Lingtera, 4 (1), 2017, 14-22
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Available online at: http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/ljtp LingTera, 4 (1), 2017, 14-22 Maxim violation in archie comic Angreni Saraswati Dewi SMA Institut Indonesia Sleman. Jl. Wonosari Km. 8, Sekarsuli, Berbah, Sleman, 55573, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Abstract This research study aims at describing: the forms of the violation of cooperative maxims; the violation of politeness maxims used in Archie speech situation, and the way to understand maxim violations that makes the reading of the comic easier. This study used two data collection methods, namely reading comprehension and note-taking. The result of this study reveals that there is a violation of maxims both co-operative and politeness maxims. The forms of the violation of co- operative maxims are quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. The forms of the violation of politeness maxims are tact, approbation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy. The easier way to understand comics is reading verbal and nonverbal forms. Keywords: maxim, maxim violation of co-operative, maxim violation of politeness, comic How to Cite: Dewi, A. (2017). Maxim violation in archie comic. LingTera, 4(1), 14-22. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v4i1.13561 Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v4i1.13561 __________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION maxim is a foundation of why humans do communication. Wardhaugh (1986, p. 282) Over the past decade, comic books have assumes that the world works according to a set risen from relative obscurity to become one of of maxims or rules so that speakers or hearers do the greatest items today. Combining the their best to make it work in that way. However, narrative, dialogue, and visual artistry, comic the communication world is different. There are books are extremely popular around the world. some maxims which are relevant with this Archie is a teen comic in the United States. It problem. They are Grice co-operative maxims tells about American teenagers. The majority of (1975), and Leech politeness maxims (1983). characters in the stories are European The co-operative principle is developed by Americans, though African American characters Grice (1975). Basically, a co-operative principle occasionally play minor roles in their daily is a general principle in which the speakers are activities, whether at home, schools, or in their expected to contribute to the conversation as common society. necessary as is needed and based on the purpose Linguistically, Archie uses colloquial in the talk exchange (Fajaruddin, 2011; Grice, language spoken by American teenagers. It is 1975, p.45). Grice classifies the co-operative shown in phrases such as Watcha doin’, principle into four types. The four maxims are gangway, yikes, hey chuck, and so on. These quantity, quality, relevance, and manner phrases appear to strengthen the naturalness of maxims. Besides co-operative principle, Leech conversation in the comic. These phrases also classifies the poli-teness principle into six types. make the language more powerful to drive The six maxims are tact, approbation, readers into Archie and his friends world. One generosity, modesty, agreement, and sympathy of the most interesting phenomena in the maxim. linguistic aspect is the violation of co-operative The appearance of violations of co- and politeness maxims. Schiffrin ((2007, p. 323) operative and politeness maxims has certain states that a maxim is a general communication aims. In comics, participants usually use principle; the application turn to specific violation both of politeness and co-operative utterances or linguistic phenomena from the maxims for humor. Meanwhile, Archie is a results of ways to conclude senses of utterances. comic based on daily life. Archie is the same as Dardjowidjojo (2008, p. 109) states that a Copyright © 2017, LingTera, ISSN 2406-9213 (print); ISSN 2477-1961 (online) LingTera, 4 (1), 2017 - 15 Angreni Saraswati Dewi ordinary people who live with human conflicts. and correlate the data of this study. Both Because of that, Archie and friends do not only theories are masters of violations of maxims. use the violation of maxims for humor, but also Padan pragmatics can be used to compare for daily life purposes such as giving and correlate the data with speech acts out of the information for an angry person or revealing data. As described above, the speech acts are untrue situation. used in the study as setting, participants, ends, Furthermore, components of speech act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norm of underlie communication. It is based on Hymes interaction, and genre is used to compare and theory. Hymes (in Gumperz & Hymes, 1972, correlate data. pp.58-65) suggest that there are sixteen The object of the study is maxim violation components which determine the form of human in Archie comic which is an utterance of the utterances. These sixteenth components are book (Sudaryanto, 1993, p.3; Mahsun, 2012, grouped together in