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Historical Tripos – Part I – Paper 4 British Political History 1485–1714 The Tudor and Stuart Age

Faculty Reading List (last updated May 2020)

Moodle. This document can be found on the Paper 4 Moodle website.

Course Guide. The Moodle site includes the Course Guide and background information about the Tudor-Stuart age. The Course Guide lists the lectures and classes provided for this paper in 2020–1.

Asterisk / debates / essays. In the reading lists below, key items are marked with asterisks. Please note that the reading lists contain more items for each topic that you can realistically cover in a week, but these bibliographies are provided as a resource to enable you to pursue your own interests within the paper and to offer alternatives should you be unable to obtain particular items for a given supervision. Each list is preceded by a note of some of the main debates and questions for discussion.

Convenor. The current course convenor (Paul Cavill: [email protected]) welcomes suggestions for additions and amendments to this reading list.

Two sections. The paper is divided into two sections. Section A (Chronological) comprises 15 topics covering the whole period sequentially and in a British context. Section B (Themes in Early Modern British History, comprises 8 topics that encompass the whole period. Candidates taking this paper should engage with the history of all three kingdoms, though it will also be possible for them to develop a special knowledge of one or more of these. In the examination, candidates should not feel constrained by the boundaries between Sections A and B, but they should avoid undue repetition.

Exam paper. The exam paper is divided into the same two sections, and candidates are required to answer three questions, including at least one from each section. The exam paper will include a question on each of the 23 topics.

Basic books. If you have never studied the period before, some beginners' items are:

Kenneth Morgan, ed., The Illustrated History of Britain (1984). John Morrill, ed., Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart (1996). Patrick Collinson, The Sixteenth Century, 1485-1603 (2002). Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars, 1640-1660 (2009). Jenny Wormald, ed., The Seventeenth Century (2008).

Textbooks. Some excellent textbooks:

Stephen Ellis and Christopher Maginn, The Making of the (2007). John Guy, Tudor England (1988). Jane Dawson, Reformed (2007). Mark Nicholls, A History of the Modern British Isles, 1529-1603 (1999). Peter Marshall, Heretics and Believers: A History of the English (2017) Barry Coward, The Stuart Age (1978). 2 David Scott, Leviathan: the Rise of Britain as a World Power (2013). David Smith, A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603-1707 (1998). Nicholas Canny, N., From Reformation to : , 1534-1660 (1987). T. Moody, F. Martin, and F. Byrne, A new : vol. 3, 1534-1691 (1991).

Primary sources.

The largest collection is the multi-volume English Historical Documents, which can be accessed as an electronic resource via the link to the University Library’s database

You may also wish to consult the following documentary sourcebooks:

G. R. Elton, ed., The Tudor (1960; 2nd edn., 1982). J. P. Kenyon, ed., The Stuart Constitution (1966; 2nd edn., 1986) E. N. Williams, ed., The Eighteenth-Century Constitution (1960). David Wootton, ed., Divine Right and : An Anthology of Political Writing in Stuart England (1986) W. C. Dickinson, G. Donaldson, and I. A. Milne, eds., A Source Book of Scottish History (1958-63). G. Donaldson, ed., Scottish Historical Documents (1970)

Internet resources. There are many useful internet resources for early modern British history, most available via the UL databases webpage (http://libguides.cam.ac.uk/az.php). The most important are:

ODNB (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography): lives of political actors & others EEBO (Early English Books Online): texts printed before 1700 ECCO (Eighteenth-Century Collections Online): texts printed between 1700 and 1800 ESTC (English Short Title Catalogue): bibliography of pre-1800 printed books Bibliography of British and Irish History: finds secondary reading by topic BHO (British History Online): a range of primary sources and references work English Historical Documents Online: the largest online collection of set sources Records of the of Scotland to 1707: www.rps.ac.uk Depositions relating to the 1641 Irish Rebellion: http://1641.tcd.ie/

Journals. The journals which contain most key articles on early modern British history are:

English Historical Review Journal of Modern History Historical Journal Past and Present Historical Research Transactions of the Royal Journal of British Studies Historical Society Journal of Ecclesiastical History

More primary sources. Although not part of the formal Reading Lists, do try to inform your understanding of the Tudor-Stuart age by reading primary sources. Here are some others: 3

Gilbert Burnet, History of my Own Time, abridged T. Stackhouse (1991). , Speeches, ed. I. Roots (2002). , Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, ed. N. H. Keeble (1995). James VI and I, Political Writings, ed. J. P. Sommerville (1994). , Political Writings, ed. M. Dzelzainis (1991). , Utopia, eds. M. Logan and R. Adams (1989; rev. edn., 2002). Roger Morrice, The Entring Book of Roger Morrice, gen. ed. M. Goldie, 6 vols. (2007). , Diary, eds. R. Latham and W. Matthews, 11 vols. (1971-83). H. C. Porter, ed., Puritanism in Tudor England (1970). Andrew Sharp, ed., The English (1998). Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed. M. Dewar (1982).

4 Table of Contents

Section A (Chronological): and Ireland 1485-1714

1. Kingship at the turn of the sixteenth century: Henry VII and James IV 1485-1513 2. and government in the British Isles, c.1509-1547 3. The Henrician Reformation and its repercussions 1521-1547 4. Crisis and Conflict in the British Isles 1542-1561 5. Securing Regimes and Eliminating Rivals: Governance in the British Isles 1558-1587 6. War and succession politics in the British Isles, 1585-1603 7. Reformation and religion c. 1559-1603 8. Politics and government, 1603-1640 9. Religion and the church, 1603-1640 10. The Civil Wars, , and the radicals, 1637-1649 11. The , Oliver Cromwell, and the republicans, 1649-1660 12. Politics in the reign of Charles II, 1660-1685 13. James VII and II and the , 1685-1690 14. , parties, and political culture, 1689-1714 15. The restored church and religious dissent, 1660-1714

Section B: Themes in Early Modern British History 16. The three kingdoms and the ‘British problem’ 17. Centre and locality: state formation and patterns of governance 18. The culture of power and the power of culture 19. Political ideas: sovereignty, common law, counsel, and constitution 20. Rebellion, Resistance and Revolt 21. Media and opinion: pulpits and pamphlets, news and censorship 22. Britain, Europe, and Christendom 23. The emergence of the Atlantic

5 SECTION A: CHRONOLOGICAL – EARLY MODERN BRITAIN AND IRELAND 1485-1714

1. Kingship at the turn of the sixteenth century: Henry VII and James IV, 1485-1513

Key debates

Impact of the Wars of the Centralisation of government Crown finance, the royal demesne, and lordship A ‘new ’ – the end of the ?

Questions for discussion

Did Henry VII ever escape the insecurity of the ? Might he have done so if he had pursued different policies? Did Henry VII and/or James IV significantly alter the conduct or principles of government? Why was crown finance so prominent a feature of either/both reigns? Why were relations between and the nobility so different under these two kings? Does the term ‘new monarchy’ have any value in understanding either/both reigns?

Key publications: Henry VII

Carpenter, C., The Wars of the Roses (1997), chs. 11-12. Cavill, P.R., The English Parliaments of Henry VII, 1485-1504 (2009). Chrimes, S.B., Henry VII (1972; 1999 edn. has new intro. only). Condon, M., ‘Ruling elites in the reign of Henry VII’, in C. Ross, ed., , Pedigree and Power in Later Medieval England (1979); reprinted in J. Guy, ed., The Tudor Monarchy (1997). Cooper, J.P., ‘Henry VII’s last years reconsidered’, Historical Journal, 2 (1959) [see Elton]. *Cunningham, S., Henry VII (2007). Davies, C.S.L., ‘Information, disinformation and political knowledge under Henry VII and early Henry VIII’, Historical Research, 85 (2012). Davies, C.S.L., ‘Tudor: what’s in a name?’, History 97 (2012). Elton, G.R., ‘Henry VII: rapacity and remorse’, Historical Journal, 1 (1958), and ‘Henry VII: a restatement’, Historical Journal, 4 (1961); both reprinted in his Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government, vol. 1 (1974) [see Cooper]. Goodman, A., The New Monarchy: England 1471-1534 (1974) Grummitt, D., A Short History of the Wars of the Roses (2013), chs. 6-8. Grummitt, D., ‘Henry VII, chamber finance and the new monarchy’, Historical Research, 72 (1999). Gunn, S.J., ‘The accession of Henry VIII’, Historical Research, 64 (1991). Gunn, S.J., ‘The courtiers of Henry VII’, English Historical Review, 108 (1993); reprinted in J. Guy, ed., The Tudor Monarchy (1997). Gunn, S.J., Early Tudor Government (1995), esp. intro. Gunn, ‘Henry VII’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) [online]. Gunn, S.J., ‘Henry VII in context: problems and possibilities’, History, 92 (2007). *Gunn, S., Henry VII’s New Men and the Making of Tudor England (2017). Horowitz, M.R., ed., Who was Henry VII? = special issue of Historical Research, 82/2 (2009). Horrox, R., ‘Yorkist and early Tudor England’, in C.T. Allmand, ed., The New Medieval History, vol. 7 (1998). Lander, J.R., ‘Bonds, coercion and fear: Henry VII and the peerage’, in his Crown and Nobility (1976). Luckett, D., ‘Crown, office and licensed retinues in the reign of Henry VII’, in R. Archer and S. Walker, eds., Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England (1995). Penn, T., Winter King: The Dawn of Tudor England (2011). Pollard, A.J., The Wars of the Roses (3rd edn., 2013), ch. 5. 6 Pugh, T.B., ‘Henry VII and the English nobility’, in G.W. Bernard, ed., The Tudor Nobility (1992). Ross, J., John de Vere, Thirteenth Earl of Oxford (2011); retitled for paperback edn. The Foremost Man of the Kingdom (2015). Storey, R.L., The Reign of Henry VII (1968). *Thompson, B., ed., The Reign of Henry VII (1995), esp. intro., Carpenter, Watts. Watts, J.L., ed., The End of the Middle Ages? (1998), esp. intro., Gunn, concl.

Key publications: James IV

Boardman, S., ‘Royal finance and regional rebellion in the reign of James IV’, in J. Goodare and A.A. MacDonald, eds., Sixteenth-Century Scotland (2008). Brown, J.M., ed., Scottish Society in the Fifteenth Century (1977), esp. chs. 1-3. Burns, J., The true law of kingship: concepts of monarchy in early modern Scotland (1996), chs. 1-2. *Dawson, J.E.A., Scotland Re-Formed, 1488-1587 (2007), intro., pt. 1. MacDonald, A.A., ‘Princely culture in Scotland under James III and James IV’, in M.L. Gosman, A. MacDonald, and A.J. Vanderjagt, eds., Princes and Princely Culture, 1450-1650, vol. 1 (2003). Macdougall, N., James IV (1989). Macdougall, N., ‘The estates in eclipse? Politics and parliaments in the reign of James IV’, in K.M. Brown and R.J. Tanner, eds., Parliament and Politics in Scotland, 1235-1560 (2004). Macfarlane, L.J., William Elphinstone and the , 1431-1514: The Struggle for Order (1985). Mason, R., Kingship and the Commonweal: Political Thought in and Reformation Scotland (1998), chs. 1, 3. *Mason, R., ‘Renaissance monarchy? Stewart kingship (1469-1542)’, in M. Brown and R. Tanner, eds., Scottish Kingship, 1306–1542 (2008). Stevenson, K., ‘Chivalry, British sovereignty and dynastic politics: undercurrents of antagonism in Tudor-Stewart relations, c.1490-c.1513’, Historical Research, 86 (2013). *Wormald, J., Court, and community, 1470-1625 (1981), pt. 1. Wormald, J., ‘Taming the magnates?’, in K. Stringer, ed., Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland (1985).

Key publications: Ireland, and Henry VII’s international relations

Arthurson, I., The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy, 1491-1499 (1994). Bennett, M.J., Lambert Simnel and the Battle of Stoke (1987). Conway, A., Henry VII’s Relations with Scotland and Ireland, 1485-1498 (1932). Cosgrove, A., ed., A New History of Ireland, vol. 2 (1987), chs. 21-3. *Connolly, S., Contested Island: Ireland 1460-1630 (2007), chs. 1-2. Currin, J., ‘England’s international relations, 1485-1509: continuities amidst change’, in S. Doran and G. Richardson, eds., Tudor England and Its Neighbours (2005). Ellis, S.G., ‘Henry VII and Ireland, 1491-1496’, in J.F. Lydon, ed., Ireland in the Later Middle Ages (1981). *Ellis, S.G., Ireland in the Age of the Tudors (1998), intro., chs. 1-5. Robinson, W.R.B., ‘Early Tudor policy towards Wales’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 20/4 (1964), 21/1 (1964), 21/4 (1966). Smith, J.B., ‘Crown and community in the principality of north Wales in the reign of Henry VII’, Welsh Historical Review, 3 (1966-7). *Williams, G., Recovery, reorientation and Reformation: Wales, 1415-1642 (1987); re-titled Renewal and Reformation for paperback edn. (1993), chs. 9-10.

7 2. Politics and government in the British Isles, c.1509-1547

Key debates

The rise of the court – the decline of the nobility? Kings, ministers, and factions: agency in a personal monarchy State formation and a ‘Tudor revolution in government’

Questions for discussion

Did the pre-eminence of the royal court transform the practice of politics? Were monarchs more or less beholden to their subjects as a result? Was there any substance behind the competitive glamour of Renaissance kingship? How coherent and effective were efforts at governmental reform? What motivated them?

Key publications: Henry VIII

Bernard, G.W., ‘The continuing power of the Tudor nobility’, in Bernard, ed., The Tudor Nobility (1992).a *Bernard, G.W., ‘Elton’s Cromwell’, History, 83 (1998).a Bernard, G.W., ‘The fall of Anne Boleyn’, English Historical Review, 106 (1991).a Bernard, G.W., ‘The fall of Wolsey reconsidered’, Journal of British Studies, 35 (1996).a Bernard, G.W., ed., The Tudor Nobility (1992). Coleman, C., and D. Starkey, eds., Revolution Reassessed (1986), esp. Starkey #2c, Guyb. Davies, C.S.L., ‘The Cromwellian decade’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 7 (1997). Elton, G.R., Reform and Reformation: England 1509-1558 (1977). [Elton, G.R, The Tudor Revolution in Government (1953)] → approach through the debate between P. Williams, G.L. Harriss, J.P. Cooper, and Elton in Past & Present, 25 (1963), 26 (1963), 29 (1964), 31 (1965), 32 (1965). Ellis, S.G., ‘Frontiers and noble power in the early Tudor state’, History Today, 45/4 (April 1995).c Graves, M.A.R., Early Tudor Parliaments (1990). Gunn, S.J., ‘Chivalry and the politics of the early Tudor court’, in S. Anglo, ed., Chivalry in the Renaissance (1990). *Gunn, S.J., Early Tudor Government (1995). Gunn, S.J., ‘The French wars of Henry VIII’, in J. Black, ed., The Origins of War in (1987). *Gunn, S.J, ‘The structures of politics in early Tudor England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 5 (1995). Guy, J., ‘The Henrician age’, in J.G.A. Pocock, ed., Varieties of British Political Thought (1993).b Guy, J., ‘The king’s council and political participation’, in A. Fox and Guy, Reassessing the Henrician Age (1986).b *Guy, J., ‘Thomas Cromwell and the intellectual origins of the Henrician Revolution’, in A. Fox and Guy, Reassessing the Henrician Age (1986).c Harris, I., ‘Some origins of a Tudor revolution’, English Historical Review, 126 (2011). Ives, E.W., Faction in Tudor England (2nd edn, 1986). Ives, E.W., ‘The fall of Anne Boleyn’, English Historical Review, 107 (1992). Ives, E.W., ‘Henry VIII’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) [on-line]. MacCulloch, D., Thomas Cromwell: A Life (2018). MacCulloch, D., ed., The Reign of Henry VIII (1995). Miller, H., Henry VIII and the English Nobility (1986). Richardson, G., ‘Eternal peace, occasional war: Anglo-French relations under Henry VIII’, in S. Doran and G. Richardson, eds., Tudor England and its Neighbours (2005). Richardson, G., The Field of the Cloth of Gold (2013). Richardson, G., Renaissance Monarchy (2002). 8 Scarisbrick, J.J., Henry VIII (1968; 1997 edn. has new intro.). Starkey, D., ‘From feud to faction’, History Today, 32/11 (Nov. 1982). *Starkey, D., ‘Intimacy and innovation: the rise of the privy chamber, 1485-1547’, in Starkey, ed., The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the (1987). Starkey, D., The Reign of Henry VIII (1985). Starkey, D., ‘Representation through intimacy’, in I. Lewis, ed., Symbols and Sentiments (1977).c Starkey, D., ed., Henry VIII: A European Court in England (1991) = exhibition catalogue. *Wooding, L., Henry VIII (2008; 2nd edn. 2015). a = reprinted in G.W. Bernard, Power and Politics in Tudor England (2000) b = reprinted in J. Guy, Politics, Law and Counsel in Tudor and Early Stuart England (2000) c = reprinted in J. Guy, ed., The Tudor Monarchy (1997)

