Index

A dietary management , 16–17 Abnormal tooth development liver transplantation , 16 ankyloglossia , 99 Richner–Hanhart’s syndrome , 16 caries and erosion , 99–100 synthesis , 16 dentin formation , 98 treatment , 16 enamel hypoplasia , 98 tyrosinemia type II , 17 etiology , 98 Ankyloglossia , 99 food exposures , 100–101 ANSD. See Auditory neuropathy spectrum ABR. See Auditory brainstem response (ABR) disorder (ANSD) ACTH. See Adeno corticotropic hormone (ACTH) Anti epileptic drugs (AEDs) , 27 Adeno corticotropic hormone (ACTH) , 28, 33 Antioxidants (AOXs) , 224–225 Adipocytes AOXs. See Antioxidants (AOXs) adipocyte-derived proteins, endocrine functions , 324 ARG. See Arginine (ARG) differentiation , 324 Arginine (ARG) , 223 and lymphocytes , 323 Auditory brainstem response (ABR) mature , 322 abnormalities , 201 metabolic functions , 322, 323 electro-physiological measure , 193 Adipokines , 322, 328 wave I-VII response , 193, 194, 198 Adipose tissue-secreted proteins waves , 194 adiponectin , 324–325 Auditory cortex , 192 Interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF-a , 326 Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder leptin , 325 (ANSD) , 193 resistin , 326 visfatin , 325 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) B recommendations , 315–316 Bacterial illness American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations , acute diarrheal , 125 315–316 campylobacter ( see Campylobacter ) Amino acid metabolism C. dif fi cile (see Clostridium dif fi cile ) homocystinuria description , 125 clinical manifestations , 17 E. coli (see Escherichia coli (E. coli) ) dietary management , 17–18 salmonella (see Salmonella ) methionine , 17 vibrio cholera (see Vibrio cholera ) hyperphenylalaninemias y. enterocolitica ( see Yersinia enterocolitica ) BH4 and PAH , 15 Bacteroides fragilis dietary management , 15–16 fecal samples , 257 Phe concentrations , 15 isolation, stool , 260 PKU , 14 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) , 236, 237 MSUD , 18–19 Bayley psychomotor developmental index , 339 PPA and MMA , 19–20 Bayley scale of infant and toddler development tyrosinemia type I (BSID) , 298 clinical symptoms and pathogenesis , 16 BF. See Cessation of breastfeeding (BF)

R.R. Watson et al. (eds.), Nutrition in Infancy: Volume 2, Nutrition and Health, 377 DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-254-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 378 Index

Birth size C adult disease , 359 CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD) adult obesity , 363 Caloric intake early growth , 361 dietary guidelines, Americans , 312 genetic susceptibility , 360 dyslipidemia , 315 Birth weight high-risk individual approach , 312 adipocytes , 327 maintain, body weight , 315 adiponectinemia , 328 Caloric restriction and weight loss , 325 leptin , 328 Campylobacter BMR. See Basal metabolic rate (BMR) diagnosis , 126 Body composition epidemiology/incidence , 125 chronic disease , 3 manifestation , 126 CP ( see Cerebral palsy (CP)) pathogenesis , 126 description , 3 Carbohydrate metabolism DS ( see Down syndrome (DS)) galactosemia , 21–22 Body mass index (BMI) GSD , 22 assessment , 349 Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) , 216 centile charts , 348 Caries , 99–100 changes, age and gender , 348 Catastrophic epileptic syndromes , 27 co-morbidities , 352 Catch-up growth Crohn’s disease , 67 infants , 171 reduction , 353 C. dif fi cile . See Clostridium dif fi cile WHO standards , 350 CD infants. See Celiac disease (CD) Body weight Celiac disease (CD) fat and fat-free components , 348 clinical manifestations , 145 measurements , 83 pediatric , 145 Bowel adaptation growth and interdisciplinary prevention , 146–147 management treatment advantages, bowel dilatation , 51 adherence to diet and follow-up , 149 cost reduction, HPN , 51–52 gluten-free diet , 147–148 follow-up , 52 history , 147 intestinal rehabilitation programs , 51 lactose intolerance , 148 life-threatening complications , 51 malnutrition , 149 management , 51 micronutrient supplementation , 149 PNALD , 51 novel non-dietary , 150 risk , 51 oats , 148 STEP , 51 Central venous catheters (CVC) survival rates , 52 home parenteral nutrition, children and adults , 249 Breast feeding insertion , 236 avoidance, HIV transmission , 176 related complications , 241 cleft lip and palate , 96 Cerebral palsy (CP) complementary , 176–179 body composition dif fi culties , 99 estimation , 6 exclusive , 176 and nutritional status , 5 formula , 179–180 centripetal fat pattern , 6 HIV-related challenges , 183–184 classi fi cation , 2 libitum , 100 clinical assessment nipple , 98 BMI growth charts , 7 termination , 99 computed stature values , 7 WHO guidelines , 182–183 growth charts, height , 6 Breast milk national health and nutrition examination bi fi dobacteria and lactobacilli , 285 surveys , 8 and colostrum , 285 nutritional status and body fat , 8 contents , 285 standard of care, pediatric examination , 6 fed infants , 285 stature measurement accuracy , 6 formula-fed , 280 Tibia length growth curves , 7–8 GI motility pattern , 286 weight and height determination , 7 IgA antibodies , 146 de fi nition , 2 infant nutrition , 279 disability , 2 vs. placebo formula , 287 growth characteristics BSID. See Bayley scale of infant and toddler age-speci fi c measures , 2 development (BSID) body size , 2 Index 379

