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WO 2011/075654 Al (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 23 June 20ll (23.06.20ll) WO 201 1/075654 Al (51) International Patent Classification: CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, CI2Q 1/70 (2006.01) DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, (21) International Application Number: KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, PCT/US20 10/06 105 1 ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, (22) International Filing Date: NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, 17 December 2010 (17.12.2010) SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (25) Filing Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (26) Publication Language: English kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (30) Priority Data: GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, 61/287,980 18 December 2009 (18.12.2009) US ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): EXO- EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, DOS LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED PARTNERSHIP LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, [US/US]; 1340 Environ Way, Chapel Hill, NC 275 17 SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, (US). GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). (72) Inventors; and Declarations under Rule 4.17 : (75) Inventors/ Applicants (for US only): LEIGHTON, Har¬ — as to applicant's entitlement to apply for and be granted ry, J. [US/US]; 48 Sea Street, Rockport, ME 04856 (US). a patent (Rule 4.1 7(H)) FRANGAKIS, Crist, J. [US/US]; 1 Booth Road, Chapel Hill, NC 275 16 (US). — as to the applicant's entitlement to claim the priority of the earlier application (Rule 4.17(Hi)) (74) Agents: EDMAN, Sean, J. et al; Clark & Elbing LLP, 101 Federal Street, Boston, MA 021 10 (US). Published: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, o (54) Title: METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING INFLAMMATION OF SKIN (57) Abstract: The invention features methods of treating a subject suffering from a herpes simplex virus-induced inflammation by topically applying a composition including an effective amount of an antihistamine. The invention also features methods of treating inflammation by topically applying a base composition including essential extracts, either with or without one or more ¾ therapeutic agents. Also provided are compositions formulated for topical administration including a base composition, as well as S kits including the composition. METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR TREATING INFLAMMATION OF SKIN CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/287,980, filed December 18, 2009. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to methods and compositions for treating inflammation of skin. In particular, methods are provided that involve topical application of a base composition to treat inflammation, such as that resulting from a viral and/or bacterial infection. As described herein, the base composition can be used alone or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents. Skin trauma can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infection, bacterial infection, exposure to heat, chemical irritants, and excessive sun exposure. These factors cause painful skin conditions associated with edema, blistering, itching, and swelling of local tissues. For example, an active replicating, Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) will induce the phenotype commonly referred to as a cold sore. A cold sore is an area of erythema, redness, blistering, and itching. Viral replication causes cellular damage that induces the immune system to react. Histamine is released from local mast cells and induces swelling and redness and signals in elements of the circulating immune system. This multi-component immune response prolongs the duration of the cold sore outbreak (usually 7-10 days). Viral replication is the initiating factor; the immune response protracts the cold sore phenotype outbreak. n a similar manner, genital lesions and associated pain, itching, and edema are the result of activation of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2). Treatment of these lesions is usually by the oral ingestion or topical application of specific, potent antiviral agents, including but not limited to acyclovir, valcyclovir, peniclovir, foscarnet, and docosanol. Surprisingly, while these treatments are viral specific and non-toxic, efficacy is limited and can be slow despite substantial skin penetration. A conventional topical antiviral medication can take well over 6 days of multiple applications to reverse the cosmetic appearance induced by the initial viral replication of the virus in the lip or genital area. Effectiveness by the oral route of administration is largely a timing issue. If one catches the virus in the prodromal stage, then a virus outbreak may be prevented or the symptoms may be lessened. In many cases, the subject misses this window of opportunity. Once the virus starts replicating, tissue injury and immune response cannot be avoided. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Due to the multi-component nature of a cold sore or a genital lesion, the present invention employs a multi-component treatment that includes a base composition, which reduces swelling and itching and enhances healing rate, that can be used alone or in combination with certain mechanism-based therapeutic agents in a topical formulation. In one particular embodiment, the base composition includes: beeswax, castor seed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, carnauba wax, sweet almond oil, caprylic/capric triglycerides, lanolin, tocopherol acetate, hempseed oil, an herbal infused oil, and/or the following essential extracts: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), basil (Ocimum basilicum), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), Geranium Egypt (Pelargonium graveolens), lemon (Citrus limonum), peppermint (Mentha piperita), Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), vanilla infused oil, and/or stevia (Eupatorium rebaudianum). In a first aspect, the invention features a method of treating a subject suffering from a herpes simplex virus-induced inflammation, the method including topically applying to an affected area of the subject a composition including an effective amount of an antihistamine. In one embodiment, the inflammation is a Herpes Simplex Virus- 1 (HSV-l)-induced inflammation. In another embodiment, the inflammation is a Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2)- induced inflammation. In one embodiment of the first aspect, the method includes topically applying to an affected area of the subject a composition including an antihistamine selected from the group consisting of doxepin, amitriptyline, triprolidine, acrivastine, and diphenhydramine. In a further embodiment, the composition further includes an ion channel blocking agent and an antiviral agent. In a second aspect, the invention features a method of treating inflammation of skin in a subject, the method including topically administering to an affected area of the subject a base composition in an amount that is effective to treat the inflammation, where the base composition includes 70% to 95% (w/w) of one or more waxes, 5% to 10 % (w/w) of one or more essential extracts, 0.1% to 1.0% (w/w) of a thickener, and 0.1% to 0.5% (w/w) of an antioxidant. In one embodiment of the second aspect, the inflammation is associated with one or more of pruritus, viral-induced inflammation, eczema, shingles, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, bacterial-induced inflammation, fungal-induced inflammation, burns, laceration damage, and acute injuries. In another embodiment, the inflammation is viral-induced inflammation (e.g., the viral- induced inflammation is associated with a cold sore). In an embodiment of the second aspect, the method includes topically administering a base composition including one or more waxes selected from the group consisting of beeswax, carnauba wax, and lanolin. In another embodiment, the base composition includes one or more essential extracts selected from the group consisting of rosemary oil (Rosmarinus officinalis), basil oil (Ocimum basilicum), ginger oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), sweet orange oil (Citrus sinensis), Geranium Egypt oil (Pelargonium graveolens), lemon oil (Citrus limonum), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), Tea Tree oil (Melaleuca altemifolia), vanilla infused oil, stevia (Eupatorium rebaudianum), sweet almond oil, castor seed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, and hempseed oil. In yet another embodiment, the base composition includes a thickener, where the thickener is a caprylic/capric triglyceride. In another embodiment, the base composition includes an antioxidant, where the antioxidant is tocoperol or a derivative thereof. In a further embodiment, the base composition further includes 5% to 10% (w/w) of an herbal infused oil (e.g., coconut oil infused with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), calendula flowers (Calendula officinalis), green tea gunpowder (Camellia sinensis), and green rooibos (Aspalatus linearis)). In one embodiment of the second aspect, the base composition further includes
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