Key publications: Henrician government in Ireland and Wales

Bradshaw, B., The Irish Constitutional Revolution of the Sixteenth Century (1979). *Bradshaw, B., ‘The Tudor reformation and revolution in Wales and Ireland: the origins of the British problem’, in Bradshaw and J. Morrill, eds., The British Problem (1997). Brady, C., The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland, 1536-1588 (1994), prologue, ch. 1. *Brady, C., ‘Comparable histories? Tudor reform in Wales and Ireland’, in S.G. Ellis and S. Barber, eds., Conquest and Union (1995). Connolly, S., Contested Island: Ireland 1460-1630 (2007), ch. 3. Ellis, S.G., ‘England in the Tudor state’, Historical Journal, 26 (1983). Ellis, S.G., Ireland in the Age of the Tudors (1997), chs. 5-7. Ellis, S.G., Tudor Frontiers and Noble Power (1995). Haywood, E., ‘Humanism’s priorities and empire’s prerogatives: Polydore Vergil’s description of Ireland’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Section C, 109 (2009). Maginn, C., ‘The Gaelic peers, the Tudor sovereigns, and English multiple monarchy’, Journal of British Studies, 50 (2011). , P.R., ‘The English crown, the principality of Wales and the council of the Marches, 1534-1641’, in B. Bradshaw and J. Morrill, eds., The British Problem (1996). Roberts, P.R., ‘Wales and England after the Tudor “union”’, in C. Cross, D. Loades, and J.J. Scarisbrick, eds., Law and Government under the Tudors (1988). *Robinson, W.R.B., ‘The Tudor revolution in Welsh government, 1536-1543: its effect on participation’, English Historical Review, 103 (1988). Williams, G., Recovery, Reorientation and Reformation: Wales, 1415-1642 (1987); re-titled Renewal and Reformation for paperback edn. (1993), chs. 10–11.

Key publications: James V

Blakeway, A., Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (2015). Burns, J., The True Law of Kingship (1996), chs. 2-3. *Cameron, J., James V: The , 1528-1542 (1998), Cathcart, A., ‘James V, king of Scotland – and Ireland?’, in S. Duffy, ed., The World of the Galloglass (2007). Dawson, J.E.A., Scotland Re-Formed, 1488-1587 (2007), pt. 2. Edington, C., Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland: Sir David Lindsay of the Mount (1994). Hadley Williams, J., ed., Stewart Style, 1513-1542 (1996), esp. Murray. Mason, R., Kingship and the Commonweal (1998), chs. 2-4. Mason, R., ‘Renaissance monarchy? Stewart Kingship (1469-1542)’, in M. Brown and R. Tanner, eds., Scottish Kingship, 1306-1542 (2008) Thomas, A., Princelie Majestie: The Court of (2005). Wormald, J., Court, Kirk and Community, 1470-1625 (1981), pt. 1.

9 3. The Henrician Reformation and its repercussions, 1521-1547

Key debates

Cause: more complex and deep-rooted than the King’s ‘Great Matter’? Agency: ‘the king’s reformation’ vs. a process of elite political manoeuvring Character: Catholic (without the pope), Erasmian humanist, international evangelical Reception: support, co-operation, collaboration, resistance, and indifference Effect: creative and destructive influences on popular piety and religious identities

Questions for discussion

Is the condition of the Church before 1529 relevant in explaining the Henrician Reformation? Was the Henrician Reformation simply an idiosyncratic melange of royal prejudices? Why did a king who hated Luther end up heading a Church that was influenced by his ideas? How popular was the Henrician Reformation in England and/or Wales and/or Ireland?

Key publications: Henrician Reformation

Amos, N.S., A. Pettegree, and H.F.K. van Nierop, eds., The Education of a Christian Society: Humanism and the Reformation in Britain and the Netherlands (1999) Aston, M., England’s Iconoclasts (1988). Bernard, G.W., ‘The dissolution of the monasteries’, History, 92 (2011). Bernard, G.W., The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (2005). Bernard, G.W., The Late Medieval English Church (2012). Bernard, G.W., ‘The making of religious policy, 1533–46’, Historical Journal, 41 (1998). Brigden, S., and the Reformation (1989). Brigden, S., ‘Youth and the ’, Past & Present, 95 (1982); reprinted in P. Marshall, ed., The Impact of the English Reformation (1997). Cavill, P.R., ‘Anticlericalism and the early Tudor parliament’, Parliamentary History, 34 (2015). Dickens, A., The English Reformation (2nd edn, 1989), chs. 1-9 – on whom see a special issue of Historical Research, 77/195 (2004). Duffy, E., The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional , 1400-1580 (1992), pt. 1 and chs. 11-12. Elton, G.R., Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (1972). Gunther, K., Reformation Unbound: Protestant Visions of Reform in England, 1525–1590 (2014), intro., chs. 1-2. Gunther, K., and Shagan, E.H., ‘Protestant and political thought in the reign of Henry VIII’, Past & Present, 194 (2007). Haigh, C., ‘Anticlericalism and the English Reformation’, History, 68 (1983); reprinted in Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (1987). *Haigh, C., English (1993), prologue, intro., chs. 1-9. Haigh, C., ‘The recent of the English Reformation’, Historical Journal, 25 (1982); reprinted in C. Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (1987). Harper-Bill, C., ‘Dean Colet’s convocation sermon and the pre-Reformation Church in England’, History, 32 (1988); reprinted in P. Marshall, ed., The Impact of the English Reformation (1997) [sermon is in English Historical Documents, vol. 5, doc. 79] Hope, A., ‘Lollardy: the stone the builders rejected?’, in P. Lake and M. Dowling, eds., and the National Church in Sixteenth-Century England (1987). Hoyle, R.W., ‘The origins of the dissolution of the monasteries’, Historical Journal, 38 (1995). Hoyle, R.W., The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (2001). Lutton, R., Lollardy and Orthodox Religion in pre-Reformation England (2006), esp. ch. 1. MacCulloch, D., Thomas Cranmer (1996). MacCulloch, D., Thomas Cromwell: A Life (2018). MacCulloch, D., ed., The Reign of Henry VIII (1995), Murphy, MacCulloch, Whiting. 10 Marshall, P., ‘Anticlericalism revested?’, in C. Burgess and E. Duffy, eds., The Parish in Late Medieval England (2006). Marshall, P., ‘Is the pope Catholic?’, in E.H. Shagan, ed., Catholics and the ‘Protestant Nation’ (2005); reprinted in his Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (2006). Marshall, P., ‘Mumpsimus and sumpsimus’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 52 (2001); reprinted in his Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (2006). Marshall, P., Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (2006). *Marshall, P., and A. Ryrie, eds., The Beginnings of English Protestantism (2002), esp. intro., Marshall, Ryrie. Marshall, P., ed., The Impact of the English Reformation, 1500-1640 (1997), chs. 1-7. Rex, R., ‘The crisis of obedience: God’s word and Henry’s Reformation’, Historical Journal, 39 (1996). Rex, R., ‘The English campaign against Luther in the 1520s’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 39 (1989). *Rex, R., Henry VIII and the English Reformation (1993; 2006 edn. has new ch.). Rex, R., The Lollards (2002), chs. 4-5. Rex, R., ‘The religion of Henry VIII’, Historical Journal, 57 (2014). Ryrie, A., The and Henry VIII: Evangelicals in the Early English Reformation (2003). Ryrie, A., ‘The strange death of Lutheran England’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 53 (2002). Scarisbrick, J.J., The Reformation and the (1984), esp. chs. 4-5. *Shagan, E.H., Popular Politics and the English Reformation (2003), intro., plus pts. 1-2. Shagan, E.H., The Rule of Moderation: Violence, Religion and the Politics of Restraint in Early Modern England (2011), ch. 2. Wendebourg, D., ed., Sister Reformations (2010), esp. Null, Ryrie.

Key publications: transnational and cross-cultural reformations

Bradshaw, B., ‘, word and strategy in the Reformation in Ireland’, Historical Journal 21 (1978). Cooper, J.P.D., Propaganda and the Tudor State: Political Culture in the Westcountry (2003), chs. 1, 4, 6. Heal, F., ‘Mediating the word: language and dialect in the British and Irish Reformations’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 56 (2005). *Heal, F., Reformation in Britain and Ireland (2003), pts. 1-3. Jefferies, H.A., ‘The early Tudor reformations in the Irish pale’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 52 (2001). *Jefferies, H.A., The Irish Church and the Tudor Reformations (2010), ch. 4. Kellar, C., Scotland, England, and the Reformation, 1534-61 (2003), chs. 1-2. Marshall, P., ‘“The Greatest Man in Wales”: James ap Gruffydd ap Hywel and the International Opposition to Henry VIII’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 39 (2008). Mason, R., ‘Regnum et imperium: humanism and the political culture of early Renaissance Scotland’, in his Kingship and the Commonweal (1998). Ryrie, A., The Origins of the (2006), intro., chs. 1-2. Scott, B., Religion and Reformation in the Tudor Diocese of Meath (2006). Murray, J., Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland: Clerical Resistance and Political Conflict in the Diocese of , 1534-1590 (2009), chs. 1-5. Ó Hannracháin, T., and R. Armstrong, eds., Christianities in the Early Modern Celtic World (2014). Olson, K.K., ‘Was the Reformation welcomed in Wales?’, in H.V. Bowen, ed., A New History of Wales (2011). Williams, G., Wales and the Reformation (1997). Wormald, Court, Kirk and Community, 1470-1625 (1981), chs. 6-7.

11 4. Crisis and conflict in the British Isles, 1542-1561

Key debates

The impact of absentee, female, and underage monarchs The Tudor succession controversy in its international context Religious radicalism – in government and against it Religious reform – within the regime and outside it

Questions for discussion

How well did the Tudor and Stewart polities cope with the lack of adult male monarchs? How effective were proxies – protectors, regents, presidents – as substitute rulers? Why did risings and rebellions cluster in this period? Did religious policies entrench minorities, rather than convert majorities? Were Catholic regimes as innovative as Protestant ones? Could the Scottish Reformers have succeeded without English backing?

Key publications: British reformations

Alford, S., The Early Elizabethan Polity (1998), chs. 1-4. Cavill, P.R., ‘Heresy and forfeiture in Marian England’, Historical Journal, 56 (2013). Cowan, I.B., The Scottish Reformation (1982), esp. chs. 4-6. Davies, C., A Religion of the Word: The Defence of the Reformation in the Reign of Edward VI (2002). Dawson, J.E.A., ‘ conclusions: the case of the Marian exiles’, History of Political Thought, 11 (1990). Dawson, J.E.A., ‘The two John Knoxes’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 55 (2004). Dawson, J.E.A., ‘William Cecil and the British dimension of early Elizabethan foreign policy’, History, 74 (1989). *Duffy, E., Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (2009). Duffy, E., The Stripping of the Altars (1992; 2005 edn. with new preface), chs. 13-16; 16 (on Mary) reprinted in P. Marshall, ed., The Impact of the English Reformation (1997). Duffy, E., and D. Loades, eds., The Church of Mary Tudor (2006). Evenden, E., and V. Westbrook, eds., Catholic Renewal and Protestant Resistance in Marian England (2015). Hutton, R., ‘The local impact of the Tudor reformations’, in C. Haigh, ed., The English Reformation Revised (1987); reprinted in P. Marshall, ed., The Impact of the English Reformation (1997). Jefferies, H.A., The Irish Church and the Tudor Reformations (2010), chs. 5-6. *Kellar, C., Scotland, England, and the Reformation, 1534-61 (2003). Loades, D., The Religious Culture of Marian England (2010). *MacCulloch, D., Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (1999). Mason, R., Kingship and the Commonweal: Political Thought in Renaissance Scotland (1998), chs. 5, 9. Merriman, M., ‘The high road from Scotland: Stewarts and Tudors in the mid-sixteenth century’, in A. Grant and K. Stringer, eds., Uniting the Kingdom (1995). Merriman, M., The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551 (2000). Pettegree, A., Marian Protestantism: Six Studies (1996), esp. intro., ch. 4, concl. Phillips, G., The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550 (1999), chs. 4 ff. Potter, D., ‘Mid-Tudor foreign policy and diplomacy, 1547-63’, in S. Doran and G. Richardson, eds., Tudor England and Its Neighbours (2005). Ryrie, A., The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms (2009), chs. 6-8. Ryrie, A., ‘Clubs, congregations and the nature of early Protestantism in Scotland’, Past & Present, 191 (2006). *Ryrie, A., The Origins of the Scottish Reformation (2006). 12 Ryrie, A., ‘Reform without frontiers in the last years of Catholic Scotland’, English Historical Review, 119 (2004). Shagan, E.H., ‘Confronting compromise: the schism and its legacy in mid-Tudor England’, in Shagan, ed., Catholics and the ‘Protestant Nation’ (2005). Shagan, E.H., Popular Politics and the English Reformation (2003), pt. 3. Williams, G., Recovery, Reorientation and Reformation in Wales, c. 1415-1642 (1987)

Key publications: politics in an age of unconventional monarchs

*Alford, S., Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI (2002). Alsop, J., ‘The act for the queen’s regnal power, 1554’, Parliamentary History, 13 (1994) *Blakeway, A., Regency in Sixteenth-Century Scotland (2015). Bryson, A., ‘Edward VI’s “speciall men”: crown and locality in mid-Tudor England’, Historical Research, 82 (2009). Bush, M., The Government Policy of Protector (1977). Dawson, J.E.A., Scotland Re-Formed, 1488-1587 (2007), chs. 7-9. Doran, S., and T.S. Freeman, eds., Mary Tudor (2011). Edwards, J., Mary I (2011). Elton, G.R., ‘Reform and the “commonwealthmen” of Edward VI’s reign’, in P. Clark, A. Smith and N. Tyacke, eds., The English (1979); reprinted in his Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government, vol. 3 (1983). Fletcher, A., and D. MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions (rev. 5th edn., 2008) [wt. primary sources]. Hoak, D., The King’s Council in the Reign of Edward VI (1976). Hoak, D., ‘The king’s privy chamber, 1547-53’, in D. Guth and J. McKenna, eds., Tudor Rule and Revolution (1982). Hoak, D., ‘Two in Tudor government: the formation and organization of Mary I’s privy council’, in D. Starkey and C. Coleman, eds., Revolution Reassessed (1986). Hunt, A., ‘The monarchical of Mary I’, Historical Journal, 52 (2009). Hunt, A., and A. Whitelock, eds., Tudor Queenship (2010). Ives, E.W., ‘Tudor dynastic problems revisited’, Historical Research, 81 (2008). Jordan, C., ‘Woman’s rule in sixteenth-century British political thought’, Renaissance Quarterly, 40 (1987). Levine, M., Tudor Dynastic Problems, 1460-1571 (1973) [wt. primary sources]. Loach, J., Edward VI (1999). Loach, J., and R. Tittler, eds., The Mid-Tudor Polity, c.1540-1560 (1980). Loades, D., The Mid-Tudor Crisis, 1545-1565 (1992). Loades, D., ‘Philip II and the government of England’, in C. Cross, D. Loades, and J.J. Scarisbrick, eds., Law and Government under the Tudors (1988). Loades, D.M, Two Tudor Conspiracies (1965; reprinted 1992) [Wyatt and ]. MacCulloch, D., ‘Kett’s rebellion in context’, Past & Present, 84 (1979); reprinted in P. Slack (ed.), Rebellion, Popular Protest and Social Order in Early Modern England (1984). Murphy, J., ‘The illusion of decline: the privy chamber, 1547-1558’, in D. Starkey, ed., The English Court (1987). *Redworth, G., ‘“Matters impertinent to women”: male and female monarchy under Philip and Mary’, English Historical Review, 112 (1997). Richards, J.M., Mary Tudor (2008). *Richards, J.M., ‘Mary Tudor as “sole quene”?’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997). Ritchie, P., in Scotland, 1548-1560 (2002). Russell, E., ‘Mary Tudor and Mr. Jorkins’, Historical Research, 63 (1990). Sanderson, M.H.B., Cardinal of Scotland: , c.1494-1546 (1986). Shagan, E.H., G.W. Bernard, and M.L. Bush, ‘Protector Somerset and the 1549 rebellions’, English Historical Review, 114 (1999) and 115 (2000). Tittler, R., and S. Battley, ‘The local community and the crown in 1553: the accession of Mary Tudor revisited’, Historical Research, 57 (1984). Whitelock, A., and D. MacCulloch, ‘Princess Mary’s household and the succession crisis’, Historical Journal, 50 (2007).

