DOCSLIB.ORG

MRC-Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN) Thailand Revision

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MRC-Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN) Thailand Revision MRC-Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN) Thailand Revision Consultant Report Prepared by Wijarn Simachaya, Ph.D. Submitted to Thai National Mekong Committee (TNMC) And Mekong River Commission Secretariat (MRCS) October 2003 Table of Contents Content Page Introduction and Objectives 3 Existing National Mekong Water Quality Monitoring of Thailand 5 Removal of the Secondary Sampling Stations 9 Proposed New Sampling Stations 11 Water Quality Criteria/Standards 12 National Institution on Water Quality Monitoring Programs 13 Conclusion and Recommendations 14 References 16 Figure 1 Water Quality Sampling Station of the LMB 4 Figure 2 Existing Water Quality Sampling Stations under the Thai MRC-WQMN since 1985 6 Figure 3 The standard Information Recorded in the Fields 8 Table 1 Existing Sampling Stations of the Thai MRC-WQMN 7 Table 2 Water Quality Parameters and Methods for Analysis under Thai MRC-WQMN 9 Table 3 Classification of the Thai Tributaries in the Mekong River Basin 13 Table 4 The Revision of Sampling Stations of the WQMN Program of The Thai National Mekong Committee 15 Annex 1 Terms of Reference for the national WQMN 17 Annex 2 The existing sampling station profiles of the Thai MRC-WQMN 24 Annex 3 The existing sampling procedures of MRC-WQMN 96 Annex 4 The National Surface Water Quality Standards and Analysis Method 99 Annex 5 The Schedule Visits of the Survey team and Lists of Agencies Consulted 101 Annex 6 The templates of the proposed new sampling station 106 Annex 7 PCD’s monitoring sampling stations in the Mekong River Basin 122 2 MRC-Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN): Thailand Review 1. Introduction and Objectives Over the past several decades, the quality of receiving water bodies worldwide has been negatively impacted by various human activities. In the Mekong River Basin, clean water is critical. The health, economic well-being, and quality of life of most its residents are inextricably linked to the quantity and quality of the basin’s water resources. Surface waters in the Mekong have been used for meeting basic needs such as water supply, agriculture, industry, fishery, and wastewater disposal. Economic development of the basin has resulted in elevated levels of pollution from both point and non-point sources. Degradation of water quality in parts of the basin has evolved gradually over time until eventually becoming apparent and measurable. Thus, the foundation of effective water quality management is reliable water quality monitoring data and analysis. Water quality monitoring is the most crucial method to determining how much the receiving waterbodies have been impacted and can lead to the development of the affective means of controlling the pollution. In order to ensure that water quality throughout the basin is maintained at levels suitable to support various beneficial uses, the Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN) of the Mekong River Basin was established under the Mekong River Commission (MRC). The network has existed since 1985 in Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam, and since 1992 in Cambodia. Currently, the water quality monitoring is undertaken under the Environment Program (EP), MRC. The MRC-WQMN of the Lower Mekong Basin includes 98 sampling stations with 11 stations on the mainstream of the Mekong River and 87 stations on the tributaries of the basin and sub-basins of the member state countries. The sampling stations of the MRC-WQMN are shown in Figure 1. The sampling stations of the MRC-WQMN included the most important locations of the Mekong and Bassac Rivers in terms of transboundary issues and tributary locations that represented areas that have potential to be significantly impacted by upstream land uses and economic development. Specific guidelines or criteria for station selection were not considered. Since 1993, the MRC-WQMN has not reviewed nor has there been a systematic and comprehensive technical reviewed of the station network since it was originally set up. Additionally, with the implementation of the 1995 Mekong Agreement, the mandate of the MRC shifted with a greater focus being placed-on transboundary and basin-wide issues. The other core programs of the MRC, the: Water Utilization Program (WUP) and the Basin Development Plan (BDP) both require water quality information for planning purposes (Mekong River Commission, 2003). Under WUP, the rules for water quality are scheduled to be developed by the end of 2005. Information from the MRC-WQMN is needed to support the formation of the rules. The Mekong River Commission Secretariat (MRCS) has, therefore, contacted a local consultant to conduct a review of the existing sites and to recommend 3 additional sampling sites of the national water quality monitoring network. The Terms Of Reference (TOR) for the national WOMN review is attached in Annex 1. 