failure, malnutrition , 2 function , 255 feeding dif fi culties , 3 immune system, bacterial colonization , 257 NAGCPP , 3 intestinal, development , 256 nutritional compromise and disease severity , 3 lactic acid , 263 nutritional status and disease severity , 3 modulation , 255 seizure disorders , 3 physiological conditions , 263 standard deviations (SD) , 2 probiotics and potential health bene fi ts , 257–258 Cessation of breastfeeding (BF) , 146–147 Complications Childhood obesity. See Infant and childhood obesity CVC-related , 241 Children metabolic , 242 energy, glucose, lipid and amino acid PEG requirements , 248 late post-operative , 63–64 fl uid and electrolyte requirements , 248 operative and early post-operative , 62 gangliosides, neurological development , 110, 114 post-operative , 62–63 home parenteral nutrition psychosocial , 242 central venous access , 249 wound infection/erythema , 58, 59, 62, 63 complications , 250 Coronary artery disease (CAD) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) atherosclerosis , 306 de fi nition and stages , 165 blood TC and LDL-C increase , 306–307 forced nutrition , 171 diet (see Diet) growth hormone (GH) , 171–172 dyslipidemia , 315 growth retardation follow up , 314 epidemiological data , 166 institutional recommendation , 307 pathogenic factors , 166, 167 lipoproteins , 306 guidelines, nutrition morbidity , 305 calcium and phosphate , 170–171 NCEP recommended levels , 306 energy , 168, 170 NHANES , 305, 306 nutritional and growth status, evaluation , 168, 169 nutritional assessment and counseling , 314 protein , 169 nutritional supplements (see Nutritional sodium chloride , 169 supplements) vitamin and trace element , 170 prevalence , 305–306 malnutrition , 167 risk factors , 306 nutritional targets , 166–167 screening , 306 pathophysiology, cachexia/PEW , 167 therapy , 314–315 pediatric renal nutrition therapy , 166 CPB. See Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) renal excretion, anorexigenic peptides , 167–168 C-reactive protein (CRP) , 66 serum leptin , 168 Critical illness. See Metabolic response CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Crohn’s disease Clinical trials, LCPUFA. See Long chain polyunsaturated abdominal pain , 66 fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) characterization , 65 Clostridium dif fi cile clinical practice diagnosis/treatment , 133 EEN (see Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN)) epidemiology/incidence , 132–133 food re-introduction , 71 manifestation , 133 poor weight gain , 71 pathogenesis , 133 remission maintenance , 72–73 Colonic fl ora therapeutic options , 71–72 carbohydrate fermentation treatment , 70–71 absorption, SCFA , 261–262 CRP and ESR , 66 actinomyces bacteroides , 258–259 diagnoses , 65–66 asymptomatic carrier , 262 features , 66 Bacteroides fragilis , 260 history and examination , 66 breast-fed and formula-fed infants , 260–261 in fl ammation , 66

breath H2 excretion and concentration , 260 nutrition dietary carbohydrate , 259 body composition , 67–68 fecal concentration, SCFA , 261 height , 66–67 iron supplementation , 260 micronutrients , 68 Lactobacillus species , 262 PN , 69–70 lumenal pH , 258 poor, aetiology , 66–67 malabsorption , 262 treatment, EEE and PN , 68–70 short-chain fatty acid , 258 weight and BMI , 67 fermentation , 255 symptoms , 65 380 Index