13 5. Securing Regimes & Eliminating Rivals: Governance in the British Isles 1558-1587

Key debates Stability Court and factions A monarchical republic? Loyalty, rebellion, and resistance Conquest

Questions for discussion What were the political principles of and Mary Queen of Scots? How did Elizabethan queenship differ from Tudor kingship? In what sense, if any, were the three kingdoms of the British Isles ‘states’ in this period? How helpful is the concept of monarchical republic to our understanding of the period? What was the political significance of the issues surrounding succession to the crown? How politically significant were the courts of Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots? How useful is ‘faction’ as a means of understanding sixteenth-century court politics? Why was Mary Queen of Scots so great a threat to England and why was she executed in 1587? How was the Elizabethan conquest of Ireland achieved?

Key publications Adams, S., ‘ and Factions at the Elizabethan Court’, in R. Asch and A. Birke, eds, Princes, Patronage and Nobility (1991) *Adams, S., and the court: essays on Elizabethan politics (2002), esp. part I. Alford, S., Burghley: William Cecil at the court of Elizabeth I (2008). *Alford, S., The early Elizabethan polity (1998). *Bowler, G., ‘“An axe or an acte”: the parliament of 1572 and resistance theory in early Elizabethan England’, Canadian Journal of History, 19 (1984) Brady, C, The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland 1536-1558 (1994) Brady, C., and R. Gillespie, eds., Natives and newcomers (1986), esp. chs. by Cunningham, Lennon, Ford, Gillespie. Brigden, S., New worlds, lost worlds: the rule of the Tudors, 1485-1603 (2000), chs. 7-9. Canny, N., The Elizabethan conquest of Ireland (1976). Canny, N., From Reformation to Restoration: Ireland, 1534-1660 (1987). Chavura, S. A., ‘Mixed and parliamentarianism in Elizabethan England’, History of European Ideas, 41 (2015) Collinson, P., Elizabeth I (2007); also published in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004). *Collinson, P., Elizabethan essays (1994), chs. 1–3 *Collinson, P., ‘The Elizabethan and the Elizabethan polity’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 84 (1994); reprinted in his This England (2011) Dawson, J.,The politics of religion in the age of Mary, Queen of Scots (2002) Dean, D. and N. Jones, eds., The parliaments of Elizabethan England (1990) Doran, S., Monarchy and matrimony: the courtships of Elizabeth I (1996) Doran, S., and N. Jones, eds., The Elizabethan world (2011), esp. pt. 1 Doran, S., and G. Richardson, eds., Tudor England and its neighbours (2005), nos. 5–7 Ellis, S., Ireland in the age of the Tudors (1997). Goodare, J., State and society in early modern Scotland (1999) Graves, M.A.R., Elizabethan parliaments, 1559-1601, 2nd edn. (1996) Guy, J., My heart is my own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots (2004) *Guy, J., ed., The Tudor monarchy (1997), nos. 3–5, 9–10, 15 Haigh, C., Elizabeth I (2nd edn. 1998) Haigh, C., ed., The reign of Elizabeth I (1984). Hammer, P.E.J., Elizabeth’s wars (2003) 14 Hartley, T.E., Elizabeth’s parliaments: queen, lords, and commons, 1559-1601 (1992) Hunt, A., and A. Whitelock, eds., Tudor queenship: the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth (2010) Jones, N., Governing by Virtue: William Cecil, Lord Burghley and the Management of Elizabeth’s England (2015) Jordan, C., ‘Woman’s rule in sixteenth-century British political thought’, Renaissance Quarterly, 40 (1987) Kelley, D.R., ‘Elizabethan political thought’, in J.G.A. Pocock, ed., Varieties of British political thought (1993) Lake, P., Bad Queen Bess? (2016) Lake, P., ‘The politics of popularity and the public sphere’, in Lake & S. Pincus, eds., The politics of the public sphere in early modern England (2007) Levin, C., ‘The heart and stomach of a king’: Elizabeth I and the politics of sex and power (1994) Lynch, M, Mary Stewart: Queen in Three Kingdoms (1988) McDiarmid, J. F., ed., The monarchical republic of early-modern England (2007), nos. 1–7 Kesselring, K. J., The Northern Rebellion of 1569: faith, politics and protest in Elizabethan England (2007). McGovern, J., ‘Was Elizabethan England really a monarchical republic?’, Historical Research, 92 (2019) McLaren, A., Political culture in the reign of Elizabeth I (1999). Mears, N., Queenship and political discourse in the Elizabethan realms (2005) Questier, M., Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558–1630 (2019), chs. 1–3 Richards, J.M., Elizabeth I (2012) Sharpe, K., Selling the Tudor monarchy (2009), pt. 7 Strong, R., The cult of Elizabeth (1977) Walker, J.M., eds., Dissing Elizabeth: negative representations of Gloriana (1998) Williams, P., The later Tudors (1995), chs. 5, 7–8 Wood, A., ‘The queen is “a goggyll eyed hoore”: gender and seditious speech in early modern England’, in N. Tyacke, ed., The (2007) *Wormald, J., Court, kirk and community, 1470-1625 (1981). *Wormald, J., Mary Queen of Scots: a study in failure (1987). Younger, N., ‘Securing the monarchical republic: the remaking of the lord lieutenancies’, Historical Research, 84 (2011) Younger, N., War and politics in the Elizabethan counties (2012) *Younger, N., ‘How Protestant was the Elizabethan regime?’, English Historical Review, 133 (2018)

15 6. War and succession politics in the British Isles, 1585-1603

Key debates

The contested succession to the English throne in its international context The reorientation of Tudor foreign policy The extent of fiscal-military mobilisation The ‘second reign’ of Elizabeth I against the majority of James VI Political and cultural fatigue at the Tudor fin de siècle

Question for discussion

How far did James VI subordinate other considerations to his pursuit of the English throne? Who wanted James VI to succeed Elizabeth I? Did these years demonstrate the limits of militarisation? What distinguished Elizabeth’s ‘second reign’ from her first? Was the earl of chiefly responsible for destabilising politics in the ? How do and art enhance our understanding of late sixteenth-century politics? Why was English policy in sixteenth-century Ireland such a consistent failure?

Key publications

Brady, C., ‘From power to policy: the evolution of Tudor reforming strategies in sixteenth- century Ireland’, in B. Mac Cuarta, ed., Reshaping Ireland, 1550-1700 (2011). Brady, C., ‘Spenser’s Irish crisis: humanism and the experience of the 1590s’, Past and Present, 111 (1986). *Canny, N., The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland (1976). Connolly, A.F., and L. Hopkins, eds., Essex: The Cultural Impact of an Elizabethan Courtier (2013). Croft, P., King James (2003), chs. 1-2. Cruz, A.J., ed., Material and Symbolic Circulation between England and Spain, 1554-1604 (2008), esp. Pi Corrales and García García. Dawson, J.E.A., ‘Anglo-Scottish political culture and the integration of sixteenth-century Britain’, in S. Ellis and S. Barber, eds., Conquest and Union (1995). Dean, D., Law-Making and Society in Late Elizabethan England: The , 1584-1601 (1996). Dickinson, J., Court Politics and the , 1589-1601 (2012). Dickinson, J., and N. Younger, ‘Just how nasty were the 1590s?’, History Today, 64/7 (July 2014). Doran, S., ‘James VI and the English succession’, in R. Houlbrooke, ed., James VI and I: Ideas, Authority, and Government (2006). Doran, S., and G. Richardson, eds., Tudor England and Its Neighbours (2005), Doran, Hammer. Doran, S., and N. Jones, eds., The Elizabethan World (2011), esp. Edwards, Hammer, Jones. *Doran, S., and P. Kewes, eds., Doubtful and Dangerous: The Question of Succession in Late Elizabethan England (2014). Ellis, S., Ireland in the Age of the Tudors (1997), ch. 12. Gajda, A., The Earl of Essex and Late Elizabethan Political Culture (2012). *Gajda, A., ‘Political culture in the 1590s: the “second reign” of Elizabeth’, History Compass, 8 (2010). Gajda, A., ‘The state of Christendom: history, political thought and the Essex circle’, Historical Research, 81 (2008). Goodare, J., and M. Lynch, eds., The Reign of James VI (2000), esp. intro., Goodare. Goodare, J. The Government of Scotland, 1560-1625 (Oxford, 2014), intro, chs. 4, 6, 12–13. Goodare, J., and A.A. MacDonald, eds., Sixteenth-Century Scotland (2008), Grant, Yellowlees, Goodare. Goodare, J., State and society in early modern Scotland (1999) 16 *Guy, J., ed., The Reign of Elizabeth I: Court and Culture in the Last Decade (1995). Hammer, P.E.J., Elizabeth’s Wars (2003). Hammer, P.E.J., The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Devereux, Second Earl of Essex, 1585-1597 (1999). Hammer, P.E.J., ‘The smiling crocodile: the earl of Essex and late Elizabethan “popularity”’, in P. Lake and S. Pincus, eds., The Politics of the Public Sphere in Early Modern England (2007). Holmes, P., ‘The authorship and early reception of A conference about the next succession to the crown of England’, Historical Journal, 23 (1980). Kanemura, R., ‘Kingship by descent or kingship by election? The contested title of James VI and I’, Journal of British Studies, 52 (2013). Kaufman, P.I., ed., Leadership and Elizabethan Culture (2013), esp. Dickinson, Younger. Lake, P., Bad Queen Bess? (2016) Lake, P., and M. Questier, All Hail to the Archpriest (2019) Loomis, C., ‘‘Withered plants do bud and blossome yeelds’: naturalizing James I's succession’, in R. Sturges, ed., Law and sovereignty in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (2011). MacCaffrey, W., ‘The Armada in its context’, Historical Journal, 32 (1989). MacCaffrey, W., Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603 (1992). MacDonald, A.R., ‘Consultation and consent under James VI’, Historical Journal, 54 (2011). Maginn, C., William Cecil, Ireland, and the Tudor State (2012). Mason, R.A., ‘Scotland, Elizabethan England and the idea of Britain’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 14 (2004). Mayer, J.-C., ed., The Struggle for the Succession in Late Elizabethan England (2004). McGinnis, P.J., and A.H. Williamson, ‘Radical menace, reforming hope: Scotland and English religious politics, 1586-1596’, Renaissance and Reformation, 36 (2013). Morgan, H., ‘“Never any realm worse governed”: Queen Elizabeth and Ireland’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 14 (2004). *Morgan, H., Tyrone’s Rebellion: The Outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland (1993). Nicholls, M., ‘’s reward: the punishment of conspirators in the Bye Plot of 1603’, Historical Journal, 38 (1995). Nicholls, M., ‘Two Winchester trials: the prosecution of Henry, Lord Cobham, and Thomas, Lord Grey of Wilton, 1603’, Historical Research, 68 (1995) [on Bye and Main Plots]. Pollnitz, A., ‘Educating and Hal’, in D. Armitage, C. Condren and A. Fitzmaurice, eds., Shakespeare and Early Modern Political Thought (2009) Questier, M., Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558–1630 (2019), chs. 3–4 Rapple, R., Martial Power and Elizabethan Political Culture: Military Men in England and Ireland, 1558-1594 (2008). Richards, J.M., Elizabeth I (2012), chs. 7-9. Richards, J.M., ‘The English accession of James VI’, English Historical Review, 117 (2002). Shagan, E.H., ‘The English : constitutional conflict and ecclesiastical law in the 1590s’, Historical Journal, 47 (2004). Sobecki, S., ‘John Peyton’s A Relation of the State of Polonia and the accession of King James I of England, 1598-1603’, English Historical Review, 129 (2014). Walker, J.M., ed., Dissing Elizabeth: Negative Representations of Gloriana (1998). Walter, J., ‘A “rising of the people”? The Oxfordshire rising of 1596’, Past & Present, 107 (1985); reprinted in his Crowds and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (2006). Williams, P., The Later Tudors (1995), chs. 8-9. Younger, N., ‘If the Armada had landed: a reappraisal of England’s defences in 1588’, History, 93 (2008). Younger, N., ‘The practice and politics of troop-raising: Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, and the Elizabethan regime’, English Historical Review, 127 (2012). Younger, N., ‘Securing the monarchical republic: the remaking of the lord lieutenancies in 1585’, Historical Research, 84 (2011). Younger, N., War and Politics in the Elizabethan Counties (2012) 17 7. Reformation and , 1558-1603 Key debates The Elizabethan settlement: England and Wales Resistance to the Reformation in Ireland The Scottish Reformation The Catholic threat Continental influences Spiritual and temporal loyalties and treason Puritan influence and non-conformity

Questions for discussion Why, and with what consequences, was Elizabeth I’s government so reluctant to enforce the Elizabethan settlement of religion? Was outward religious conformity all that the late sixteenth-century church and state sought? To what extent did political loyalty to the crown demand a commitment to the established Church in England and Ireland by the late sixteenth century? How was the Reformation enforced and received in the ‘dark corners of the land’? How distinctive was the Reformation in Scotland and what roles were played in it by evangelical preachers, , and the populace? How vigorously did the Elizabethan Church persecute its opponents? What happened to Catholicism? When and why did the Reformation in Ireland fail? How influential was Europe in the British Reformations between 1558 and 1603?

