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INTER-AMERICAN MEETING of ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT BODIES 1 This Is a Publication of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (GS/OAS) Inter-American Meeting VIII of Electoral Management Bodies SEPTEMBER 18-19, 2012, MONTEGO BAY, JAMAICA EIGHTH INTER-AMERICAN MEETING OF ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT BODIES 1 This is a publication of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (GS/OAS). OAS publications are inde- pendent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of the Organization of American States (OAS) or its Member States. This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part or stored in or transmitted by any information retrieval system, in any form or by any means. © General Secretariat of the Organization of American States 2014 Team: Compilation of Report: Juliette Maughan, Consultant, (DECO/OAS). Project Coordinator: Sara Mía Noguera, Chief, Electoral Studies and Projects Section, Department of Electoral Cooperation and Observation, Organization of American States (DECO/OAS). Editing: Brenda Santamaría, Specialist, Electoral Studies and Projects Section (DECO/OAS). Applications for permissions to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to: GS/OAS 17th St. & Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 USA OAS Cataloging in-Publication Data Inter-American Meeting of Electoral Management Bodies (8th : 2012 : Montego Bay, Jamaica) Eighth Inter-American Meeting of Electoral Management Bodies : The role of EMBs in candidate selection processes; Vote counting, data transmission, and preliminary results reporting [held in] Montego Bay, Jamaica, September 18-19, 2012. p. ; cm. (OAS official records ; OEA/Ser.D/XX SG/SAP/III.4.8) ISBN 978-0-8270-6128-6 1. Elections--America--Congresses. 2. Democracy--America--Congresses. 3. Election monitoring--- America--Congresses. I. Title. II. Title: The role of EMBs in candidate selection processes; Vote counting, data transmission, and preliminary results reporting. III. Organization of American States. Secretariat for Political Affairs. Department of Electoral Cooperation and Observation. Electoral Studies and Projects Section. IV. Series. JF831 .I58 2012 OEA/Ser.D/XX SG/SAP/III.4.8 Eighth Inter-American Meeting of Electoral Management Bodies September 18-19 2012, Montego Bay, Jamaica General Secretariat of the Organization of American States José Miguel Insulza Secretary General Albert R. Ramdin Assistant Secretary General Kevin Casas Zamora Secretary for Political Affairs Gerardo de Icaza Director Department of Electoral Cooperation and Observation 4 EIGHTH INTER-AMERICAN MEETING OF ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT BODIES TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1. Opening Session 13 1.1 Prof. the Hon. Errol Miller, OJ, CD, Chairman, Electoral Commission, Jamaica 13 1.2 Kevin Casas-Zamora, PhD, Secretary, Secretariat of Political Affairs, OAS 15 1.3 Hon. Julian Robinson, MP, Minister of State in the Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining (with responsibility for Electoral Matters) 17 2. Panel I: The Role of the EMBs in Candidate Selection Processes 20 2.1 Eugenio Chicas Martínez, President, Supreme Electoral Tribunal, El Salvador Selection Process for Political Candidates 20 2.2 Enrique Ortéz Sequeira, Magistrate, Supreme Electoral Tribunal, Honduras 25 2.3 Sandra Etcheverry, Minister, Electoral Court, Uruguay 30 3. Discussion Panel I – The Role of EMBs in Candidate Selection Processes 34 4. Panel II: Vote Counting, Data Transmission, and Preliminary Results Reporting 53 4.1 Roberto Rosario Marquez, President, Central Electoral Board, Dominican Republic 53 4.2 Orette Fisher, Director of Elections, Electoral Commission, Jamaica 58 4.3 Rafael Riva Palacio Galimberti, Director of Cooperation and International Relations, Federal Electoral Institute, Mexico 60 4.4 Michael Flood, Commissioner, Electoral Commission, Saint Lucia 64 5. Discussion Panel II: Vote Counting, Data Transmission and Preliminary Result Reporting 66 6. Closing Session 82 6.1 Marie-Laurence Jocelyn Lassègue, Program Manager, International IDEA 82 6.2 Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian, Acting Director of the Department for Electoral Cooperation and Observation (DECO), OAS 84 6.3 Héctor Fernández Masís, General Director of Electoral Registry and Political Party Finance, Supreme Election Tribunal, Costa Rica 88 6.4 Prof. Hon. Errol Miller, OJ, CD, Chairman, Electoral Commission, Jamaica 90 ANEX 1 Agenda 93 5 INTRODUCTION The Inter-American Meetings of Electoral Management Bodies (EMBs) aim to promote the exchange of knowledge, experiences and best practices of electoral administrations in the region. In particular, these meetings facilitate horizontal cooperation to continually strengthen institutional capacities and further improve