groups (Ineson & Peel 1997). Units of dark carbonates and phologically distinct spicules (Mostler 1985, 1996; Bengtson et shales (Fig. 2: Henson Gletscher, Ekspedition Bræ, Holm Dal al. 1990; Mehl 1996; Chen & Dong 2008; Peel 2017a, 2018), formations) are separated by cliff-forming successions of dolo- while Fedorov in Shabanov et al. (1987) and Fedorov in mitised carbonate turbidites and mass flow deposits Fedorov & Peredalov (1987) proposed several lower and (Aftenstjernesø, Sydpasset, Fimbuldal, Perssuaq Gletscher for- middle Cambrian genera on the basis of assemblages of dis- mations) that represent active progradation of the platform articulated spicules. The biological value of spicule-based taxa margin during periods of sea-level highstand (Ineson & Peel may be questioned, but it is unwise to dismiss their usefulness 1997). The dark carbonates and shales were deposited during if recognition increases insight into the diversity and distri- periods of lowstand (Ineson
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  • Lee-Riding-2018.Pdf

    Lee-Riding-2018.Pdf

    Earth-Science Reviews 181 (2018) 98–121 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Marine oxygenation, lithistid sponges, and the early history of Paleozoic T skeletal reefs ⁎ Jeong-Hyun Leea, , Robert Ridingb a Department of Geology and Earth Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea b Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Microbial carbonates were major components of early Paleozoic reefs until coral-stromatoporoid-bryozoan reefs Cambrian appeared in the mid-Ordovician. Microbial reefs were augmented by archaeocyath sponges for ~15 Myr in the Reef gap early Cambrian, by lithistid sponges for the remaining ~25 Myr of the Cambrian, and then by lithistid, calathiid Dysoxia and pulchrilaminid sponges for the first ~25 Myr of the Ordovician. The factors responsible for mid–late Hypoxia Cambrian microbial-lithistid sponge reef dominance remain unclear. Although oxygen increase appears to have Lithistid sponge-microbial reef significantly contributed to the early Cambrian ‘Explosion’ of marine animal life, it was followed by a prolonged period dominated by ‘greenhouse’ conditions, as sea-level rose and CO2 increased. The mid–late Cambrian was unusually warm, and these elevated temperatures can be expected to have lowered oxygen solubility, and to have promoted widespread thermal stratification resulting in marine dysoxia and hypoxia. Greenhouse condi- tions would also have stimulated carbonate platform development, locally further limiting shallow-water cir- culation. Low marine oxygenation has been linked to episodic extinctions of phytoplankton, trilobites and other metazoans during the mid–late Cambrian.