Key publications: Elizabethan religion Bossy, J., The English Catholic Community (1975) Coffey, J., and P. Lim, eds., The Cambridge companion to Puritanism (2008). Collinson, P., The Birthpangs of Protestant England (1988). *Collinson, P., The Religion of Protestants, 1558-1625 (1983). Collinson, P., Richard Bancroft and Elizabethan Anti-Puritanism (2013) Collinson, P., and J. Craig, eds., The Reformation in English towns (1998). Bossy, J., The English Catholic community (1975). Fincham, K., and P. Lake, P., Religious politics in post-Reformation England (2006), esp. chs. by MacCulloch and Lake. Ha, P., English , 1590-1640 (2011). Haigh, C., English Reformations: religion, politics, and society under the Tudors (1993). Haigh, C., ‘The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reformation’, Past and Present, 93 (1981). Haigh, C., ‘Success and failure in the English Reformation’, Past and Present, 173 (2001). Haigh, C., The plain man’s pathways to heaven (2007) Jones, N., Faith by statute: parliament and the settlement of religion in 1559 (1982). Jones, N., The English Reformation: religion and cultural adaptation (2001). Lake, P., Anglicans and ? (1988). *Lake, P., Moderate Puritans and the Elizabethan Church (1982) Lake, P., Bad Queen Bess? (2016) Lake, P., and M. Questier, All Hail to the Archpriest (2019) Lake, P. and Questier, M., eds., Conformity and Orthodoxy in the English Church, c.1560-1660 (2000), esp. chs by Freeman and Walsham. *MacCulloch, D., The later Reformation in England, 1547-1603, 2nd edn (2011). *MacCulloch, D., ‘Putting the English Reformation on the map’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 15 (2005). *Marshall, P., ed., The impact of the English Reformation (1997). Marshall, P., Reformation England (2003; 2nd edn. 2012) Maltby, J., Prayer book and people in Elizabethan and early Stuart England (1998). 18 Milton, A., ed., The Oxford History of , Volume 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520-1662 (2017), esp. chs. 3, 17 Questier, M., Conversion, Politics and Religion in England 1560-1625 (1996) Questier, M., Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558–1630 (2019), chs. 1–2 *Shagan, E., ed., Catholics and the Protestant nation (2005). Shagan, E., ‘The English Inquisition: Constitutional Conflict and Ecclesiastical Law in the 1590s’, Historical Journal, 47 (2004) *Tutino, S., Law and Conscience: Catholicism in Early Modern England, 1570-1625 (2007) *Walsham, A., Church Papists (1993) Walsham, A., ‘Translating Trent: English Catholicism and the Counter Reformation’, Historical Research, 78 (2005); reprinted in her Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain (2014) Walsham, A., Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain (2014), esp. pts. 1, 3 Whiting, R., Local Responses to the English Reformation (1998)* *Younger, N., ‘How Protestant was the Elizabethan regime?’, English Historical Review, 133 (2018)

Scotland

Cowan, I.B., The Scottish Reformation (1982) *Dawson, J., Scotland re-formed, 1488-1587 (2007). Dawson, J.,The politics of religion in the age of Mary, Queen of Scots (2002) Dawson, J, (2014) Donaldson, G., The Scottish Reformation (1960) Kirk, J., Patterns of Reform: Continuity and Change in the Reformation Kirk (1989) Lynch, M., Edinburgh and the Reformation (1981) MacDonald, A., The Jacobean Kirk, 1567-1625 (1998). Mason, R., ed., John Knox and the British Reformations (1998). McCallum, J., Reforming the Scottish parish: the Reformation in , 1560-1640 (2010) McRoberts, D., ed., Essays on the Scottish Reformation (1962). *Ryrie, A., The Origins of the Scottish Reformation (2006) Todd, M., The culture of Protestantism in early modern Scotland (2002). *Wormald, J., Court, Kirk and Community, 1470-1625 (1981)

Wales Olson, K.K., ‘Was the Reformation welcomed in Wales?’, in H.V. Bowen, ed., A New History of Wales (2011). Walsham, A., ‘The Holy Maid of Wales: Visions, Imposture and Catholicism in Elizabethan Britain’, English Historical Review, 132 (2017) Williams, G., Wales and the Reformation (1997).

Ireland Bottigheimer, K., ‘Why the Reformation in Ireland failed: une question bien posée’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985) Canny, N., ‘Why the Reformation failed in Ireland: une question mal posée’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 30 (1979). Ellis, S., ‘Economic Problems of the Church: Why the Reformation Failed in Ireland’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 41 (1990) *Jefferies, H.A., The Irish Church and the Tudor Reformations (2010) Meigs, S., The Reformation in Ireland: Tradition and Confessionalism 1400-1690 (1997) Murray, J., Enforcing the English Reformation in Ireland (2009) Scott, B., Religion and Reformation in the Tudor Diocese of Meath (2006).

The British Reformations Heal, F., ‘Mediating the word: language and dialect in the British and Irish Reformations’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 56 (2005). *Heal, F., Reformation in Britain and Ireland (2003) 19 Ó Hannracháin, T., and R. Armstrong, eds., Christianities in the Early Modern Celtic World (2014)

8. Politics and government, 1603-1640

Key debates ‘Britain’ Multiple kingdoms The road to civil war Court faction and ‘favourites’ Foreign policy; war and its cost The nature of parliaments

Questions for discussion How did the ‘British question’ affect James I’s domestic policies? What was the effect of the ‘’ on early Stuart government and politics? Is ‘faction’ a useful way of understanding early Stuart court politics? To what extent was Charles I’s absolutism drawn from continental models? To what extent were Charles I’s religious policies responsible for the Wars of the Three Kingdoms?

Key publications

Bellany, A., 'The murder of John Lambe: crowd violence, court scandal and popular politics in early seventeenth-century England', Past and Present, 200 (2008) Bellany, A., '"Rayling rymes and vaunting verse": libellous politics in early Stuart England, 1603-1628' in Sharpe, K. and P. Lake (eds.), Culture and politics in early Stuart England (1994) Burgess, G., 'On revisionism: an analysis of early Stuart Historiography in the 1970s and 1980s', Historical Journal, 33 (1990) Christianson, P., ‘Politics, patronage and conceptions of governance: the duke of and his supporters in the Parliament of 1628’, Huntington Library Quarterly 60 (1998) Cogswell, Thomas, ‘, popular political culture, and the assassination of the duke of Buckingham’, Historical Journal 49 (2006) Cogswell, Thomas, 'England and the Spanish Match', in R. Cust and A. Hughes, eds., Conflict in Early Stuart England (1989) Cogswell, 'The people's love: the duke of Buckingham and popularity' in T. Cogswell, R. Cust and P. Lake (eds.), Politics and popularity in early Stuart Britain (2002) Cramsie, J., 'The philosophy of Imperial Kingship and the interpretation of James VI and I' in R. Houlbrooke (ed.), James VI and I: ideas, authority and government (2007) Cressy, D., Charles I and the people of England (2015) Croft, P., King James (2003). Cromartie, A., 'The constitutionalist revolution: the transformation of political culture in early Stuart England', Past and Present 163 (1999) Cust, R., 'Politics and the electorate in the ' in Cust, R. and A. Hughes (eds), Conflict in early Stuart England (1989) Cust, R., 'Anti-puritanism and urban politics: Charles I and Great Yarmouth', Historical Journal 35 (1992) Cust, R., Charles I: a political life (2005). Cust, R., Charles I and the aristocracy 1625-1642 (2013) *Cust, R., and A. Hughes, eds., The (1997) Elton, G. R., ‘A high road to civil war?’, in C. H. Carter, ed., From the Renaissance to the Counter-Reformation (1965); reprinted in his Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government, vol. 2 (1974) Ferrell, L. A., ed., Revisionism revisited = special issue of Huntington Library Quarterly, 78/4 (2015) 20 Houlbrooke, R., ed., James VI and I: ideas, authority and government (2007) *Hughes, A., The causes of the English Civil War (2nd edn., 1998). Kishlansky, ‘Charles I: a case of mistaken identity’, Past and Present 189 (2005); see also ensuing debate in Past and Present 205 (2009) Lake, P., 'Anti-: the structure of a prejudice', in R. Cust and A. Hughes, eds., Conflict in early Stuart England (1989) Lockyer, R., Buckingham (1981). Millstone, N., Manuscript Circulation and the Invention of Politics in Early Stuart England (2016). Milton, A., 'Thomas Wentworth and the political thought of the personal rule' in Merritt, J., ed., The political world of Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, 1621-1641 (1996) Milton, A., 'The creation of Laudianism: a new approach' in T. Cogswell, R. Cust and P. Lake (eds.), Politics and popularity in early Stuart Britain (2002) Peck, L., The mental world of the Jacobean court (1991). Questier, M., Stuart dynastic policy and religious politics, 1621-1625 (2009). Questier, M., ‘Loyalty, religion and state power in early modern England: English and the Jacobean oath of allegiance’, Historical Journal 40 (1997). Questier, M., Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558–1630 (2019), chs. 5 ff. Russell, C., Parliaments and English politics, 1621-1629 (1979). Russell, C., ‘Parliamentary History in Perspective, 1604-1629’, History, 61 (1976) Salt, P., 'Sir Simonds d'Ewes and the levying of , 1635-40', Historical Journal 37: 2 (1994) Sharpe, K., The personal rule of Charles I (1992). *Smith, D., The Stuart parliaments, 1603-1689 (1999). Sommerville, J., and patriots: politics and ideology in England, 1603-1640 (1999). Thompson, C., 'Court politics and parliamentary conflict in 1625', in R. Cust and A. Hughes (eds.), Conflict in early Stuart England (1989) Thrush, A., The House of Commons, 1604–1629: An Introductory Survey (2010, 2016); also at https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/research/surveys/surveys-1604-1629 Van Duinen, J., ‘“An engine which the world sees nothing of2: revealing dissent under Charles I's “Personal Rule”, Parergon 28 (2011). Wormald, J., ‘James VI and I: two kings or one?’, History 68 (1983). Young, M., Charles I (1997).

Ireland, c. 1600-1640

Bottigheimer, K., ‘Why the Reformation in Ireland failed: une question bien posée’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36 (1985); see also N. Canny, ‘Why the Reformation failed in Ireland: une question mal posée’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 30 (1979). Bradshaw, B., ‘Sword, word and strategy in the Reformation in Ireland’, Historical Journal 21 (1978). Bradshaw, B., A. Hadfield, and W. Maley, eds., Representing Ireland: literature and the origins of conflict, 1534-1660 (1997). Brady, C., and R. Gillespie, eds., Natives and newcomers (1986), esp. chs. by Cunningham, Lennon, Ford, Gillespie. *Canny, N., From Reformation to Restoration: Ireland, 1534-1660 (1987). *Canny, N., Making Ireland British (2001), esp. chs. 3-5 and 8. Clarke, A., The Old English in Ireland, 1625-1642 (1966). Edwards, D., P. Lenihan, and C. Tait, eds., Age of atrocity: violence and political conflict in early modern Ireland (2007), esp. Intro., and ch. by Edwards. Hunter, R. J., transformed: essays on plantation and print culture, c.1590-1641 (2012). Jackson, A., The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History (2014) Morgan, H., Tyrone’s rebellion: the outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland (1993). Moody, T., F. Martin, and F. Byrne, A new history of Ireland: vol. 3, 1534-1691 (1991). Ohlmeyer, J., ed., Political thought in seventeenth-century Ireland (2000), esp. Intro., and chs. by Casway, Cunningham, Ó hAnnracháin.

21 Early Modern Scotland c. 1600-40

Brown, K.M., Noble Power (Edinburgh, 2011), esp. Introduction and chs 1 & 8 Brown, K.M. & A. J. Mann, History of the Scottish Parliament, vol. 2 (2005) Goodare, J., and M. Lynch, eds., The reign of James VI (2000). Goodare, J. The Government of Scotland, 1560-1625 (Oxford, 2004) Goodare, J., ‘The admission of lairds to the Scottish Parliament’, English Historical Review 116 (2001) Goodare, J., 'The nobility and the absolutist state in Scotland, 1584-1638', History 78 (1993) Goodare, J., State and society in early modern Scotland (1999) Goodare, J., 'Parliament and politics' in Brown, K., and A. R. MacDonald (eds.), Parliament in context, 1235-1707 (2010) Harris, B., MacDonald, A. R., (eds.), Scotland: the making and unmaking of the nation c. 1100-1707 vol. II (2006) - chapters by Wormald, Stevenson, Todd and Murdoch. Lee, M., Government by pen: Scotland under James VI and I (1980). Lynch, M., Edinburgh and the Reformation (1981) MacDonald, A., R., Jacobean kirk, 1567-1625 (1998). MacDonald, A. R., ‘Consultation and consent under James VI’, Historical Journal (2011). MacDonald, A. R., 'James VI and I, the , and British ecclesiastical convergence', Historical Journal 48: 4 (2005) Mason, R., Kingship and the commonweal: political thought in Renaissance and Reformation Scotland (1998). Mason, R. and MacDougall, N. (eds.), People and power in Scotland (1992) - ch. by Stevenson. McCallum, J. Reforming the Scottish parish: the Reformation in Fife, 1560-1640 (2010) McRoberts, D., ed., Essays on the Scottish Reformation (1962). Mitchison, R., Lordship to patronage: Scotland, 1603-1745 (1983). Scottish Historical Review special number (2013), esp. essays by Mason, Brown and Stewart. Stevenson, D., The Scottish Revolution, 1637-1644 (1973). Stevenson, D., 'The King's Scottish revenues and the , 1625-1651', Historical Journal 17 (1974) Stewart, L., Urban politics and the British civil wars: Edinburgh, 1617-53 (2006) Stewart, L., 'The political repercussions of the Five Articles of Perth: a reassessment of James VI and I', Sixteenth Century Journal I38: 4 (2008) Stewart, L., '"Brothers in Treuth": Propaganda, public opinion and the Perth Articles Debate in Scotland' in Houlbrooke, R. (ed.), James VI and I: ideas, authority and government (2006) *Stewart, L., Rethinking the Scottish Revolution: Covenanted Scotland, 1637-51 (2016) Todd, M., The culture of Protestantism in early modern Scotland (2002). *Wormald, J., Court, kirk and community, 1470-1625 (1981). Wormald, J., (ed.), Scotland revisited (1991) - ch. by Stevenson

22 9. Religion and the Church, 1603-1640

Key debates

Laudianism Puritanism Anti-popery and foreign relations

Questions for discussion

To what extent was Laudianism a popular policy? To what extent did Charles I’s religious policies lead to the civil wars of 1637-1660? Can James VI and I’s religious policies be considered a success, and why? To what extent did religion influence the early Stuarts’ foreign policies?