relation to the eight pp.18-19). Maxim violations used in this study components of setting or scene (S), participants are co-operative and politeness maxims. There (P), ends (E), act sequence (A), key (K), are four violations which occur in co-operative instrumentalities (I), norm of interaction (N), maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner and genre (G), abbreviated as SPEAKING. maxims. There are six violations which occur in Meanwhile, the presence of language the politeness maxims: tacts, generosity, appro- phenomena as violation, colloquialism, and bation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy language flirtation make the readers have to maxims. The research data are the utterances in think harder to get the meaning senses of story. Archie comics that consist of these maxim Campbell (via Cohn, violations. www.thevisuallinguist.com) states that many The data source of the research is Archie people from non-Westernized countries find comic episode 212 which is a literature of the difficulty to understand the story because they book (Mahsun, 2012, p. 22). The data are all the do not understand the language. This makes a utterances by all characters of the comic. This hard time connecting the meaning between study uses two data collection methods, namely panels. reading comprehension and note-taking Besides, Allen (www.goodreads.com) (Affifatusholihah, & Setyawan, 2016; Mahsun, states that they do not understand the directions 2012, p.92; Sudaryanto, 1993, pp.133-136). The which must be supposed. They cannot seem to phases of collecting data are as follows. the data wrap their mind around the idea of “reading an are read comprehensively and the pragmatic image”. Meanwhile, Campbell (2013) states that aspect of maxim violation which appears in the the entire task of reading comics will be difficult comics is note-taking. The instrument of the for people at a fundamental level. So, reading a study is the researcher herself (Sudaryanto, comic needs intelligence to understand the 1993, p.21). To collect the data, the researcher is meaning from several ways. It is from the ability assisted by the use of a computer set and of mastering phenomena of language and stationeries (Sudaryanto, 1993, p.135). The understanding the visual art of comics. results of the observation for data sources are Based on the statements above, the noted in data cards. research study aims at describing: the forms of The technique of analysis used in this the violation of cooperative maxims; the study was teknik padan (Sudaryanto, 1993, violation of politeness maxims used in Archie p.13). In the data analysis, the following speech situation, and how understanding of procedure was applied for verbal data and maxim violations makes the reading of the maxim violation utterances were analyzed and comics easier. interpreted. For nonverbal data, postures, facial expressions, and intonations–based on the facial METHOD expressions–were analyzed and described. The The research design used in this study is data that did not contain maxim violations were the padan design as described by Sudaryanto ignored while the data that contained violation (1993, p.13). Of the two padan techniques, the of maxims were sorted. The data sorting was padan referential is used which compares and based on the types of maxims, sub maxims, and correlates the data of co-operative and politeness supporting facilities. Finally, the results of the violation theories. Grice (1975, pp.46-47) and analyses were presented informally. It was Leech‟s theories (1983:132) are used to compare through formulation using ordinary words Copyright © 2017, LingTera, ISSN 2406-9213 (print); ISSN 2477-1961 (online) LingTera, 4 (1), 2017 - 16 Angreni Saraswati Dewi without marking and special symbols. It was Veronica‟s home because her father was presented with a data set that was relevant with working. the context (Sudaryanto, 1993, pp.145 & 155). Situation: Veronica asked the armor to Reggie. Conversation: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Veronica: That the suit of armor from the study! Based on the results of the data analyses, Reggie: Yeah! Just call me Sir Reginald! a number of violations of co-operative and Grice (1975, p.46) states that if an politeness maxims can be identified. The addressee gives information more than what the violation of co-operative principles consists of speaker needs, it means that the addressee has four types. They are quantity, quality, relevance, violated the quantity maxim. From the and manner. Meanwhile, the violation of conversation, Veronica felt angry because her politeness maxims consists of five types. They friends were messing up her home. After that, are tact, generosity, modesty, agreement, and she saw Reggie wearing an armor from the sympathy maxims. These types of violations of study room. She asked about the armor and co-operative, politeness maxim, and the way of Reggie answered with pride “Yeah! Just call me understanding maxim violation will be presented Sir Reginald!‟ This statement diverges because in table forms. Next, the form of violation will Veronica does not need that explanation.