CRP. See C-reactive protein (CRP) Diarrhea CVC. See Central venous catheters (CVC) diagnosis , 123 Cytokines evaluation , 122 local and systemic immune function , 214 lab testing , 123 postoperative , 217 medical evaluation , 136 proin fl ammatory , 215 parasitic infection (see Parasitic infection) reduction , 216 pathophysiology absorption mechanisms , 120 acute infectious algorithm , 121 D etiology , 122 Dehydration , 135–136 intestinal tract , 120 Dental development oral rehydration therapy , 120 abnormal tooth ( see Abnormal tooth development) osmotic, secretory, motility, and in fl ammatory , chronology, human dentition , 95 120–121 formation, oral structures , 94 World Health Organization (WHO) , 121 intrauterine growth disturbances Diet cleft lip and palate , 96 CAD, childhood craniofacial malformations , 96 dietary intervention (see Dietary intervention) dental eruption , 98 effects, low-fat , 312 fetal alcohol spectrum disorders , 96 hypercholesterolemia , 307 low birth weight/prematurity , 97 nutritional supplements (see Nutritional oromotor dysfunction , 97–98 supplements) syndrome , 96 therapy , 315 normal ketogenic diet (see Ketogenic diet, intractable craniofacial complex , 92–93 epileptic syndromes) saliva , 93 Dietary gangliosides soft tissue , 93 extraction and analytical techniques , 111 teeth , 93 foods content , 112 Dental eruption , 98 infant formula, human and bovine milk , 111–112 Developmental disabilities , 190 LBSA , 111, 112 Developmental origin of disease hypothesis (DOHaD) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry birth size and adult disease , 361 technologies , 111 description , 360–361 neurological development and function , 111 epigenetic modi fi cations , 362 nutrition , 111 foetal undernutrition , 361 sources, exogenous (see Exogenous ganglioside genetic susceptibility , 362–363 sources) growth acceleration , 362 Dietary intervention maternal stress and glucocorticoids , 361–362 AHA and APP recommendations, lifestyle , synthesis and research , 363 317–318 DHA. See Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) controlled trial, children , 308 Diabetes mellitus, infants and children LDL receptors activity , 307–308 age-speci fi c advice low carbohydrate diets , 311 infants , 210 National Cholesterol Education Program , 1992, 308 toddlers , 210 PCAT program , 308 young children , 210–211 recommendations , 311–312 arti fi cial sweeteners , 209 reduction, fat and salt , 308 carbohydrate , 207–208 treatment, hypercholesterolemia , 307, 309–310 classi fi cation , 205–206 Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) , 220 description , 205 Dietary therapy , 139 “diabetic” foods , 208 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) energy balance and individual food components , 207 breast milk , 300 exercise , 209 fi sh oil , 296 fat and protein , 208 infant neurodevelopment “honeymoon period” , 209 accumulation amount , 334 hypoglycaemia, treatment , 209 ARA-335 , 334 illness , 210 concentration , 334 insulin requirements , 209 formula-fed infants , 334 nutritional management, aims , 206–207 human milk , 334 trace elements and salt , 208 LC-PUFA , 297, 298–300 Index 381