Key publications

Atherton, I., ‘Cathedrals, Laudianism and the British Churches’, Historical Journal, 53 (2010), 895-918. Atherton, I., and D. Como, 'The Burning of Edward Wightman : Puritanism, Prelacy and the Politics of Heresy in Early Modern England', English Historical Review, 120 (2005) Bottigheimer, K., ‘Why the Reformation in Ireland failed: une question bien posée’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36 (1985); see also N. Canny, ‘Why the Reformation failed in Ireland: une question mal posée’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 30 (1979). Campbell, I., ‘Calvinist Absolutism: Archbishop and Royal Power’, Journal of British Studies, 53 (2014), 588-610. *Coffey, J., and P. Lim, eds., The Cambridge companion to Puritanism (2008), esp. chs. by Collinson, Webster, Craig, Morrill, Walsham. Como, David R., ‘Predestination and political conflict in Laud’s London’, Historical Journal, 46 (2003), 263-94. Cust, R. and A. Hughes, eds., Conflict in early Stuart England (1989), esp. chs. by Foster, Lake. *Cust, R., T. Cogswell and P. Lake, eds., Politics, popularity, and religion in early Stuart Britain (2002), esp. Intro and ch. by Milton. Doran, S., ‘Revenge her foul and most unnatural murder? : the impact of Mary Stewart's execution on Anglo-Scottish relations’, History, 85:280 (2000). *Fincham, K., and P. Lake, ‘The ecclesiastical policy of King James I’, Journal of British Studies 24 (1985). Fincham, K., and N. Tyacke, Altars restored: the changing face of English religious worship, 1547-1700 (2007), esp. chs. 4 and 5. *Fincham, K., ed., The early Stuart Church, 1603-1642 (1993), esp. chs. by Fincham, Lake, Maltby, Milton, Tyacke. Gillespie, R., ‘The Church of Ireland clergy, c. 1640’, in T. Barnard and W.G. Neely, eds., The Clergy of the Church of Ireland (2006), 59-77. Ha, P., English Presbyterianism 1590-1640 (2010) Hibbard, C., 'Early Stuart Catholicism: Revisions and Re-Revisions', Journal of Modern History, 52 (1980) Hughes, Ann, ‘A moderate Puritan preacher negotiates religious change’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 65 (2014), 761-79. Hunt, A., The Art of Hearing: English Preachers and their Audiences (2010). Hunt, A. ‘Licensing and religious censorship in early modern England’, in A. Hadfield, ed., Literature and Censorship in Renaissance England (2001), 127-46. Kishlansky, M., ‘A whipper whipped: the sedition of ’, Historical Journal, 56 (2013), 603-27. Lake, P., and M. Questier, eds., Conformity and orthodoxy in the English church, c.1560- 1660 (2000), esp. chs. by Como, Fincham, and Tyacke. *MacDonald, A., The Jacobean kirk, 1567-1625 (1998). 23 Maltby, J., Prayer Book and people in Elizabethan and early Stuart England (1998). McCullough, P., H. Adlington, E. Rhatigan, eds., The Oxford Handbook of the Early Modern Sermon (2011), esp. chs. by Green, Gribben, Gillespie, Roberts, Webster. Milton, A., Catholic and Reformed: Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant thought, 1600-1640 (1995). Milton, A., ed., The British Delegation and the Synod of Dort (2005) Milton, A., Laudian and polemic in seventeenth-century England (2007). Milton, A., ‘The and the Palatinate, 1566-1642’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 164 (2010), 137-66. Milton, A., ed., The Oxford History of Anglicanism, Volume 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520-1662 (2017), esp. chs. 4, 18-19 *Morrill, J., ‘The religious context of the English Civil War’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 34 (1984); reprinted in his The Nature of the English Revolution (1993) Morrissey, M., Politics and the Paul’s Cross Sermons (2011) Mortimer, Sarah, ‘Kingship and the “Apostolic Church”, 1620-1650’, Reformation and Renaissance Review, 13 (2011) Mullan, D., Scottish Puritanism 1590-1638 (2000) Patterson, W. B., King James VI & I and the reunion of Christendom (2000). Prior, C.W.A. and G. Burgess, eds., England’s Wars of Religion, Revisited (2011), esp. chs. by Braddick, Cromartie, and Coffey. Questier, M., ', Catholicism, and Puritanism in England during the 1630s', Historical Journal 49 (2006). *Questier, M., ‘Catholic loyalism in early Stuart England’, English Historical Review, 123 (2008) Questier, M., ‘Loyalty, Religion and State Power in Early Modern England: English Romanism and the Oath of Allegiance’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997) Questier, M., Catholicism and Community in early modern England: politics, aristocratic patronage and religion, c. 1550-1640 (2006) Ryrie, A., The age of Reformation: the Tudor and Stewart realms (2009). *Stevenson, D., The Scottish Revolution, 1637-1644 (1973) Stewart, L.A.M., ‘Power and faith in Early Modern Scotland’, Scottish Historical Review, 92 (2013), 25-37. Stewart, L., Rethinking the Scottish Revolution: Covenanted Scotland, 1637-51 (2016) Tyacke, N., ‘Puritanism, Arminianism and counter-revolution’, in C. Russell, ed., The origins of the English Civil War (1973). Tyacke, N., Anti-Calvinists (1990 edn). *Walsham, A., 'The parochial roots of Laudianism revisited: Catholics, anti-Calvinists and “parish Anglicans” in early Stuart England', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 49 (1998). *Walter, J., ‘“Affronts & Insolencies”: The voices of Radwinter and popular opposition to Laudianism’, English Historical Review, 122 (2007), 35-60. Walter, J., ‘Popular and the politics of the parish’, Historical Journal, 47 (2004), 261-90. Walsham, A., '"The Fatall Vesper": Providentialism and Anti-Popery in Late Jacobean London', Past and Present (1994) Webster, T., Godly Clergy in Early Stuart England: The Caroline Puritan Movement, c. 1620- 1643 (1997).

24 10. The Civil Wars, regicide, and the radicals, 1637-1649

Key debates

Royalism and parliamentarianism Religious debate: episcopacy, Presbyterianism, and the rise of the sects The Three Kingdoms The Regicide

Questions for discussion

To what extent were the Wars of the Three Kingdoms fought over religion? What were the effects of the wars in Scotland and Ireland on England? ‘The Civil Wars of the were wars between and within three kingdoms.’ Discuss. What role did the ‘British Problem’ play in Scotland’s civil wars, 1637-1651? Account for the military and political success of the New Model Army. Why was Charles I executed?

Key publications

Adamson, John, The Noble Revolt: The Overthrow of Charles I (2007) Adamson, John (ed.), The English Civil War (2009) Ashton, Robert, Counter-Revolution: The Second Civil War and its Origins, 1646-1648 (1994) *Braddick, Michael J., God’s Fury, England’s Fire: A New History of the English Civil Wars (2008) Braddick, Michael J., The Common of the People: and the English Revolution (2018) Braddick, Michael J., and Smith, David L. (eds.), The Experience of Revolution in Stuart Britain and Ireland: Essays for John Morrill (2011) *Braddick, Michael J. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution (2015) *Canny, N., Making Ireland British (2001), esp. chs. 3-5 and 8. Como, David R., Radical Parliamentarians and the English Civil War (2018) Cust, Richard, Charles I: A Political Life (2005) Cust, Richard, Charles I and the Aristocracy, 1625-1642 (2013) Dow, F.D., Radicalism in the English Revolution, 1640-60 (1985) Fincham, Kenneth, and Tyacke, Nicholas, Altars Restored: The Changing Face of English Religious Worship, 1547-c. 1700 (2007) Fincham, Kenneth, and Lake, Peter (eds.), Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England (2006) Fitzgibbons, Jonathan, ‘Rethinking the English Revolution of 1649’, Historical Journal, 60 (2017) Fletcher, Anthony, The Outbreak of the English Civil War (1981) *Gentles, Ian, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 (2007) *Harris, Tim, Rebellion: Britain’s First Stuart Kings, 1567-1642 (2013) *Holmes, Clive, Why was Charles I executed? (2006) Hopper, Andrew, Turncoats and Renegadoes: Changing Sides during the English Civil Wars (2012) Kishlansky, Mark, Charles I: An Abbreviated Life (2014) Kishlansky, Mark A., ‘Charles I: a case of mistaken identity’, in Past and Present 189 (November 2005), and the debate in Past and Present 205 (November 2009) McElligott, Jason, and Smith, David L. (eds.), Royalists and Royalism during the English Civil Wars (2007) *Morrill, John, ‘The Religious Context of the English Civil War’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 34 (1984) 25 *Morrill, John, The Nature of the English Revolution (1993) Morrill, John, Revolt in the Provinces: The People of England and the of War, 1630-1648 (1999) Morrill, John (ed.), The Scottish in its British Context (1990) Morrill, John, and Underdown, David, ‘The ecology of allegiance in the English Revolution’, Journal of British Studies 26 (1987) Ohlmeyer, Jane, Making Ireland English: The Irish Aristocracy in the Seventeenth Century (2012) Ohlmeyer, Jane (ed.), Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 1641-1660 (1995) Ohlmeyer, Jane, and Ó Siochrú, Micheal (eds.), 1641: Ireland in Context (2013) Orr, D. Alan, Treason and the State: Law, Politics, and Ideology in the English Civil War (2002) *Peacey, Jason, Print and Public Politics in the English Revolution (2013) *Peacey, Jason (ed.), The and the (2001) Prior, Charles W.A., and Burgess, Glenn (eds.), England’s Wars of Religion, Revisited (2011) Russell, Conrad, The Fall of the British , 1637-1642 (1991) Scott, David, Politics and War in the three Stuart Kingdoms, 1637-49 (2004) Scott, Jonathan, Commonwealth Principles: Republican Writing of the English Revolution (2004) Scott Wheeler, James, The British and Irish Wars, 1637-1654: Triumph, , and Failure (2002) Sharpe, Kevin, Image Wars: Kings and in England, 1603-1660 (2010) Smith, David L., The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 (1999) Spurr, John, English Puritanism, 1603-1689 (1998) Stevenson, David, The Scottish Revolution, 1637-1644 (1973) Stevenson, David, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Scotland, 1644-1651 (1977) *Stewart, L., Rethinking the Revolution: Covenanted Scotland, 1637–53 (2016) Stoyle, M., Soldiers and Strangers: An Ethnic History of the English Civil War (2005) Taylor, Stephen, and Tapsell, Grant (eds.), The Nature of the English Revolution Revisited: Essays in Honour of John Morrill (2013) Underdown, David, Pride’s : Politics in the Puritan Revolution (1971) Underdown, David, Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603- 1660 (1985) *Woolrych, Austin, Britain in Revolution, 1625-1660 (2002) Walter, John, Covenanting Citizens: The Protestation Oath and Popular Political Culture in the English Revolution (2017) *Worden, Blair, The English Civil Wars, 1640-1660 (2009)

26 11. The Interregnum, Oliver Cromwell, and the republicans, 1649-1660

Key debates

War in Scotland and Ireland Parliament(s) Religious policy Foreign policy Cromwell’s character and aims

Questions for discussion

Why was monarchy abolished in 1649? How successful were Oliver Cromwell’s attempts at ‘healing and settling’ during the Interregnum? How republican were the ? What was legacy of the Interregnum in the Three Kingdoms? Did the religious radicals have any permanent achievements?

Key publications

Barnard, Toby, Cromwellian Ireland (1975) Boswell, Caroline, Disaffection and Everyday Life in Interregnum England (2017) Braddick, Michael J., and Smith, David L. (eds.), The Experience of Revolution in Stuart Britain and Ireland: Essays for John Morrill (2011) *Braddick, Michael J. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution (2015) Capp, Bernard, England’s Culture Wars: Puritan Reformation and its Enemies in the Interregnum, 1649-1660 (2012) Coward, Barry, Oliver Cromwell (1991) Coward, Barry, The Cromwellian Protectorate (2002) Davis, J.C., Oliver Cromwell (2001) Dow, Frances, Cromwellian Scotland, 1651-1660 (1979) Dow, F.D., Radicalism in the English Revolution, 1640-60 (1985) Durston, Christopher, and Maltby, Judith (eds.), Religion in Revolutionary England (2006) Fincham, Kenneth, and Tyacke, Nicholas, Altars Restored: The Changing Face of English Religious Worship, 1547-c. 1700 (2007) Fitzgibbons, J., ‘Reassessing the nomination of ’, Historical Research, 83 (2010) Fitzgibbons, J., ‘Hereditary succession and the Cromwellian Protectorate’, English Historical Review, 128 (2013) Fitzgibbons, J., Cromwell’s Politics, Parliaments and Constitutional Revolution, 1642–1660 (2018) Gaunt, Peter, Oliver Cromwell (1996) *Gentles, Ian, Oliver Cromwell: God’s Warrior and the English Revolution (2011) Gentles, Ian, The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 (2007) Hirst, Derek, ‘The English Republic and the meaning of Britain’, Journal of Modern History 66 (1994) Hutton, Ronald, The British Republic, 1649–1660 (1990) Kelsey, Sean, Inventing a republic: the political culture of the English Commonwealth, 1649- 1653 (1997) Knoppers, Laura Lunger, Constructing Cromwell: Ceremony, Portrait, and Print, 1645-1661 (2000) Little, Patrick, and Smith, David L., Parliaments and Politics during the Cromwellian Protectorate (2007) Little, Patrick (ed.), The Cromwellian Protectorate (2007) 27 Little, Patrick (ed.), Oliver Cromwell: New Perspectives (2009) McElligott, Jason, and Smith, David L. (eds.), Royalists and Royalism during the Interregnum (2010) Mills, Jane A. (ed.), Cromwell’s Legacy (2012) Milton, A., ed., The Oxford History of Anglicanism, Volume 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520-1662 (2017), ch. 24 Morrill, John, The Nature of the English Revolution (1993) *Morrill, John, Oliver Cromwell (2007) *Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (1990) Ohlmeyer, Jane, Making Ireland English: The Irish Aristocracy in the Seventeenth Century (2012) Ohlmeyer, Jane (ed.), Ireland from Independence to Occupation, 1641-1660 (1995) Ó Siochrú, Micheal, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland (2008) Peacey, Jason, Print and Public Politics in the English Revolution (2013) Peters, Erin, Commemoration and Oblivion in Royalist Print Culture, 1658-1667 (2017) Reece, Henry, The Army in Cromwellian England, 1649-1660 (2013) Scott, Jonathan, Commonwealth Principles: Republican Writing of the English Revolution (2004) Scott Wheeler, James, The British and Irish Wars, 1637-1654: Triumph, Tragedy, and Failure (2002) *Sharpe, Kevin, ‘“An image doting rabble”: the failure of republican culture in seventeenth- century England’, in Sharpe and Steven Zwicker, eds., Refiguring Revolutions (1998); reprinted in his Remapping Early Modern England (2000) Sharpe, Kevin, Image Wars: Kings and Commonwealths in England, 1603-1660 (2010) Smith, David L., Oliver Cromwell: Politics and Religion in the English Revolution, 1640-1658 (1991) Smith, David L., The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 (1999) *Smith, David L. (ed.), Cromwell and the Interregnum (2003) Spurlock, R. Scott, Cromwell and Scotland: Conquest and Religion,1650-1660 (2007) Spurr, John, English Puritanism, 1603-1689 (1998) Stewart, L., Rethinking the Revolution: Covenanted Scotland, 1637–53 (2016) Taylor, Stephen, and Tapsell, Grant (eds.), The Nature of the English Revolution Revisited: Essays in Honour of John Morrill (2013) Underdown, David, Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603- 1660 (1985) *Woolrych, Austin, Britain in Revolution, 1625-1660 (2002) Woolrych, Austin, Commonwealth to Protectorate (1982) *Worden, Blair, The English Civil Wars, 1640-1660 (2009) Worden, Blair, The , 1648-1653 (1974) *Worden, Blair, God’s Instruments: Political Conduct in the England of Oliver Cromwell (2012)

28 12. Politics in the reign of Charles II, 1660-1685

Key debates

What was restored? Succession and exclusion The rise of party politics Anti-popery Parliaments and the cost of government

Questions for discussion To what extent was the Exclusion Crisis characteristic of Charles II’s reign? Why did political parties emerge for the first time in the reign of Charles II? What was the political significance of parliament between 1660 and 1685? How far did the Restoration settlement of 1660-2 seek to conciliate the Crown’s enemies rather than reward its friends? Why was Charles II able to defeat Exclusion? ‘The natural authoritarianism of the later Stuarts is most clearly seen in their government of … Ireland.’ Discuss.

Key publications Connolly, S., Religion, law and power: the making of Protestant Ireland, 1660-1760 (1995). De Krey, G. S., Restoration and Revolution in Britain: a political history of the era of Charles II and the Glorious Revolutions (2007). De Krey, G. S., London and the Restoration, 1659-1683 (2005). De Krey, G. S., ‘Between revolutions: re-appraising the Restoration in Britain’, History Compass 6 (2008). Glassey, L., ed., The reign of Charles II and James VII & II (1997). Goldie, M., The entring book of Roger Morrice, 1677-1691, vol. 1: Roger Morrice and the Puritan Whigs (2007), chs 1, 4, and 5; reprinted as stand-alone vol. Roger Morrice and the Puritan Whigs (2016), esp. intro Harris, T., Politics under the later Stuarts, 1660-1715 (1993). *Harris, T., Restoration: Charles II and his Kingdoms, 1660-1685 (2006). *Harris, T., P. Seaward, and M. Goldie, eds., The politics of religion in Restoration England (1990). Houston, A., and S. Pincus, eds., A nation transformed: England after the Restoration (2001). *Jackson, C., Restoration Scotland, 1660-1689: royalist politics, religion and ideas (2003). Jackson, C., Charles II: The Star King (2016) Keeble, N., The Restoration: England in the 1660s (2002). , M., Politics and Opinion in Crisis 1678-1681 (1994) McElligott. K., ed., Fear, Exclusion and revolution: Roger Morrice and Britain in the 1680s (2006). Miller, J., ‘The Potential for Absolutism in Later Stuart England’, History, 69 (1984) Miller, J., After the civil wars: English politics and government in the reign of Charles II (2000). Mitchison, R., Lordship to patronage: Scotland, 1603-1745 (1983). Raymond, J., Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern England (2003), ch. 8. , J., Godly kingship in Restoration England: the politics of the Royal Supremacy, 1660- 1688 (2010). Scott, J., and the Restoration crisis, 1677-1683 (1991). Scott, J., England’s troubles: seventeenth-century English political stability in European context (2000). *Scott, J., 'England's Troubles: Exhuming the ', in T. Harris et al., eds,, The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (1990) *Southcombe, G., and G. Tapsell, Restoration politics, religion, and culture: Britain and Ireland, 1660-1714 (2010). Spurr, J., England in the 1670s: ‘this masquerading age’ (2000). 29 *Spurr, J., The post-Reformation: religion, society, politics and Britain, 1603–1714 (2006). Tapsell, G., The personal rule of Charles II, 1681-1685 (2007). 30 13. James VII and II and the Revolution, 1685-1690 Key debates Popery and arbitrary government Religious toleration / Catholic restoration Allegiance and revolution Anglo-European relations Dutch invasion, English coup, popular rising?