4 The objectives of this paper are: - to review the existing water quality monitoring network for Thailand; and - to develop a set of recommendations for the national water quality monitoring stations profile of both the primary and secondary networks. 2. Existing Water Quality Monitoring Network of Thailand In Thailand, the Department of Water Resources (DWR, previously under the Department of Energy Development and Promotion) has monitored water quality at 18 sampling stations in the basin since 1985 with 3 sampling stations on the mainstream of the Mekong River and 15 sampling stations on tributaries. The objectives of sampling in the mainstream are to collect base line information and to assess the effects of the discharges from the main tributaries. The water quality in the mainstream was generally good due to the assimilative capacity of high river flows and low levels of pollution discharged from the tributaries (Sutabutr, 1996). The tributary sampling stations were established to determine depending upon the quantitative and qualitative contributions of different catchment areas in term of water discharges and point and non-point sources of pollution. Water quality analysis from 1972 to 1984 included 6 parameters: temperature, conductivity, pH, total hardness, alkalinity, and chloride. Since 1985, the WQMN of the Lower Mekong Basin (Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam) has sampled 23 water quality parameters including additional parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, alkalinity, sulfate, total iron, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus, total phosphorus, silica, dissolved oxygen, COD (chemical oxygen demand), and pesticides contamination (organochlorine pesticides) in water and fish. The existing sampling stations of the national WQMN in Thailand are illustrated in Figure 2 and summarized in Table 1. The existing sampling station profiles of the Thai MRC-WQMN are illustrated in the templates as shown in Annex 2 5 Figure 2 Existing Water Quality Sampling Stations under the Thai MRC-WQMN since 1985 6 Table 1 Existing Sampling Stations of the Thai MRC Water Quality Monitoring Network Station Station Station Location River Name Measurement Code Name N E Water Water Water Sediment Meteoro Level Quality Quantity logical 010501 Chaing Sean 20-16-24 100-05-00 Mekong / / / / / (mainstream) 013101 Nakhon 17 23 54 104 48 12 Mekong / / / / / Phanom (mainstream) 01380 Khong 15 19 06 105 30 00 Mekong / / / / / Chaim (mainstream) 050104 Chaing Rai 19 55 06 99 51 00 Mae Kok / 290102 Ban Tha 17 51 42 103 46 48 Nam / / / / / Kok Daeng Songkhram 310102 Na Kae 16 55 42 104 41 48 Nam Kam / / / / 380134 Rasi Salai 15 20 06 104 09 42 Nam Mun / / / / 380103 Ubon 15 13 18 104 51 42 Nam Mun / / / / / 380127 Kaeng 15 14 24 105 14 54 Nam Mun / / / / Saphu 370122 Ban Chod 16 21 00 102 57 48 Nam Chi / / / / 370114 Ban Kok 16 20 49 102 58 12 Nam Chi / / / / / 370104 Yasothon 15 46 54 104 08 30 Nam Chi / / / / 380903 Ku Phra Ko 15 34 12 103 49 24 Nam Sioe / / / / Na 370299 Nam Pong 16 46 48 102 37 41 Pong / / / 371499 Lam Pao 16 20 06 103 35 00 Lam Pao / / / / 380699 Lam Dom 15 12 42 105 25 48 Lam Dom / / / Noi Noi 371203 Ban Tad Ton 15 57 30 102 01 48 Nam Chi / / / / / 380133 Ban Som 15 01 06 102 17 12 Nam Mun / / / / DWR assigned the Regional Hydrological Office to take the samples under the MRC-WQMN program. The standard sampling procedures have distributed to the Regional Hydrological Office are detailed in Annex 3. It can be concluded that the procedures of water quality monitoring under the MRC-WQMN are different from the Thai procedures that are set out in the National Surface Water Quality Standards and that follow the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater as described in Annex 4. DWR also monitored the amount of sediment in terms of suspended sediment at each water quality sampling station in the river using the US DH-48 Depth- Integrating Hand Samples. Three verticals for depth-integrated sampling have been taken on a weekly basis during the wet season and on a bi-weekly basis during the dry season for a total amount of at least 30 times/year. The standards information recorded in the field for each sample included location, code number, date and time, collector name, gauge height and water temperature. The standard information recorded in the fields is shown below: 7 Figure 3 The Standard Information Recorded in the Fields In general, rivers and streams are dynamic systems and their physical, chemical and biological properties vary from time to time. The selection of water quality monitoring stations depends on the purpose of the study as well as on the characteristics of the receiving waters such as river flows, distance from riverbank, river morphology, river cross section, point source discharges, etc. If it is possible, more sampling stations and more samples at each station are preferred. Grab samples are usually taken as part of a river or stream monitoring program at the middle highest zone flows of the stream and at depth.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 120/2013