DOHaD. See Developmental origin of disease manifestation , 129–130 hypothesis (DOHaD) pathogenesis , 128, 129 Down syndrome (DS) ESPEN. See European Society for Clinical Nutrition body composition , 9 and Metabolism (ESPEN) clinical assessment , 10 ESPGHAN. See The European Society for Pediatric de fi nition , 8 Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition growth characteristics , 8–9 (ESPGHAN) phenotypic abnormalities , 8 ESR. See Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) DRIs. See Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) ESRD. See End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Dutch dietary treatment guideline , 31 Essential fatty acids (EFA) , 237 Dyslipidemia , 315 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) , 246, 252 Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) E adjunctive therapy , 69 Early childhood caries (ECC) , 92 administration , 68 Early intervention , 190, 191 assessment , 70 ECC. See Early childhood caries (ECC) cytokine production , 68 ECMO. See Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation dietary reference manuals , 70 (ECMO) disease location , 70 EEN. See Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) elemental and polymeric formula , 69 EFA. See Essential fatty acids (EFA) maintenance therapy , 69 EN. See Enteral nutrition (EN) middle 1980’s , 69 Endoscopy. See Percutaneous endoscopic palatability , 71 gastrostomy (PEG) physical activity levels increases , 70 End-stage renal disease (ESRD) , 165 PN , 68 Energy requirement , 219–220 polymeric/elemental low residue feed , 68 Enteral and parenteral nutrition, SBS risk , 70 administration debate, clinicians , 48 steroid therapy , 69 breast milk , 51 treatment courses , 70–71 causes, aggressive strategy , 51 Exercise evidence-based recommendations , 48 children , 209 gastric feeding , 49 patterns , 207 gradually increase volume , 48 physical , 354 hepatic dysfunction , 45 structure and unstructure , 354 limited period , 45 Exogenous ganglioside sources normal energy requirements , 48 adults and elderly , 115 PNALD , 45 animal trials , 114 reduction, permanent hyperinsulinaemia , 45 blood–brain barrier , 114 risk , 45 breast milk , 114 SIGN , 48 dietary , 113 solid foods , 49 human clinical trials , 114–115 systematic nutritional strategy , 49–51 memory formation , 113 Enteral feeding , 57 prerequisites , 113 Enteral nutrition (EN) remodelled , 113 adaptation , 157 External feeds feeding therapy behavioural , 86 breast milk , 156 description , 86 continuous feeds vs. oral feeds , 156 PN , 87 oral autonomy , 156 post-liver transplantation , 86–87 oral feeds , 157 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapeutic , 155–156 (ECMO) , 219, 221 TPN , 157 oral feeds , 155 Epidemiological methods, adult obesity F birth weight , 364 Fat infant growth , 365–366 control, leptin , 327 infant size , 365 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) , 66 (LCP/PUFA) , 80 Escherichia coli (E. coli) malabsorption , 79 diagnosis/treatment , 130 metabolism , 20, 80 epidemiology/incidence , 127–128 soluble vitamin de fi ciency , 80 382 Index

Fecal fl ora Gastrostomy. See Percutaneous endoscopic infantile colic , 262 gastrostomy (PEG) iron supplementation , 260 Genetic susceptibility , 362–363 maturation , 261 GFD. See Gluten-free diet (GFD) modulation , 255 GFR. See Glomerular fi ltration rate (GFR) water absorption, colon , 261–262 GLN. See Glutamine (GLN) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders , 96 Glomerular fi ltration rate (GFR) , 165 Formula Glucocorticoids , 361–362 fed infants , 280, 285 Glutamine (GLN) , 224 feeds , 280 Gluten-free diet (GFD) , 147–148 gastric emptying , 285 Glycogen storage disease (GSD) GI motility pattern , 286 biochemical abnormalities , 22 and human milk , 285 dietary management placebo , 287 GSD Ia , 22–23 probiotic , 286 GSD III , 23 GSD IV , 23 liver and muscle , 22 G signs and symptoms , 22 Galactose metabolism Growth hormone (GH) de fi ciency , 21 chronic renal failure , 167 detection and elimination , 21 infants, CKD , 171–172 dietary management , 22 resistance , 166 E. coli sepsis , 21 Growth retardation, CKD neurological impairment , 21 epidemiological data , 166 symptoms , 21 pathogenic factors , 166 g -Amino butyric acid (GABA) , 198 GSD Ia Gangliosides de fi ciency, glucose-6-phosphatase , 22 alkali treatments , 107 description , 22 ceramide structure , 107 dietary management , 22–23 dietary sources , 111–113 ganglionzellen , 106 glycan component , 106 H molecular structures , 106 Hearing loss neurological development (see Neurological hearing impairment , 194 development, gangliosides) iodine de fi ciency , 196 oligosaccharide structures , 106 sensorineural , 195, 199, 201 sialic-acid residues , 106 Helicobacter pylori , 272–273 synthesis , 107 Hepatic metabolism variations , 106 carbohydrate , 79 Gastric emptying protein , 79 cow’s milk allergy , 287 Hepatotoxicity, nutritional factors , 160 and motility , 284 Highly active antiretroviral therapy/HAART , 180 rate , 286 HIV and infants reduction , 287 antiretroviral prophylaxis, mother-to-child signal affect , 286 transmission , 180–182 Gastroenteritis breastfeeding , 176 bacterial illness (see Bacterial illness) challenges , 183–184 diarrhea (see Diarrhea) complementary feeding , 176–179 infectious disease syndrome , 120 exclusive breastfeeding , 176 parasitic infection (see Parasitic infection) formula feeding , 179–180 treatment infection , 176 degrees of dehydration , 136–137 positive infants and children , 182 dietary therapy , 139 transmission , 176 oral rehydration therapy , 140 WHO guidelines , 182–183 pharmacologic therapy , 139–140 HIV/HIV infections probiotics , 140 de fi ciencies , 182 rehydration and maintenance , 137–139 large trials , 181 zinc-forti fi ed ORS , 140 pregnant woman , 180 viral enteritis (see Viral enteritis ) WHO guidelines, infant feeding , 177–178 Index 383

Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) lifestyle , 355 administration , 246 nutritional therapy , 355 central vein cannulation , 246 population screening program , 351 complications , 250–251 prevalence , 351, 352 incidence , 246 prevention , 354 indications , 246–247 primary and secondary causes , 349 intestinal failure , 252 public health measures , 355–356 legislation , 252 treatment , 354 practical issues Infant formula administration , 250 breast feeding , 177 education and training , 247 conditions , 178 monitoring , 250 Infant growth and adult obesity requirements , 248 aetiology , 360 teaching patients and families , 249–250 DOHaD (see Developmental origin of disease team selection , 247 hypothesis (DOHaD)) venous access , 248–249 early life effects, adult quality of life (QoL) , 251 BMI , 363–364 HPN. See Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) consequences , 363 Human milk interpretation , 364 DHA content , 300 prevention , 363 LC-PUFA , 300 standard regression techniques , 364 HYPER. See Hypermetabolic (HYPER) energy imbalance , 359 Hypercholestrolemia in children epidemiology (see Epidemiological methods, adult and diet , 307 obesity) dietary interventions (see Dietary intervention) growth patterns , 360 drugs , 318 implications , 366–367 psychological and nutritional consequences , 315 postnatal growth , 360 soy protein , 313 prevalence , 359–360 treatment , 309–310 risk factor , 359 Hypermetabolic (HYPER) , 220 Infantile spasms (IS) HYPO. See Hypometabolic (HYPO) diagnoses , 31 Hypomagnesemia , 158 infants, KD , 32–33 Hypometabolic (HYPO) , 220 treatment non pharmacologic (see Non pharmacological treatment) I pharmacological (see Pharmacological IBD. See In fl ammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment, IS) ICV. See Inferior caval vein (ICV) Infant neurodevelopment IGF-1. See Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) Bayley Motor Development Index , 344 IIT. See Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) DHA status , 334–335, 345 Inborn errors, metabolism epidemiological and maternal supplementation , 344 amino acid (see Amino acid metabolism) LCPUFA (see Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids biochemical abnormality , 14 (LC-PUFAs)) description , 13 low-birth-weight infants , 344 fatty acid oxidation defects , 20–21 maternal nutrition , 345 genetic mutation , 13 recommendation, pregnant and lactating women , 344 nutritional evaluation and treatment , 14 Infants phenylketonuria (PKU) , 14 ACTH , 33 signs and symptoms , 13–14 composition , 33–34 urea cycle defects , 20 evaluation , 33 Infant and childhood obesity intractable epilepsy , 32 aetiology monitoring , 35–36 calori fi c intake , 351 starting , 34–35 endocrine causes , 351 Infant weight gain genetic and syndromic causes , 351, 352 blended feeding styles , 372 risk factors , 351, 352 bottle-feeding , 373 complications , 351, 353 breast-fed , 370 de fi nition and diagnosis , 350 consequence , 370 description , 349 feeding behavior , 370 growth monitoring , 351 frequent feedings , 371 384 Index