Questions for discussion Was James VII and II a tyrant? Why was James VII and II so popular in 1685 but so unpopular by 1688? ‘’ or ‘Dutch invasion’? Was there an ‘Anglican Revolution’ in 1688? In what ways were the events of 1688-89 ‘revolutionary’?

Key publications Beddard, R., ed., The Revolutions of 1688 (1991), esp. chs. by Beddard, Goldie. Claydon, T., William III and the Godly Revolution (1996). *Claydon, T., 'William III's Declaration of Reasons and the Glorious Revolution', Historical Journal 39 (1996). De Krey, G., Restoration and Revolution in Britain: a Political History of the Era of Charles II and the Glorious Revolutions (2007). Goldie, M., ‘’s Circle and James II’, Historical Journal, 34 (1992) Goldie, M., 'James II and the Dissenters' revenge', Historical Research 66 (1993). Harris, T., ‘James II, the Glorious Revolution, and the destiny of Britain’, Historical Journal 51 (2008). Harris, T., Politics under the Later Stuarts (1993) Harris, T., Revolution: the great crisis of the British monarchy, 1685-1720 (2006). Houston, A. and S. Pincus, eds., A nation transformed: England after the Restoration (2001), esp. chs. by Worden, Knights. *Israel, J., ed., The Anglo-Dutch moment: essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact (1991). *Jones, J. R. ed., secured? Britain before and after 1688 (1992). McElligott, J., ed., Fear, Exclusion and revolution: Roger Morrice and Britain in the 1680s (2006). Miller J., The Glorious Revolution (1983, 1997). *Miller, J., James II (1989). Pincus, S., 1688: the first modern revolution (2009). Rose, J., Godly kingship in Restoration England: the politics of the Royal Supremacy, 1660- 1688 (2010). Schwoerer, L. G., The Declaration of Rights (1981) *Schwoerer L. G. ed., The Revolution of 1688-1689: changing perspectives (1992). Sowerby, S., Making toleration: the repealers and the Glorious Revolution (2013). Sowerby, S, ‘Pantomime History’, Parliamentary History, 30 (2011) [review of Pincus, 1688] Speck, W. A., James II (2002). *Speck, W. A., Reluctant : Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688 (1988). Spurr, J., The post-Reformation: religion, politics and society in Britain, 1603-1714 (2006). 31 14. Parliament, parties, and political culture, 1689-1714 Key debates Glorious Revolution? Elections and electioneering Whig and Court culture War, finance and the state Constitutional impact of the Revolution

Questions for discussion What effect, if any, did William III’s continental experience have on his rule in England? How did the relationship between monarchy and parliament change after 1688? What was the impact of near-constant war on politics between 1688 and 1714? Why did the cease to be the natural party of government and the Whigs become the natural party of government after 1688? For what reasons did Parliament after 1689 become ‘an institution rather than an event’? Why was party conflict so intense in the period 1689 to 1714?

Key publications Brewer, J., The sinews of power: war and the English state, 1688-1783 (1989). Claydon, T., William III (2002). Claydon, T., William III and the Godly Revolution (1996). Goldie, M., ‘The roots of true , 1688-1694’, History of Political Thought 1 (1980). *Harris, T., Politics under the later Stuarts, 1660-1715 (1993). Hayton, D, ‘Moral Reform and Country Politics in the Late Seventeenth Century House of Commons’, Past and Present, 128 (1990) Holmes, G., ed., Britain after the Glorious Revolution, 1689-1714 (1969). *Holmes, G., The making of a great power: late Stuart and early Georgian Britain, 1660-1722 (1993). *Holmes, G., British politics in the age of Anne (1987 edn). *Hoppit, J., A land of liberty? England 1689-1727 (2000). Jackson, C., ‘Union ’, in The Oxford handbook of modern Scottish history, ed. T.M. Devine and Jenny Wormald (2012) Jones, C., ed., Britain in the first age of party (1987). *Kenyon, J. P., Revolution principles: the politics of party, 1689-1720 (1977). Knights, M., ‘Politics after the Glorious Revolution’, in B. Coward, ed., A Companion to Stuart Britain (2003) *Knights, M., Representation and misrepresentation in later Stuart Britain: partisanship and political culture (2004). McInnes, A., ‘When was the English Revolution?’, History 67 (1982). Mijers, E., and D. Onnekink, eds., Redefining William III: the impact of the King-Stadholder in international context (2007), esp. chs. by Claydon, Barclay, Speck. Plumb, J., The growth of political stability in England, 1657-1725 (1967). Robertson, J., ‘The Conceptual Framework of Anglo-Scottish Union’, in J. Arrieta and J.H. Elliot (ed.), Forms of union: the British and Spanish monarchies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (2009). Rose, C., England in the 1690s (1999). Scottish Historical Review, 87 (2008), supplementary issue: ‘Union of 1707’ Speck, W., Tory and Whig (1970). Szechi, D., ‘Jacobite politics in the age of Anne’, Parliamentary History 2009 (2012). Troost, W., ‘‘To restore and preserve the of Europe’: William III’s ideas on foreign policy’ in D. Onnekink and G. Rommelse, eds., Ideology and foreign policy in early modern Europe (1650-1750) (2011). 32 15. The restored church and religious dissent, 1660-1714 Key debates The impact of toleration Dissent and denominationalism The nature of persecution Toleration, latitudinarianism, and The ‘Church in Danger’ Secularisation?

Questions for discussion? Was fear of popery more important than fear of Dissent in Restoration politics and religion? What was not restored to the restored Church in 1662? How far and why did pre-Civil War Puritanism transform itself into post-Civil War Dissent? In what ways was the Established Church in danger after 1689? How politically disadvantaged were Protestant Dissenters in the decades after the passage of the Toleration Act of 1689? What was the politics of Presbyterianism in late seventeenth-century Scotland? How did the religious politics evolve in late Stuart Ireland?

Key publications Barnard, T., A new anatomy of Ireland: the Irish Protestants, 1649-1770 (2003). Coffey, J., Persecution and toleration in Protestant England, 1558-1689 (2000). Collins, J., ‘Redeeming the Enlightenment: new histories of religious toleration’, Journal of Modern History 81 (2009). Connolly, S., Religion, law and power: the making of Protestant Ireland, 1660-1760 (1995). Corens, L., Confessional Mobility and English Catholicism in Counter-Reformation Europe (2019) Davies, A, The in , 1655-1681 (1980) Davies, M., A. Dunan-Page, A., and J. Halcomb, eds., Church Life: Pastors, Congregations and the Experience of Dissent in Seventeenth-Century England (2019) De Krey, G. S., ‘Reformation in the Restoration crisis, 1679-1682’, in D. B. Hamilton and R. Strier, eds., Religion, literature and politics in post-Reformation England (1996). Fincham, K. and N. Tyacke, Altars restored: the changing face of English religious worship, 1547-1700 (2007), ch. 8. Fincham, K., ‘According to Ancient Custom: The Return of the Altars in the Restoration Church of England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 13 (2003) Glickman, G., The English Catholic Community 1688-1745 (2009) Goldie, M., The entring book of Roger Morrice, 1677-1691, vol. 1: Roger Morrice and the Puritan Whigs (2007), chs 1, 4, and 5; reprinted as stand-alone vol. Roger Morrice and the Puritan Whigs (2016), esp. intro Goldie, M., ‘Toleration and the Godly prince in Restoration England’, in J. Morrow and J. Scott, eds., Liberty, authority, formality: political ideas and culture, 1600-1900 (2008). Green, I., The Re-establishment of the Church of England 1660-1663 (1978) Gregory, J., ‘The Making of a Protestant Nation: Success and Failure in England’s Long Reformation’, in N. Tyacke, ed., England’s Long Reformation (1998) Gregory, J., Restoration, Reformation and Reform, 1660-1828 (2000) Gregory, J., and J. S. Chamberlain, eds., The national church in local perspective: the Church of England and the regions, 1660-1800 (2003), esp. ch. by Gregory. *Grell, O.P., J. I. Israel, and N. Tyacke, eds., From persecution to toleration: the Glorious Revolution and religion in England (1991), esp. chs. by Goldie, Tyacke. *Harris, T., P. Seaward, and M. Goldie, eds., The politics of religion in Restoration England (1990). Holmes, G., The trial of Dr Sacheverell (1973). Houston, A., and S., Pincus, eds., A nation transformed: England after the Restoration (2001), esp. chs. by Worden, Knights. 33 *Jackson, C., Restoration Scotland, 1660-1689: royalist politics, religion and ideas (2003). Keeble, N, ed., ‘Settling the Peace of the Church’: 1662 Revisited (2014) Klein, J. W., The Mental Universe of the English Nonjurors (2019) Miller, J., Popery and politics in England, 1660-1688 (1973). Sirota, B, The Christian Monitors: The Church of England and the Age of Benevolence, 1680- 1730 (2014) Southcombe, G., The Culture of Dissent in Restoration England (2019) *Spurr, J., The Restoration Church of England, 1646-1689 (1991). Spurr, J., ‘From Puritanism to Dissent, 1660-1700’, in C. Durston and J. Eales, eds., The Culture of English Puritanism (1996) Spurr, J., ‘The Church of England, comprehension and the Toleration Act of 1689’, English Historical Review 104 (1989). Spurr, J., ‘Later Stuart Puritanism’, in J. Coffey and P. Lim, eds., The Cambridge companion to Puritanism (2008). Stevens, R., Protestant Pluralism: The Reception of the Toleration Act, 1689-1720 (2019) *Tapsell, G. ed., The later Stuart Church of England, 1660-1714 (2012). Tyacke, N. ed., England's long Reformation (1998). Walsh, J., C. Haydon, and S. Taylor, eds., The Church of England, c.1689-c.1833: from toleration to tractarianism (1993). *Walsham, A., Charitable hatred: tolerance and intolerance in England, 1500-1700 (2006), ch. 6. Watts, M. R., The Dissenters from the Reformation to the French Revolution (1978), chs 3-4 34 SECTION B: EARLY MODERN THEMES

16. The three kingdoms and the ‘British problem’

Key debates The ‘billiard balls’ theory Multiple monarchy ‘Enriched English history’? The European dimension Religion and ethnicity

Sample questions

Do ‘British historians’ merely write ‘enriched English history’? Does a British approach neglect the impact of continental Europe on the British Isles? Is ‘British history’ useful only for understanding the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1637-1660?

Key publications

*Asch, R., ed., Three nations – a common history? (1993), esp. ch. by Canny. Barnard, T., The , 1641–1760 (2004) *Bradshaw, B., and J. Morrill, eds., The British problem, c.1534-1707 (1996). Bradshaw, B., and P. Roberts, eds., British consciousness and identity: the making of Britain, 1533-1707 (1998). Brown, K., Kingdom or province? Scotland and the regal union, 1603-1715 (1992). Burgess, G., ed., The new British History: founding a modern state, 1603-1715 (1999). Claydon, T., ‘Problems with the British Problem’, Parliamentary History, 16 (1997) Doran, S., and G. Richardson, eds., Tudor England and its neighbours (2005). Ellis, S., Tudor frontiers and noble power: the making of the British state (1995). *Ellis, S., and S. Barber, eds., Conquest and union: fashioning a British state, 1485-1725 (1995). Gentles, I., The English Revolution and the wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652 (2007). *Grant, A., and Stringer, K., eds., Uniting the kingdom? The making of British history (1995). Hirst, D., : England and its Island Neighbours, 1500-1707 (2012) Kearney, H., The British Isles: a history of four nations (1989). Macinnes, A., and Ohlmeyer, J., The Stuart kingdoms in the seventeenth century: awkward neighbours (2002). Ohlmeyer, J. H., ‘The “old” British histories’, Historical Journal 50 (2007). *Pocock, J. G. A., The discovery of islands (2005), esp. ‘British history: a plea for a new subject’ and ‘The Atlantic archipelago’. Scottish Historical Review, 87 (2008), supplementary issue: ‘Union of 1707’ Wormald, J., ‘James VI and I: two kings or one?’, History, 68 (1983).

35 17. Centre and locality: state formation and patterns of governance

Key debates

Office-holding Reform of government Decline of nobility Political consciousness Court and country? The ‘fiscal-military state’

Questions for discussion

Why was local office-holding so highly sought after in early modern Britain? Were local or national politics of greater importance at the level of a town or village? Was society becoming more or less hierarchical between c.1500 and c.1700? In what ways did the period 1689-1714 see the development of a ‘fiscal-military state’?

Key publications

Archer, Ian, The pursuit of stability: social relations in Elizabethan London (1991) Bernard, G.W. (ed.), The Tudor nobility (1992) Braddick, Michael J., ‘State formation and social change in early modern England’, Social History 16 (1991) *Braddick, Michael J., State formation in early modern England, c.1550-1700 (2000) *Brewer, John, The sinews of power: war and the English state, 1688-1783 (1989) Carlson, Eric, ‘The origins, function, and status of the office of churchwarden’, in Margaret Spufford (ed.), The world of rural Dissenters, 1520-1725 (1995) Coffman, D’Maris, Excise taxation and the origins of public debt (2013) Collinson, Patrick, Elizabethan essays (1994) Cust, R.P. and P. G. Lake, ‘Sir Richard Grosvenor and the rhetoric of magistracy’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 54 (1981) De Krey, Gary S., London and the Restoration, 1659-1683 (2005) Duffy, Eamon, The voices of Morebath: reformation and rebellion in an English village (2001) Ellis, Steven G., Tudor frontiers and noble power: the making of the British state (1995) *Fletcher, Anthony, Reform in the provinces: the government of Stuart England (1986) Glassey, Lionel K. J., Politics and the appointment of justices of the peace, 1675-1720 (1979) *Goldie, Mark, ‘The unacknowledged republic: officeholding in early modern England’, in Tim Harris (ed.), The politics of the excluded, c.1500-1850 (2001) Goodare, Julian, The government of Scotland, 1560-1625 (2004) Goodare, Julian, State and society in early modern Scotland (1999) Goodare, Julian, and Lynch, Michael, The Scottish state and its borderlands, 1567-1625, in Julian Goodare and Michael Lynch (eds.), The Reign of James VI (2000) Groundwater, Anna, The Scottish Middle March, 1573-1625: power, kinship, allegiance (2010) Gunn, Steven, The English People at War in the Age of Henry VIII (2018) Halliday, Paul D., Dismembering the body politics: partisan politics in England’s towns, 1650-1730 (1998) Herrup, Cynthia, The Common Peace (1987) *Hindle, Steve, ‘Hierarchy and community in the Elizabethan parish: the Swallowfield articles of 1596’, Historical Journal 42 (1999) Hindle, Steve, The State and Social Change in Early Modern England, 1550-1640 (1999) Holmes, C. ‘The county community in Stuart historiography’, Journal of British Studies, 19 (1980) Hoppit, Julian, Britain’s Political Economies: Parliament and Economic Life, 1660-1800 (2017) 36 *Hughes, Ann, ‘The king, the parliament and the localities during the English Civil War’, Journal of British Studies 24 (1985) Jones, D. W., ‘Sequel to revolution: the economics of England’s emergence as a great power, 1688-1712’, in Jonathan Israel (ed.), The Anglo-Dutch moment (1991) Jones, J. G., The Welsh Gentry, 1536-1640: Images of Status, Honour and Authority (1997) , Joan R., ‘The centre and the localities: state formation and parish government in England, c.1640-1740’, Historical Journal 38 (1995) Kyle, Chris R. (ed.), Managing Tudor and Stuart Parliaments (2015) O’Brien, Patrick, ‘The political economy of British taxation, 1660-1815’, Economic History Review 41 (1988) Roberts, P., ‘The English Crown, the Principality of Wales and the Council in the Marches, 1534-1641’, in B. Bradshaw and J. Morrill, eds, The British Problem (1996) Scott, David, Leviathan: The Rise of Britain as a World Power (2013) Stewart, Laura, ‘Politics and Government in the Scottish Burghs’, in J. Goodare and A. MacDonald (eds.), Sixteenth-century Scotland (2008) *Stewart, Laura, ‘Fiscal revolution and state formation in mid seventeenth-century Scotland’, Historical Research, 84 (2011) Walter, John, ‘“Abolishing superstition with sedition”?: the politics of popular iconoclasm in England, 1640-1642’, Past and Present 183 (2004) Walter, John, Covenanting Citizens: The Protestation Oath and Popular Political Culture in the English Revolution (2017) *Williams, Penry, The Tudor regime (1979) *Wrightson, Keith, ‘Two concepts of order: justices, constables and jurymen in seventeenth- century England’, in John Brewer and John Styles (eds.), An ungovernable people?: the English and their law in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (1980) Younger, N., War and Politics in the Elizabethan Counties (2012). Younger, N., ‘William Lambarde and the politics of enforcement in Elizabethan England’, Historical Research, 83 (2010).