    Changes to legislation: There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 120/2013. (See end of Document for details) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 120/2013 of 11 February 2013 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications ( (Khao Hom Mali Thung Kula Rong-Hai) (PGI)) COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 120/2013 of 11 February 2013 entering a name in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications ( (Khao Hom Mali Thung Kula Rong-Hai) (PGI)) THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 November 2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs(1), and in particular Article 52(3)(b) thereof, Whereas: (1) Pursuant to Article 6(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs(2), an application from Thailand received on 20 November 2008 to register the name ‘ (Khao Hom Mali Thung Kula Rong-Hai)’ as a protected geographical indication was published in the Official Journal of the European Union(3). (2) Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom lodged objections to such registration under Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No 510/2006. The objections were deemed admissible under points (a), (b), (c) and (d) the first subparagraph of Article 7(3) thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • Mekong River in the Economy
    le:///.le/id=6571367.3900159 NOVEMBER REPORT 2 0 1 6 ©THOMAS CRISTOFOLETTI / WWF-UK In the Economy Mekong River © NICOLAS AXELROD /WWF-GREATER MEKONG Report prepared by Pegasys Consulting Hannah Baleta, Guy Pegram, Marc Goichot, Stuart Orr, Nura Suleiman, and the WWF-Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam teams. Copyright ©WWF-Greater Mekong, 2016 2 Foreword Water is liquid capital that flows through the economy as it does FOREWORD through our rivers and lakes. Regionally, the Mekong River underpins our agricultural g systems, our energy production, our manufacturing, our food security, our ecosystems and our wellbeing as humans. The Mekong River Basin is a vast landscape, deeply rooted, for thousands of years, in an often hidden water-based economy. From transportation and fish protein, to some of the most fertile crop growing regions on the planet, the Mekong’s economy has always been tied to the fortunes of the river. Indeed, one only need look at the vast irrigation systems of ancient cities like the magnificent Angkor Wat, to witness the fundamental role of water in shaping the ability of this entire region to prosper. In recent decades, the significant economic growth of the Lower Mekong Basin countries Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam — has placed new strains on this river system. These pressures have the ability to impact the future wellbeing including catalysing or constraining the potential economic growth — if they are not managed in a systemic manner. Indeed, governments, companies and communities in the Mekong are not alone in this regard; the World Economic Forum has consistently ranked water crises in the top 3 global risks facing the economy over the coming 15 years.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Myths and the Beliefs on Naga of the Isaan People to Cultural Tourism: a Case Study in Nongkhai Province, Thailand
    International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 15, Issue 8, 2021 From the Myths and the Beliefs on Naga of the Isaan People to Cultural Tourism: A Case Study in Nongkhai Province, Thailand Dr. Arunee Sriruksaa, Dr. Kittisan Sriruksab, aASEAN Languages Center, Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Naimuang Subdistrict, Muang District, Khon Kaen Province, 40002, Thailand, bFaculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Khon Kaen University, Naimuang Subdistrict, Muang District, Khon Kaen Province, 40002, Thailand, Email: [email protected], [email protected] This article highlights the evolution of the myths and beliefs on Naga of the Isaan people into cultural tourism through a case study in Nongkhai province, Thailand. The article is part of the research results on the beliefs around Naga in Nongkhai province, Thailand. The research aimed to study the history of the belief in Naga, and the area in Nongkhai province where the belief is still prominent, through non-participatory observation, non-structured interviews, and the study of the related documents and research. The study revealed the Nongkhai people have been passing down the myth and the belief of Naga, through storytelling from their ancestors to the current generation, as a way to maintain their faith in Buddhism and to draw the connection between the belief and their settlements. Currently, the myth is being passed on to the tourists who show an interest in knowing more about the tradition and culture. The "Naga fireballs" phenomenon, which had become a majestic festival that reflects the identity of the children of the City of Nagas, is also being passed on this way.
