דוקטור לפילוסופיה Doctor of Philosophy מוגשת למועצה המדעית של Submitted to the Scientific Council of the מכון ויצמן למדע Weizmann Institute of Science

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דוקטור לפילוסופיה Doctor of Philosophy מוגשת למועצה המדעית של Submitted to the Scientific Council of the מכון ויצמן למדע Weizmann Institute of Science עבודת גמר (תזה) לתואר Thesis for the degree דוקטור לפילוסופיה Doctor of Philosophy מוגשת למועצה המדעית של Submitted to the Scientific Council of the מכון ויצמן למדע Weizmann Institute of Science מאת By יובל גלעד Yuval Gilad ניטור אינטראקציות חלבון-חלבון ברשת המוות התאי המתוכנת Monitoring Protein-Protein Interactions within the Programmed Cell Death Network מנחה: :Advisor פרופ' עדי קמחי Prof. Adi Kimchi תשרי תשע"ו September 2015 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... 3 4 ........................................................................................................................ תקציר Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 Results ..................................................................................................................... 7 Global Screen of the PCD Network .................................................................... 7 Validation of GLuc PCA Reporters for Known Protein-Protein Interactions: Follow-up of Specificity, Reversibility, and the Dynamics of the Luminescent Signal16 Previously Unidentified Interactions Detected in the GLuc PCA Screen ........ 19 Focusing on the DAPK2/14-3-3τ Interaction: DAPK2 Interacts with 14-3-3τ via a Ser/Thr-Rich Stretch Mapped to the Former’s C Terminus ................................. 21 Measuring the Functional Outcome of the Interaction: 14-3-3τ Inhibits DAPK2’s Activity both in Cells and in Cell-free Systems ....................................... 26 High-throughput siRNA kinome screen to identify modifiers of the DAPK2- 14-3-3 interaction ...................................................................................................... 28 ULK1/WIPI2b interaction .................................................................................... 34 ULK1 phosphorylates WIPI2b in vitro and in cells...................................... 35 Mapping the phosphorylation sites on WIPI2b ............................................ 37 Deciphering the functional role of the phosphorylation ............................... 38 Utilizing the PCA reporters as a screening system for drug discovery ............ 44 Autophagy inhibition for cancer therapy ...................................................... 45 Atg5/Atg16 interaction ................................................................................. 46 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 48 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................... 52 Bioluminescence Assay and Analysis .............................................................. 52 ELISA Kinase Assay ........................................................................................ 52 Blebbing Assay ................................................................................................. 53 DNA Constructs ................................................................................................ 53 1 Cell Culture and Induction of Cell Death ......................................................... 53 Protein Analysis ................................................................................................ 54 Immunoprecipitation ......................................................................................... 54 siRNA Screen.................................................................................................... 55 PIP Binding Assay ............................................................................................ 55 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................ 55 Protein Interaction Maps ................................................................................... 55 References ............................................................................................................. 