37 18. The culture of power and the power of culture Key debates Images and representations of monarchy Propaganda and/or criticism The role of poetry, drama, and other media

Questions for discussion What can we learn about ideas of monarchy from either (a) portraits and other images or (b) drama? Illustrate from either the Tudors or the Stuarts or both. Discuss the use of space or ritual or ceremonial in the projection of rulership. You may refer to one or more of these aspects, and you may illustrate from either the Tudor or or both. What were the uses of memory in politics and religion in the ? You may illustrate from either the Tudor or Stuart period or both.

Key publications Anglo, S., Images of Tudor kingship (1992) Anglo, S., Spectacle, pageantry and early Tudor polity, 2nd edn (1997). Archer, I., 'Conspicuous consumption revisited: City and court in the reign of Elizabeth I', in M. P. Davies and A. Prescott, eds., London and the kingdom (2008). Armitage, D., C. Condren and A. Fitzmaurice, eds., Shakespeare and Early Modern Political Thought (2009) Backscheider, P. R., Spectacular politics: theatrical power and mass culture in early modern England (1993). Butler, M., ‘Early Stuart court culture: compliment or criticism?’, Historical Journal 32 (1989). Cressy, D., Bonfires and bells: national memory and the Protestant calendar (1989). Dillon, J., The language of space in court performance, 1400–1625 (2010). Edie, C. A., ‘The public face of royal ritual: sermons, medals and civic ceremony in later Stuart coronations’, Huntington Library Quarterly 53 (1990). Gurr, A., Playgoing in Shakespeare’s London (3rd edn., 2004) Harris, J., Orgel, S, Strong, R., eds., The King’s Arcadia: and the Stuart Court (1973) Hart, V, Art and in the Court of the Stuarts (1994) Hill, T., Pageantry and power: a cultural history of the early modern Lord Mayor's show, 1585- 1639 (2010). Hoak, D., ed., Tudor political culture (1995). *Howarth, D., Images of rule: art and politics in the , 1485-1649 (1997). Jenkinson, M., Culture and politics at the court of Charles II, 1660-1685 (2010). Lake, P., How Shakespeare Put Politics on the Stage (2016) Lindley, D, ed., Court Masques: Jacobean and Caroline Entertainments, 1604-1640 (1995) Mears, N., ‘Courts, courtiers, and culture in Tudor England’, Historical Journal 46 (2003). Norbrook, D., Writing the English republic: poetry, rhetoric, and politics, 1627-1660 (1999). *Norbrook, D., Poetry and politics in the English Renaissance, rev. edn. (2002) Orgel, S., The Illusion of Power (1975) Parry, G., The Restor’d: The Culture of the Stuart Court, 1603-1642 (1981) Potter, L., Secret rites and secret writing: royalist literature, 1641-1660 (1989). Schwoerer, L., ‘Images of Queen Mary II, 1689-1695’, Renaissance Quarterly, 42 (1989) *Sharpe, K., and Lake, P., eds., Culture and politics in early Stuart England (1994). *Sharpe, K., Remapping early modern England: the culture of seventeenth-century politics (2000) Sharpe, K., Selling the Tudor monarchy (2009). Sharpe, K., Image wars: promoting kings and commonwealths in England, 1603-1660 (2010). Sharpe, K., Rebranding rule: the Restoration and Revolution monarchy (2013). Shohet, L., Reading masques: the English masque and public culture in the seventeenth century (2010). Smith, N., Literature and Revolution in England, 1640-1660 (1994) 38 Smith, D. L., Strier, R., and Bevington, D, eds., The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576-1649 (1995) Smuts, M., Culture and power in England, 1585-1685 (1999). Smuts, R. M., Court culture and the origins of a royalist tradition in early Stuart England (1987). Southcombe, G., and G. Tapsell, Restoration politics, religion and culture (2010), ch. 8 Sowerby, T., ‘A Memorial and a Pledge of Faith’: Portraiture and Early Modern Diplomatic Culture’, English Historical Review (2014) Strong, R., Henry, Prince of Wales, and England’s lost Renaissance (1986). Tittler, R., The face of the city: civic portraiture and civic identity in early modern England (2007). Williams, A., Poetry and the creation of a Whig literary culture, 1681-1714 (2005). Worden, B., Literature and politics in Cromwellian England: Milton, Marvell, Nedham (2007). 39 19. Political ideas: sovereignty, common law, counsel, and constitution Key debates A monarchical republic? Godly kingship Counsel, patronage, and favourites Resistance theory Role of parliament The meaning of sovereignty The nature of the common law

Questions for discussion Why did Tudor rebels nearly always claim to be true and obedient subjects? Explain the abject failure of rebels in sixteenth-century England. In either the sixteenth century or the seventeenth century, to what extent might English government, central as well as local, be thought about in ‘republican’ terms? How did the functions of an M.P. change in the course of either the sixteenth century or the seventeenth century? Did the seventeenth century witness a crisis of monarchs or of parliaments? Did royalist ideology remain unchanged throughout the seventeenth century?

Key publications Bowler, G., ‘Marian Protestants and the Idea of Violent Resistance to Tyranny’, in P. Lake and M. Dowling (eds), Protestantism and the National Church in Sixteenth-Century England (1987) Brooks, C., Law, politics and society in early modern England (2008) Burgess, G., The politics of the ancient constitution: English political thought, 1603–1642 (1992) Burgess, G., and the Stuart Constitution (1996) *Burgess, G., British political thought, 1500-1660: the politics of the post-Reformation (2009). Burgess, G., ed., English Radicalism, 1550–1850 (2007) *Burns, J. H., and M. Goldie, eds., The Cambridge history of political thought, 1450-1700 (1988), chs. 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Cavill, P., and A. Gajda, eds., Writing the history of parliament in Tudor and early Stuart England (2018) Chavura, S. A., ‘Mixed constitutionalism and parliamentarianism in Elizabethan England’, History of European Ideas, 41 (2015) Cromartie, A., The constitutionalist revolution: an essay on the , 1450– 1642 (2006) Cuttica, C., and G. Burgess, eds, and absolutism in early modern Europe (2012), esp. chs. by Sommerville, Vallance, Burgess. Dawson, J., ‘The Two John Knoxes’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1991). Dawson, J., ‘Revolutionary Conclusions: The Case of the Marian Exiles’, History of Political Thought, 11 (1990) Dawson, J., ‘Trumpeting Resistance: Christopher Goodman and John Knox’, in R. Mason, ed., John Knox and the British Reformations (1998) Foxley, Rachel, ‘Oliver Cromwell on Religion and Resistance’, in C. Prior and G. Burgess (eds) England’s wars of religion revisited (, 2001), pp. 209-30. Goldie, M., ‘The unacknowledged republic: officeholding in early modern England’, in T. Harris, ed., The politics of the excluded, c.1500-1850 (2001). *Goldie, M., ‘The ancient constitution and the languages of political thought’, Historical Journal, 62 (2019) Greenberg, J., The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution (2001) Guy, J., ‘Monarchy and counsel: models of the state’, in P. Collinson ed., The sixteenth century (2002). Guy, J., Politics, law and counsel in Tudor and early Stuart England (2000). 40 Kenyon, J., Revolution principles (1977). Lake, P., & S. Pincus, eds., The politics of the public sphere in early modern England (2007) Mason, R., Kingship and the commonweal: political thought in Renaissance and Reformation Scotland (1998). Mayer, T.F., and P.A. Fideler, eds., Political thought and the Tudor commonwealth (1992) McDiarmid, J., ed., The monarchical republic of early modern England (2007). Mendle, M., Dangerous positions (1985). Ohlmeyer, J., ed., Political thought in seventeenth-century Ireland (2000), esp. Intro., and chs. by Casway, Cunningham, Ó hAnnracháin. Peltonen, M., Classical humanism and republicanism in English political thought, 1570-1640 (1995). *Phillipson, N. and Q. Skinner, eds., Political discourse in early modern Britain (1993). Pocock, J. G. A., The ancient constitution and the feudal law (1987). *Pocock, J. G. A., ed., The varieties of British political thought, 1500-1800 (1993). Rose, J., Godly kingship in Restoration England: the politics of the royal supremacy, 1660- 1688 (2010). Rose, J., ed., The Politics of Counsel in England and Scotland, 1286–1707 (2016) Smith, D. L., The Stuart Parliaments, 1603–1689 (1999), pt. 1, esp. chs. 2, 3, 6 Sommerville, J., Royalists and patriots: politics and ideology in England, 1603-1640 (2nd edn., 1999). Van Gelderen, M., and Q. Skinner, eds., Republicanism: a shared European heritage, 2 vols. (2002) Withington, P., The politics of commonwealth: citizens and freemen in early modern England (2005).

41 20. Rebellion, Resistance and Revolt

Key debates

Justifications for resistance Obedience, loyalty and treason Violence and its containment Reactions to the Reformation Responses to conquest The intellectual origins of the civil wars Popular agency and motivation

Questions for discussion

How did contemporaries distinguish between rebellion, resistance, revolution and revolt? How were rebellions reported and news about them disseminated? How did the crown and state respond to rebellions? What were the roles of religious and financial factors in prompting resistance? Did theories of resistance pre-date rebellion, or were they developed to justify it after the fact? To what extent were ethnic and religious difference motives for violence in sixteenth-century Ireland? What were the links between domestic dissent and foreign support – within and beyond the three kingdoms?

Key publications

Bernard, G.W. War, Taxation and Rebellion in Early Tudor England (Brighton, 1986). Bernard, G., ‘The Dissolution of the Monasteries’, History 96 (2001), pp. 390-409. Boardman, Steve, ‘Royal Finance and Regional Rebellion in the Reign of James IV’, in Goodare, Julian & MacDonald, Alasdair A. (eds), Sixteenth-century Scotland: essays in honour of Michael Lynch (Leiden, 2008) Bowie, Karin, ‘Popular resistance and the ratification of the Anglo-Scottish ’, Scottish Archives, 14 (2008), pp. 10-46. Burns, J., ‘Pro Me Si Mereor In Me: kingship and tyranny in Scotland, 1437-1587’, in Friedeburg, Robert von (ed.), Murder and monarchy: regicide in European history, 1300-1800 (Basingstoke, 2004) – other essays in this vol. provide wider context Bush, M. L., ‘Tax reform and rebellion in early Tudor England’, History (1991), pp. 379-400. Bush, M. L., ‘The Tudor polity and the pilgrimage of grace’, Historical Research 80 (2007), pp. 42-74. Bush, M. L., The pilgrims' complaint: a study of popular thought in the early Tudor north (Farnham, 2009) Cathcart, Alison, ‘The Forgotten '45: Donald Dubh's Rebellion in an Archipelagic Context’, Scottish Historical Review, 91 (2002) pp. 239-264 Clifton, Robin, The Last Popular Rebellion: The Western Rising of 1685 (London, 1984). Cunningham, Sean, ‘Henry VII and rebellion in north-eastern England, 1485-1492: bonds of allegiance and of Tudor authority’, Northern History (1996), pp. 42-74. Darcy, Eamon, The and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (London, 2013) Dawson, ‘The two John Knoxes : England, Scotland and the 1558 tracts’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 42 (1991) 555-76 *Edwards, D., P. Lenihan, and C. Tait, eds., Age of atrocity: violence and political conflict in early modern Ireland (2007), esp. Intro., and ch. by Edwards. *Fletcher, Anthony, and MacCulloch, Diarmaid (eds), Tudor Rebellions (various editions, 1968-2008) – note especially the selection of primary source material included as an appendix. Gajda, Alexandra, The Earl of Essex and late Elizabethan political culture (Oxford, 2012) 42 Goodare, Julian, ‘The Attempted Scottish Coup of 1596’, in Goodare, Julian & MacDonald, Alasdair A. (eds), Sixteenth-century Scotland : essays in honour of Michael Lynch (Leiden, 2008) Gunn, S. J., ‘Peers, commons and gentry in the Lincolnshire rising of 1536’, Past & Present, 123 (1989) Harris, Tim, (ed.), The politics of the excluded, c.1500-1850 (Basingstoke, 2001) Hinds, P., The horrid Popish plot: Roger L'Estrange and the circulation of political discourse in late seventeenth-century London (Oxford, 2009) Hindle, Steve, ‘Imagining Insurrection in Seventeenth-Century England: Representations of the Midland Rising of 1607’, History Workshop Journal 66 (2008), pp. 21-61. Hopper, A. J., ‘The Farnley Wood plot and the memory of the civil wars in ’, Historical Journal 45:2 (2002) 281-303 Hoyle, R.W., The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (2001). Hunt, Arnold, ‘Tuning the Pulpits: The Religious Context of the Essex Revolt’, in Lori Anne Ferrell & Peter McCullough (eds.), The English Sermon Revised: Religion, Literature and history, 1600-1700 (, 2000), pp.86-114. Kesselring, Krista J., Mercy and Authority in the Tudor State (2003) Kesselring, Krista J., ‘"A Cold Pye for the Papistes" : Constructing and Containing the Northern Rising of 1569’, Journal of British Studies 43 (2004) pp. 417-43 Kesselring, Krista J., ‘Mercy and Liberality: The Aftermath of the 1569 Northern Rebellion’ History 90 (2005) pp. 213-35 *Kesselring, Krista J., The Northern Rebellion of 1569: faith, politics, and protest in Elizabethan England (Basingstoke, 2007) MacCulloch, Diarmaid, Suffolk and the Tudors: Politics and Religion in an English County, 1500-1600 (Oxford, 1986), chs.7 & 10. Maggin, Christopher, ‘The Baltinglass rebellion, 1580: English dissent or a Gaelic uprising?’ Historical Journal, 47:2 (2004) 205-32 Marsh, M., ‘Order and place in England, 1580–1640: the view from the pew’, Journal of British Studies, 44 (2005), pp. 3–26. Morgan, H., Tyrone’s rebellion: the outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland (1993). Nichols, Mark, ‘Treason's reward: the punishment of conspirators in the Bye plot of 1603’, Historical Journal (1995), pp. 821-41 Nichols, Mark, ‘Strategy and Motivation in the Plot’, Historical Journal 50 (2007) pp. 787-807 *O Siochru, Micheal, & Ohlmeyer, Jane , (eds) Ireland, 1641: contexts and reactions (Manchester, 2013) O Siochru, Michael, ‘Foreign involvement in the revolt of Silken Thomas, 1534-5’ Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (1996), pp. 49-66 Pollitt, Ronald, ‘The Defeat of the Northern Rebellion and the Shaping of Anglo-Scottish Relations’, Scottish Historical Review 64 (1985), pp. 1-21. Pincus, S., 1688: the first modern revolution (London, 2009) Sansom, C. J., ‘The Conspiracy of 1541 and Henry VIII's Progress to the North Reconsidered’, Northern History 45 (2008), pp. 217-238. Vallance, E. J., ‘Loyal or Rebellious? Protestant Associations in England 1584-1696’, The Seventeenth Century (2002) pp. 1-23 Wall, A., Power and Protest in England, 1525–1640 (2000) Walter, J., Crowds and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (2006) Walter, J., Covenanting Citizens: The Protestation Oath and Popular Political Culture in the English Revolution (2017) Williams, P., The Tudor Regime (1979), pt. 3. Wood, A., Riot, Rebellion and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (2002), intro., chs. 1- 2. Wood, A., ‘Fear, hatred and the hidden injuries of class in early modern England’, Journal of Social History, 39 (2006), pp. 803–26 Wood, A., The 1549 Rebellions and the Making of Early Modern England (2007) *Wood, Andy, ‘The Deep Roots of Albion's Fatal Tree: The Tudor State and the Monopoly of Violence’, History, 99 (2014), pp. 403-417. 43

44 21. Media and opinion: pulpits and pamphlets, news and censorship

Key debates The growth of the public sphere The print revolution Censorship Propaganda and polemic Audience and agency Pamphleteering, newspapers and petitions Preaching as politics

Questions for discussion How free was the early modern press? How did the press impact on politics, if at all? Can we meaningfully use the term ‘public opinion’ in the early modern period? How important were non-printed forms of media, including oral communication?