    [Show full text]
  • A River, Its Fish and Its People
    A River, Its Fish and Its People: Local Knowledge of the Natural Environment at the Mouth of the Mun River Mekong Watch May 2004 (Revised September 2004) A River, Its Fish and Its People: Local Knowledge of the Natural Environment at the Mouth of the Mun River Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose of Survey 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Overview of Area Surveyed 2. Survey Findings 2.1 Villagers' Categorization of Mun River Topography 2.2 Fish 2.2.1 Villagers' Categorization of Fish 2.2.2 Fish Migration a) Fish Migration during the Dry Season b) Fish Migration during the Rainy Season c) Fish Migration downstream into the Mekong River 2.3 Relationship between changes in water levels and fish migration 3 Fish and People 3.1 Processing Fish 3.2 Circulation of Fish 4 The Significance of the Mun River to the People 5 Acknowledgements 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of Survey It is estimated that more than 1000 diverse species of fish make their habitats in the watershed of the Mekong River. It is also said that approximately 60% of the protein consumed on a daily basis by people living in the region comes from fish. Thus, there is a close relationship between people's livelihood and fish. In spite of this fact, there is surprisingly little scientific data about the fish in the Mekong River and their habitats. On the other hand, villagers who make their living from fishing every day in the Mekong Basin have a lot of knowledge not only about the fish and their behavior, but also about the relationship between fish migration and changes in water level.
    [Show full text]
  • Mekong Watch Japan
    3F AOKI Bldg., 1-12-11 Taito Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0016, Japan Mekong Watch Tel: +81-3-3832-5034, Fax: +81 -3-3832-5039 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.mekongwatch.org Mekong Watch Fact Sheet Rasi Salai Dami Project Name: Rasi Salai Weir（Rasi Salai Dam） Location: Rasi Salai District, Srisaket Province Project Outline The Rasi Salai Dam was completed in 1993 in the middle Mun River Basin for irrigation purposes. As a part of the Kong-Chi-Mun Water Diversion Projectii, the dam was built under the direction of the Department of Power Development and Promotion (DPDP), Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Environment, Thailand. It is currently operated by the Royal Irrigation Department of Thailand. Project Costs The original budget for construction was 140 million bahts, but the cost has risen by a factor of more than six to 871 million bahts. In addition, unforeseen compensation payments continue to be made. The Rasi Salai Dam Environmental and Social Impacts of the Dam The area around the dam construction site has distinctive environmental conditions under the influence of the monsoon, being highly arid for half of the year during the dry season, while during the rainy season, it is undergoes flooding for three months, with about 600 km2 of wetlands and inundated forest. The villagers call it Pa Bun Pa Tham, and use it for farming, fishing, pasturage and gathering of wild plants and animals. In ancient times the area was a part of a sea, and has a vast underground layer of salt deposits. The people here have long engaged in salt production, gathering the salt that seeps up from these deposits underground.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Landscape and Indigenous Knowledge of Natural Resource and Environment Management of Phutai Tribe
    CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF PHUTAI TRIBE By Mr. Isara In-ya A Thesis Submitted in Partial of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2014 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF PHUTAI TRIBE By Mr. Isara In-ya A Thesis Submitted in Partial of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2014 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Cultural landscape and Indigenous Knowledge of Natural Resource and Environment Management of Phutai Tribe” submitted by Mr.Isara In-ya as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism. …………………………………………………………... (Associate Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ……..……./………..…./…..………. The Thesis Advisor Professor Ken Taylor The Thesis Examination Committee …………………………………………Chairman (Associate Professor Chaiyasit Dankittikul, Ph.D.) …………../...................../................. …………………………………………Member (Emeritus Professor Ornsiri Panin) …………../...................../................