electoral systems in the Americas. Eight Inter-American Meetings of Electoral Management Bodies have taken place to date.1 The most recent meetings, those held between 2007 and 2013, encouraged collaboration between institutions and put forward concrete initiatives to strengthen electoral authorities and to make elections more transparent and participatory. During the eighth meeting, representatives from electoral management bodies of the Americas had the opportunity to evaluate and learn from and diverse experiences, in this case specifically relating to: • The role of Electoral Management Bodies in candidate selection processes. • Vote counting, data transmission, and preliminary results reporting. The role of Electoral Management Bodies in candidate selection processes The spread of universal suffrage throughout the region in the past three decades has solidified the legitimate origin governments through periodic free and fair elections, thus thrusting political parties into a central role in the political process. As Hans Kelsen aptly stated, “modern democracy rests entirely on political parties.”2 Nonetheless, citizens’ perceptions of political parties, the quintessential representative institution and the one principally associated with the expression of popular sovereignty, are not positive. Citizens express less confidence in political parties than in any other political institution.3 The crisis of representation facing political parties in the region is linked, among other things, to the poverty in content of campaign promises (party programs are vague and full of platitudes); to clientelism, which threatens freedom of electoral choice; to inequality of opportunity among parties (inequity in the resources to disseminate campaign proposals and promote candidates); and to the lack of channels for participation. 1 The first meeting took place in Panama City, Panama in March of 2003, where participants discussed the important role of political consensus in both implementing technological changes and in enacting necessary legal reforms relating to technology. In subsequent meetings, participants discussed the effective use of new technologies in different phases of the electoral process and shared best practices regarding the accurate and efficient transmission of results. Efforts to increase public trust in the electoral process were also discussed. During the 7th and most recent meeting, electoral management bodies had the opportunity to exchange experiences in three key areas: the relationship between electoral authorities and political parties in the electoral process; the role of the media in the electoral process; and access to the vote for the handicapped. 2 Kelsen, Hans. (1988 [1929]). La Démocratie. Sa Nature-Sa Valeur. Paris:Economica. 3 Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Secretaría General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (2010), Nuestra democracia, México: FCE, p. 100. According to the 2009 Latinobarómetro & LAPOP surveys, political parties are the least trusted institutions. 6 EIGHTH INTER-AMERICAN MEETING OF ELECTORAL MANAGEMENT BODIES Confronted with this reality, citizens come to believe that their representatives are failing to promote their interests and demands.4 Political parties have low levels of credibility and of institutionalization, a fact that is reflected in the large quantity of transient parties linked to particular candidates as well as the preponderance of personality-driven candidacies, many of whom switch or abandon their parties once they take office. The crisis of representation threatens the legitimacy of the system as well as the capacity of parties to construct a democratic mandate that would allow them promote the general welfare. One of the principal factors explaining the lack of credibility enjoyed by political parties is that they are often perceived as closed organizations that are controlled by their leaders rather than by their members and supporters.5 As a result, the promotion of internal democracy within political parties is an increasingly prevalent objective of electoral reform. Hernández Valle defines internal democracy with the following variables: 1) selection of internal leadership, 2) designation of candidates for popular election, 3) formulation of a party platform by the majority of members and not imposed by party leadership or economic interests, 4) financing of inter-party factions or coalitions, 5) proportional representation by gender, 6) respect for the fundamental rights of party members by way of an external authority that is constitutionally and legally permitted to regulate a party’s internal activity.6 The push for internal democratization has resulted in a steady increase of regulation of party activity over time. Currently, the majority of countries in the Americas regulate the functioning of political parties.7
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