Key publications

Bowen, L., ‘Information, language and political culture in Early Modern Wales’, Past & Present, 228 (2015) Cambers, A., Godly Reading: Print, Manuscript, and Puritanism in England, 1580-1720 (2011) Clegg, Cyndia, Press censorship in Caroline England (2008) Cooper, J., Propaganda and the Tudor State (2003) Cowan, Brian, ‘The rise of the coffee house reconsidered’, Historical Journal 47: 1 (2004) Cressy, D., ‘ in Tudor and Stuart England’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 36: 2 (2005) Crick, J., and Walsham, A., The uses of script and print, 1300-1700 (2004), esp. Intro. Cust, R., ‘Charles I and popularity’ in T. Cogswell, R. Cust, and P. Lake, eds., Politics, religion and popularity in early Stuart Britain (2002). *Cust, R. ‘News and politics in early seventeenth-century England’, Past & Present 112 (1986); reprinted in Cust and A. Hughes, The English Civil War (1997) Davies, C. S. L., 'Information, disinformation and political knowledge under Henry VII and early Henry VIII', Historical Research 85 (2012). Downie, J. A., ‘The development of the political press’ in C. Jones ed., Britain in the first age of party, 1680-1750 (1987). Duke, A., and C. A. Tamse, eds., Too Mighty to be Free: Censorship and the Press in Britain and the Netherlands (1987), esp. Worden Ferrell, L. A., and P. McCullough, eds., The English sermon revised: religion, literature and history, 1600-1750 (2001). Gillespie, R., Reading Ireland: print, reading and social change in early modern Ireland (2005) Harris, T., London crowds in the reign of Charles II (1987). Hinds, P., The horrid Popish Plot: Roger L'Estrange and the circulation of political discourse in late seventeenth-century London (2009). Hughes, Ann, ‘Milton, , and the parliamentary cause’ in McDowell, N. and N. Smith (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Milton (2009) Hunt, A., The art of hearing (2011) Hunter, R. J., Ulster transformed: essays on plantation and print culture, c.1590-1641 (2012). Kemp, G., J. McElligott, C. Clegg, M. Goldie, eds., Censorship and the press, 1580-1720, 4 vols (2009), esp. Intro. to vol. 4. Kemp, G., ‘The “end of censorship” and the politics of toleration, from Locke to Sacheverell’, Parliamentary History 31: 1 (2012) King, J., Tudor books and readers (2010) – chapters by Clegg and Walsham *Knights, M., Representation and misrepresentation in later Stuart Britain: partisanship and political culture (2005). Knights, M., and Morton, A., eds.), The Power of Laughter and Satire in Early Modern Britain (2017). 45 *Lake, P., and S. Pincus, ‘Rethinking the public sphere in early modern England’, Journal of British Studies 45 (2006). Lake, P., and S. Pincus, The politics of the public sphere in early modern England (2007). Lake, P., & M. Questier, 'Puritans, papists, and the “public sphere” in early modern England: the Edmund Campion affair in context', Journal of Modern History, 72 (2000). Lemmings, D., and C. Walker, eds., Moral panics, the media and the law in early modern England (2009). esp. ch. by Lemmings. McElligott, J., Royalism, print and censorship in revolutionary England (2007) Mears, N., ‘Counsel, public debate, and queenship: John Stubbs's The discoverie of a gaping gulf, 1579’, Historical Journal, 44 (2001) *Millstone, N., Manuscript Circulation and the Invention of Politics in Early Stuart England (2016). *Milton, A., ‘Licensing, censorship and religious orthodoxy in early Stuart England’, Historical Journal 41 (1998). Morrissey, M., Politics and the Paul's Cross sermons, 1558-1642 (2011). Peacey, J., Politicians and pamphleteers: propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (2004). Peacey, J., ‘Cromwellian England: a propaganda state?’, History 91: 302 (2006) *Peacey, J., Print and public politics in the English revolution (2013) Peters, Erin, Commemoration and Oblivion in Royalist Print Culture, 1658-1667 (2017) *Pincus, S., '"Coffee politicians does create": coffeehouses and Restoration political culture', Journal of Modern History 67 (1995). Raymond, J., The invention of the newspaper: English newsbooks, 1641-1649 (1996) Raymond, J., ‘The newspaper, public opinion and the public sphere in the seventeenth century’, Prose Studies 21:2 (1998) – NB this is a special issue focusing on News, newspapers and society in seventeenth century Britain: see also articles by Atherton and Wiesman. Raymond, J. ed., News, newspapers, and society in early modern Britain (1999) Raymond, J., Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain (2003). *Raymond, J. (ed.), Cheap print in Britain and Ireland to 1660 (2011) Rose, M., ‘Copyright, authors and censorship’ in M. Suarez, M. Turner (eds.), The Cambridge History of the book in Britain. Vol. V, 1695-1830. Tyacke, N. ed., The English Revolution, 1590-1720: politics, religion and communities (2007), esp. chs. by Knights, Walter. Walsham, A., ‘“Domme preachers”? Post-reformation English Catholicism and the culture of print’ Past and Present 168 (2000) Watt, T., Cheap print and popular piety (1993) Zaret, D., ‘Petitions and the invention of public opinion in the English revolution’ American Journal of Sociology 101: 6 (1996) Zaret, D., Origins of democratic culture: printing, petitions, and the public sphere in early- modern England (2000) 46 22. Britain, Europe, and Christendom

Key debates

The primacy of foreign policy The Protestant international and anti-Catholicism Spain and France as European super-powers The impact of the Dutch golden age

Questions for discussion

Was Protestantism the sole driver of foreign policy after the Reformation? ‘England was inconsequential in Europe.’ Discuss. Discuss relations with, and perceptions of, Spain or France or the . Did the idea of ‘Christendom’ survive the Reformation?

Key publications

Armitage, D., Foundations of Modern International Thought (2012). Black, J., A system of ambition? British foreign policy 1660-1783 (1991). Boys, J.E.E., London’s news press and the Thirty Years War (2011). Brown, J. and J.H. Elliott, eds., The Sale of the Century (2002). Canny, N.P., ‘Ireland and Continental Europe’, in A. Jackson, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish History (2014), 333-55. Clark, J.C.D., 'Protestantism, , and national identity, 1660-1832’, Historical Journal 43 (2000). *Claydon, T., Europe and the making of England, 1660-1760 (2007), esp. intro and ch. 3. Claydon, T., and I. McBride, eds., Protestantism and national identity: Britain and Ireland, c.1650-c.1850 (1998). *Cogswell, T., ‘States and their pawns. English political tensions from the Armada to the Thirty Years War’, in S. Gossett, ed., in Context (2011), 126-34. Colley, L., Britons: forging the nation 1707-1837 (1996). Collinson, P., 'England and international , 1558-1640', in M. Prestwich, ed., International Calvinism, 1541-1715 (1985). Conway, S., Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe in the eighteenth century: similarities, connections, identities (2011). Corens, L., Confessional Mobility and English Catholicism in Counter-Reformation Europe (2019) Cunningham, B., ‘Early modern Ireland and Europe’, Irish historical studies, 36 (2009), 604-9 [review article] Davies, C.S.L., ‘Tournai and the English crown’, Historical Journal, 41 (1998), 1-26 Doran, S., England and Europe in the sixteenth century (1999). *Doran, S., and G. Richardson, Tudor England and its neighbours (2005), esp. ch. by Croft. *Dunthorne, H., Britain and the (2013) Gajda, A., ‘The State of Christendom: History, political thought and the Essex circle’, Historical Research, 81 (2008), 423-46 Ghobrial, J.-P., The Whispers of Cities. Information flows in Istanbul, London and Paris in the age of William Trumbull (2013) Glickman, G., ‘Christian re-union, the Anglo-French alliance, and the English Catholic imagination, 1660-72’, English Historical Review, 128 (2013), 263-91. Glickman, G., ‘Empire, popery and the fall of English Tangier, 1662-1684, Journal of Modern History, 87 (2015), 247-280. Glickman, G., ‘Conflicting visions: foreign affairs and domestic debate in Restoration England’, in Brendan Simms and William Mulligan, eds., The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History 1660-1914 (2010). Ha, P. and Collinson, P., eds, The Reception of Continental Reformation in Britain (2010) 47 Kiséry, A., ‘Diplomatic knowledge on display: foreign affairs in the public sphere’, in T. A. Sowerby and J. Craigwood, eds., Cultures of Diplomacy and Literary Writing in the Early Modern World (2019) Malcolm, N., Reason of State and the Thirty Years War (2007) Maltby, W. S., The Black Legend in England: the development of anti-Spanish sentiment, 1558-1660 (1971). Mandelbrote, S., ‘ and the practice of irenicism’, in N. Aston, ed., Religious change in Europe (1997), 41-58. Mandelbrote, S., ‘English Scholarship and the Greek Text of the , 1620-1720: The Impact of Codex Alexandrinus’, in A. Hessayon and N. Keene, eds.. Scripture and Scholarship in Early Modern England (2006), 74-93. Marshall, P., ‘“Rather with Papists than with Turks”: The battle of Lepanto and the contours of Elizabethan Christendom’, Reformation, 17 (2012), 135-59. MacCulloch, D., ‘Putting the English Reformation on the Map’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser. 15 (2005) *Milton, A., ed., The British Delegation and the Synod of Dort (2005) *Milton, A., ‘The Church of England and the Palatinate, 1566-1642’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 164 (2010), 137-66. Mulligan, W. and B. Simms, eds., The primacy of foreign policy in British history, 1660-2000 (2010), esp. intro and chs. by Glickman and Onnekink. *Murdoch, S., ‘Scotland and Europe’, in B. Harris and A.R. MacDonald, eds., Scotland: the making and unmaking of the nation, vol. 2 (Early Modern Scotland), 126-44. Osborne, T., ‘Van Dyck, Alessandro Scaglia and the Caroline court’, The Seventeenth Century, 22 (2007), 24-41. *Patterson, W. B., King James VI & I and the reunion of Christendom (2000). Pincus, S., Protestantism and patriotism: ideology and the making of English foreign policy, 1650-1668 (1996). Potter, D., ‘England and Europe, 1558-1585’, in S. Doran and N. Jones, eds., The Elizabethan World (2011), 613-28. Questier, M., Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558–1630 (2019) Redworth, G., and the infanta: the cultural politics of the Spanish Match (2003) Richardson, G., ed., ‘The contending kingdoms’: France and England, 1430-1700 (2008). *Scott, J., England’s troubles: seventeenth-century English political instability in European context (2000). Smuts, R.M., ‘Religion, European politics, and ’s circle’, in E. Griffley, ed., Henrietta Maria (2008), 13-38. Szechi, D., Britain’s lost revolution? Jacobite Scotland and French grand strategy (2015) Thompson, A., Britain, Hanover and the Protestant interest, 1688–1756 (2006). 48 23. The emergence of the Atlantic empire Key debates From privateering to plantations Migration and its motives Transatlantic networks The nature of ‘empire’ The rise of international commerce The role of the

Questions for discussion Is writing ‘Atlantic history’ a realistic goal for historians? Account for British expansion in the New World between 1550 and 1700? Was ‘Britishness’ a feature of empire rather than of ‘Britain’ itself? What was the role of Ireland and Scotland in the creation of the Empire from 1600 onwards?

Key publications Andrews, K. R., Trade, plunder, and settlement: maritime enterprise and the genesis of the , 1480-1630 (1984). Andrews, K. R., N. Canny, and P. Hair, The westward enterprise: English activities in Ireland, the Atlantic and America, 1480-1650 (1978). Armitage, D., ‘Making the empire British: Scotland in the Atlantic world, 1542-1707', Past and Present 155 (1997). *Armitage, D., The ideological origins of the British Empire (2000). Armitage, D., ed., Theories of Empire, 1450-1800 (1998) *Armitage, D., and M. Braddick, eds., The British Atlantic World 1500-1800 (2nd edn. 2009) Bremer, F. J., Puritan crisis: and the English civil wars, 1630-1670 (1989). Canny, N., ‘Fashioning “British” worlds in the seventeenth century’, in N. Canny et al., eds., Empire, society, and labor (1997; supplement to Pennsylvania History). *Canny, N., ed., The Oxford history of the British Empire, vol. 1: the origins of empire (1998). Coffmann, D’M, Lennard, A, and O’Reilly, W, eds, The Atlantic World (2014) Cressy, D., Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (1987) Drayton, R., Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the Improvement of the World (2000) Drayton, R., ‘The collaboration of labour: slaves, , and globalizations in the Atlantic world, c.1600-1850', in A. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in world history (2002). Elliott, J. H., Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830 (2006) Fitzmaurice, A., Humanism & America: an intellectual colonisation (2003). *Games, A., The web of empire: English cosmopolitans in an age of expansion, 1560-1660 (2008). Games, A. Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (1999) *Games, A., ‘Atlantic history: definitions, challenges, and opportunities’ American Historical Review 111 (2006). Glickman, G., ‘Protestantism, colonization and the New England Company in Restoration politics’, Historical Journal, 59 (2016). Greene, J. P., Pursuits of happiness: the social development of early modern British colonies and the formation of American culture (1988). Kenny, K., ed., Ireland and the British Empire (2004), esp. ch. by Ohlmeyer. Lenman, B, England’s Colonial Wars (2001) *Mancke, E. and C. Shammas, The creation of the British Atlantic world (2005). Middleton, D., Colonial America: a history, 1585-1776 (3rd edn, 2002). Olwell, R., and A. Tully, eds., Cultures and identities in colonial British America (2006). Pagden, A., European encounters with the New World (1993). Pestana, C., The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640-1661 (2004) 49 Pincus, S., ‘Rethinking : political economy, the British Empire, and the Atlantic world in the seventeenth & eighteenth centuries’, William & Mary Quarterly 69 (2012). Zahedieh, N., The Capital and the Colonies: London and the Atlantic Economy, 1660-1700 (2010)