    [Show full text]
  • NORTHEASTERN THAILAND Fantastic Attractions Anddailyinteractions Couldjustendupbeinghighlightsofyourtrip
    © Lonely Planet Publications NORTHEASTERN THAILAND 452 lonelyplanet.com NORTHEASTERN THAILAND •• History 453 Northeastern ern Thailand. The name comes from Isana, FAST FACTS the Sanskrit name for the early Mon-Khmer Best Time to Visit November to kingdom that flourished in what is now north- Thailand February eastern Thailand and Cambodia. After the 9th century, however, the Angkor empire held Population 22 million sway over these parts and erected many of the fabulous temple complexes that pepper NORTHEASTERN THAILAND the region today. For most travellers, and many Thais, the northeast is Thailand’s forgotten backyard. Isan (or History Until the arrival of Europeans, Isan re- ìsǎan), the collective name for the 19 provinces that make up the northeast, offers a glimpse The social history of this enigmatic region mained largely autonomous from the early of the Thailand of old: rice fields run to the horizon, water buffaloes wade in muddy ponds, stretches back at least 5600 years, to the hazy Thai kingdoms. But as the French staked out silk weaving remains a cottage industry, peddle-rickshaw drivers pull passengers down city days when the ancient Ban Chiang culture the borders of colonial Laos, Thailand was started tilling the region’s fields with bronze forced to define its own northeastern bounda- streets, and, even for those people who’ve had to seek work in the city, hearts and minds tools. ries. Slowly, but surely, Isan would fall under are still tied to the village. This colossal corner of the country continues to live life on its Thais employ the term ìsǎan to classify the the mantle of broader Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Baseline Characterization of Tad Fa Watershed, Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand
    1. Baseline Characterization of Tad Fa Watershed, Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand Somchai Tongpoonpol, Arun Pongkanchana, Pranee Seehaban, Suhas P Wani and TJ Rego Introduction Agriculture is the main occupation in Thailand and it plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Thailand is located in the tropical monsoon climate region where the amount of rainfall is high but shortage of water occurs even in rainy season. Only 20% of total agricultural area is under irrigation, with rest constituting rainfed area, which has relatively lower crop yields. High soil erosion and reduced soil productivity are some of the problems in the rainfed area. The northeastern part of Thailand occupies one-third of the whole country. The climate of the region is drier than that of other regions. Most of the soils in Northeast Thailand are infertile at present and liable to be further degraded. The empirical evidence shows that crop yields decreased over the years after the conversion of the area as agricultural land by deforestation. The soils have become infertile due to improper soil management. The soils are low in fertility and have low water-holding capacity (WHC), and soil erosion is a serious problem. The interventions by ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) project aim to address these problems in the rainfed areas of Northeast Thailand. The watershed area in Phu Pa Man district in Khon Kaen province has been selected as benchmark site to address the above problems and increase agricultural productivity through a sustainable manner by adopting integrated soil, water and nutrient management (SWNM) and integrated crop management options.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Flow Analysis from Different Land-Use of the Chi River Basin (Maha Sarakham Region, Thailand)
    International Journal of GEOMATE, March., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 79, pp. 9-15 ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2021.79.6165 Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment NITROGEN FLOW ANALYSIS FROM DIFFERENT LAND-USE OF THE CHI RIVER BASIN (MAHA SARAKHAM REGION, THAILAND) * Nida Chaimoon 1 1 Circular Resource and Environmental Protection Technology Research Unit (CREPT), Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Thailand *Corresponding Author, Received: 03 Nov. 2020, Revised: 12 Jan. 2021, Accepted: 27 Jan. 2021 ABSTRACT: This paper aims at assessing the effect of land use on nitrogen flows from a significant land- use area in the Chi River basin (Maha Sarakham region) in Thailand. The Chi River is one of the main rivers, and many land use categories affect the quality of the river. Statistical data and referred data was collected as the secondary data from credible sources to identify the flows. The data show a strong effect of land use on nitrogen with the highest load dominated by paddy field (66,597.51 tonne/year), and the lowest value in the community (1,005.71 tonne/year). Nitrogen flow increased with the fertilizer application in paddy field and farm plants (34,834.07 tonne/year). Paddy field discharged nitrogen to the Chi River 47 tonne/year in form of surface runoff. Also, the community without wastewater collection system takes part in a non-point source (NPS) of nitrogen to the Chi River at 299 tonne/year. The management's suggestion is to control fertilizer application, burning of agricultural residue such as rice straw, and wastewater treatment before disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Farmers and Forests: a Changing Phase in Northeast Thailand
    Southeast Asian Studies, Vo1.38, No.3, December 2000 Farmers and Forests: A Changing Phase in Northeast Thailand Buared PRACHAIYO * * The author was a forest ecologist at Khon Kaen Regional Forest Office of the Royal Forestry Department of Thailand, and joined CSEAS as a visiting research fellow from May 1995 to April 1996. On October 28, 1996 he passed away in Thailand. - 3 - 271 Contents Preface ( 5 ) 1. Introduction ( 6 ) 2. Northeast Thailand .. (14) 1. Area (14) 2. Farmers (22) 3. Forest (29) 4. l.and Utilization (38) 5. Paddy Fields (43) 3. Farmers' Use of Forest and Encroachment into the Forests (50) 1. Wood Products (50) 2. Non-wood Forest Products··············································...................................................... (53) 3. Forest Degradation (61) 4. Man and Forest Interaction (72) 1. Fuel-wood (72) 2. Community Forest (79) 3. Forest Conservation by the Farmers (92) 4. Trees on Paddy Fields (105) 5. Mitigation of Forest Degradation (122) 5. The Role of Forest in the Socio-economic Life of the Farmers (134) 1. Trees and Farmers (134) 2. Trees and Paddy Fields (137) 3. Farmers, Trees and Paddy Fields (138) 4. Trees and Home Economy of Farmers (141) 5. Farmers and Society (144) 6. Conclusion and Proposals (146) 1. Conclusion (146) 2. Recommendations (148) Bibliography . (153) Appendix I (157) Appendix II (176) 272 - 4 - Preface Writing a preface for this special paper by the late Mr. Buared Prachaiyo is a sorrowful task for me. This paper would have been his doctoral dissertation if he were alive. I met Mr. Buared for the first time on January 19, 1991 at Khon Kaen Regional Forest Office of Royal Forestry Department of Thailand, where he worked as a forest ecologist.