56 2 Abstract Apoptosis and autophagy are distinct biological processes, each driven by a different set of protein-protein interactions, with significant cross-talk via direct interactions among apoptotic and autophagic proteins. To measure the global profile of these interactions, we adapted the Gaussia luciferase Protein-fragment Complementation Assay (GLuc PCA), which monitors binding between proteins fused to complementary fragments of a luciferase reporter. A library encompassing 63 apoptotic and autophagic proteins was constructed for the analysis of ~3600 protein-pair combinations. This generated a detailed landscape of the apoptotic and autophagic modules and points-of- interface between them, identifying 46 previously unknown interactions. One of these interactions, between DAPK2, a Ser/Thr kinase that promotes autophagy, and 14-3-3, was further investigated. We mapped the region responsible for 14-3-3binding and proved that this interaction inhibits DAPK2 dimerization and its biological and biochemical activities. This proof-of-concept underscores the power of the GLuc PCA platform for the discovery of biochemical pathways within the cell death network. In addition, we discovered by this screen a novel interaction between two core machinery proteins in autophagy; the Ser/Thr kinase ULK1 and WIPI2. We discovered that ULK1 phosphorylates WIPI2 both in vitro and in cells and mapped several putative phosphorylation sites. Functional analysis of the phosphorylation on Ser185 revealed that it abrogates the ability of WIPI2 to bind PI(3)P, an essential function for its role in autophagy. This documents for the first time a direct interaction between an upstream kinase essential for autophagy and a scaffold protein that recruits some of the critical Atg proteins at the growing autophagic membranes. We believe that the understanding of the functional role of WIPI2 phosphorylation will uncover a key step in the first stages of autophagosome biogenesis. 3 תקציר אפופטוזיס ואוטופאגיה הם שני תהליכים ביולוגיים נפרדים, אשר כל אחד מהם מבוצע ומבוקר על ידי מערכת מוגדרת של אינטראקציות חלבון-חלבון, עם רמה משמעותית של קישוריות ביניהם. תהליכים אלו פועלים במסגרת רשת העברת אותות מולקולרית הנקראת "רשת המוות התאי המתוכנת" ושולטת בבקרה וביצוע של תהליכי מוות תאי. על מנת למדוד את אינטראקציות החלבון -חלבון ברשת המוות התאי המתוכנת, אימצנו טכנולוגיה בשם (Protein-Fragment Complementation Assay (PCA המשמשת למדידת אינטראקציות בין חלבונים המאוחים לחצאים משלימים של אנזים מדווח. על מנת למפות את רשת האינטראקציות בתוך תהליכי האוטופאגיה והאפופטוזיס וביניהם, יצרנו ספריה של 63 חלבונים המעורבים בתהליכים אלו וסרקנו כ3600- קומבינציות של אינטראקציות ביניהם. כתוצאה מכך, זיהינו 46 אינטראקציות חדשות שלא תוארו עד כה. מתוכן, האינטראקציה בין הקינאז DAPK2 לבין 14-3-3, נחקרה לעומק. מיפינו את אזור הקישור של 14-3-3 בDAPK2- והראינו שהאינטראקציה בין חלבונים אלו מעכבת את הפעילות הביולוגית והביוכימית של DAPK2. הוכחת היתכנות זאת ממחישה את הפוטנציאל של מערכת ה- PCA שיצרנו באיתור מסלולים ביוכימיים חדשים ברשת המוות התאי המתוכנת. בנוסף, בסריקה שביצענו גילינו אינטראקציה חדשה בין שני חלבונים מרכזיים באוטופאגיה – הקינאז ULK1 והחלבון WIPI2. הראינו ש - ULK1 מזרחן את WIPI2 בתנאי מבחנה ובתאים ומיפינו את אתרי הפולספורילציה. כמו כן, הצלחנו להראות שהזרחון באתר S185 בחלבון WIPI2, מבקר את יכולתו להיקשר לממברנות, תכונה החשובה לפעילותו באוטופאגיה. תיעוד ראשוני זה, של קשר בין קינאז רגולטורי באוטופאגיה וחלבון המתווך את יצירת האוטופאגוזום יכול לתרום להרחבת הבנתינו לגבי המנגנון המולקולרי של השלבים הראשונים ביצירת האוטופאגוזום. 4 Introduction The life-or-death decision of a cell is a highly complex process, by which multiple pro-survival and pro-death cues are integrated into a single output that determines the cell’s fate. The main cellular pathways that mediate these decisions are apoptosis and autophagy (Rubinstein and Kimchi, 2012). Apoptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism in which activation of the caspase family of cysteine proteases leads to breakdown of the cell via the specific cleavage of substrate proteins. Autophagy is a highly conserved process in which double-membrane vesicles, known as autophagosomes, form to engulf and consume intracellular content upon fusion with the lysosomes. By recycling macromolecular building blocks and removing damaged proteins and organelles, autophagy functions as a survival mechanism, especially during cell stress. While many of the proteins driving each of these two basic biological processes have been discovered over the last few decades, some gaps may still exist, especially in autophagy, which is a younger field. Moreover, autophagy and apoptosis are interconnected processes. In most cases, autophagy blocks apoptosis progression by mitigating the cellular damage that triggers cell death (Suzuki et al., 2011, Ravikumar et al., 2006, Kaminskyy et al., 2012, Bhogal et al., 2012), or by directly targeting pro-death proteins for degradation (Hou et al., 2010, Sandilands et al., 2012b, Sandilands et al., 2012a). Conversely, the apoptotic process can actively suppress autophagy by caspase- dependent degradation of major autophagic proteins, to ensure a death response when necessary (Cho et al., 2009, Luo and Rubinsztein, 2010, Oral et al., 2012, Pagliarini et al., 2012). Interestingly, in some cellular settings, autophagy can contribute to cell death, either by promoting other death pathways (Basit et al., 2013, Laussmann et al., 2011, Qu et al., 2007, Young et al., 2012, Rubinstein and Kimchi, 2012), or potentially,
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