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrated Land Use and Water Plan for Mahasarakham Province, Thailand
    An Integrated Land Use and Water Plan for Mahasarakham Province, Thailand A thesis submitted to the School of Planning of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Community Planning in the School of Planning of the School of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning 2013 by Yuwadee Ongkosit B.A. Geography, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Committee Chair: David Edelman, Ph.D. Committee Member: Christopher Auffrey, Ph.D. Abstract This thesis identifies water-related problems that Mahasarakham Province, Thailand faces and the correlation between water and land use. Natural hazards are inevitable, and they ruin properties and cause changes to natural features. Two ways that the Thai government acts to mitigate their impact is to create or implement both structural and non-structural plans, but it heavily focuses on the first. The structural measures do not always relieve water-related problems. However, the non-structural measures can at least mitigate the effects posed on water resources. Land use and water resources are interconnected. One cannot separate one from another. Thus, this thesis also proposes an integrated water and land use plan that regulates the patterns of land use and prohibit certain uses at the national and local level. The proposed plan will help people better understand the interaction of land use and water resources. บทคัดย่อ วิทยานิพนธ์ฉบับนี้ ระบุปัญหาเกี่ยวกบนํั ้า ซึ่งจังหวัดมหาสารคาม ประเทศไทยประสบ รวมทั้งความสัมพันธ์ระหวางนํ่ ้าและการใช้ที่ดิน ภัยพิบัติทาง
    [Show full text]
  • Title Farmers and Forests : a Changing Phase in Northeast Thailand
    Title Farmers and Forests : A Changing Phase in Northeast Thailand Author(s) Prachaiyo, Buared Citation 東南アジア研究 (2000), 38(3): 271-446 Issue Date 2000-12 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/56758 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Southeast Asian Studies, Vo1.38, No.3, December 2000 Farmers and Forests: A Changing Phase in Northeast Thailand Buared PRACHAIYO * * The author was a forest ecologist at Khon Kaen Regional Forest Office of the Royal Forestry Department of Thailand, and joined CSEAS as a visiting research fellow from May 1995 to April 1996. On October 28, 1996 he passed away in Thailand. - 3 - 271 Contents Preface ( 5 ) 1. Introduction ( 6 ) 2. Northeast Thailand .. (14) 1. Area (14) 2. Farmers (22) 3. Forest (29) 4. l.and Utilization (38) 5. Paddy Fields (43) 3. Farmers' Use of Forest and Encroachment into the Forests (50) 1. Wood Products (50) 2. Non-wood Forest Products··············································...................................................... (53) 3. Forest Degradation (61) 4. Man and Forest Interaction (72) 1. Fuel-wood (72) 2. Community Forest (79) 3. Forest Conservation by the Farmers (92) 4. Trees on Paddy Fields (105) 5. Mitigation of Forest Degradation (122) 5. The Role of Forest in the Socio-economic Life of the Farmers (134) 1. Trees and Farmers (134) 2. Trees and Paddy Fields (137) 3. Farmers, Trees and Paddy Fields (138) 4. Trees and Home Economy of Farmers (141) 5. Farmers and Society (144) 6. Conclusion and Proposals (146) 1. Conclusion (146) 2. Recommendations (148) Bibliography . (153) Appendix I (157) Appendix II (176) 272 - 4 - Preface Writing a preface for this special paper by the late Mr.
    [Show full text]