Infant weight gain (cont.) IOTF standards. See International Obesity Task Force maternal control , 374 (IOTF) standards maternal overfeeding , 370 IT. See Intestinal transplantation (IT) maternal sensitivity , 370, 375 overweight and obesity , 369 prediction , 376 K Infectious diarrhea Ketogenic diet, intractable epileptic syndromes FOS consumption , 271 anti epileptic drugs (AEDs) , 27 gastroenteritis , 269 catastrophic syndromes , 27 GOS/FOS supplementation formula , 271 causes, infantile spasms , 28 mechanisms , 269 epilepsy syndromes and incidence, less than12 moderate effect , 269 months child , 28 prevention , 269 evaluation , 37 treatment , 269–271 illness infants, ORS junior , 41 Inferior caval vein (ICV) , 236 infantile spasms (see Infantile spasms (IS)) In fl ammation, Crohn’s disease infants (see Infants) bowel disease , 66, 68 9 months old infants , 40 discontinuous , 65 schedules , 39 gastro intestinal , 65, 66 tapering , 37 markers , 71, 73 treatment nutritional de fi cits , 66 adverse effects, diet , 30 In fl ammatory bowel disease (IBD) , 273 advocacy , 31 Insulin children , 27 administration , 210 classic and medium-chain-trig-lyceride (MCT) regimens and speci fi c circumstances , 209 version , 29 resistance , 206 controlled trial , 2008, 30 resistin, adiposity , 328 dietary treatment guideline, Dutch , 31 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) diet composition , 29 liver disease , 81 differences , 30 metabolism, chronic renal failure , 167 discovery , 29 Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) , 218 epilepsy, 2003 and 2012 , 30 International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) standards , 352 MCT/LCT version , 30 Intestinal bacteria, MACs , 261 optimal clinical management , 31 Intestinal failure therapy enteral feeding adaptation , 157 L breast milk , 156 LBW. See Low birth weight (LBW) continuous feeds vs. oral feeds , 156 LC-PUFAs. See Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids oral autonomy , 156 (LC-PUFAs) oral feeds , 157 Lipid composition therapeutic , 155–156 emulsions (LEs), preterm infants TPN , 157 fi sh oil , 296–297 goals , 153 intravenous lipid dose , 297 growth , 154–155 olive oil , 295–296 HPN , 246, 247, 252 soybean oil , 295 parenteral nutrition (see Parenteral nutrition therapy) enteral nutrition, preterm infants pediatric patient , 154 description , 297–299 Intestinal immunity PUFA intake , 297 bacteria , 280 PUFA supplementation (see Long chain breast-milk infants , 280, 285 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs)) gut sustem , 281 feeding intolerance , 294 micro fl ora , 282 low birth weight , 294 Intestinal rehabilitation preterm infants , 294 adaptation , 155 processes , 294 goal , 154 Liver transplantation Intestinal transplantation (IT) , 247 better survival , 78 Intractable epileptic syndromes. See Ketogenic diet, degree of pre-transplant malnutrition , 78 intractable epileptic syndromes post , 86–87 Intrauterine growth retardation , 97 risk, malnutrition , 84 Index 385

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) breast milk fed preterm infants , 300 autosomal recessive disorder , 18 epidemiology, pregnancy and infancy branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) , 18 fi sh consumption , 335, 338 dietary management , 18–19 formula, feeding , 337 phenotypes , 18 human milk , 337 symptoms , 18 iron-de fi ciency anemia , 338 thiamine-responses , 18 RCTs analysis , 337–338 Maternal behavior and infant weight relationship, DHA levels and MMT score , 335 breast feeding , 370 studies list , 335, 336 caregiver , 369 very-low-birth-weight infants , 337 consequence , 370 weaknesses , 337 control , 372–373 formula fed preterm infants cow’s milk , 370 BSID , 298 feeding patterns and scheduling DHA , 298 bottle-fed , 370–371 meta-analyses , 299 demand feeding , 371 neurodevelopment , 298–299 demand vs. schedule feeding , 371 growth, preterm neonates , 299 description, “A-D mothers” , 370 intervention frequency of feeding , 371 DHA-forti fi ed formulas , 344 measures , 371 follow-ups , 343–344 mother-infant interactions , 370 language development , 343 self-regulation , 377 randomization and controlled trials , 341–343 feeding style vs. feeding practices , 371–372 meta-analysis , 335 food restriction and pressure to eat , 372–373, 376 paediatric liver disease , 80 obesity epidemic , 369 recommendations , 300 overfeeding , 370 safety , 300 responsive and sensitive feeding , 373–374 supplementation, lactation and neurodevelopment Maternal control , 372–373 Bayley psychomotor developmental index , 341 Maternal feeding style vs. feeding practices , 371–372 better eye and hand coordination , 338 Maternal stress , 361–362 DHA and control group , 340 MCT. See Multi-chain triglycerides (MCT) follow-ups, children-7 years age , 338–340 Measured resting energy expenditure (MREE) , 219, 220 Hempel and Touwen examination , 340 Meta-analysis infant planning test , 341 Bifi dobacterium lactis , 270 performance, 5 years children , 340–341 Lactobacillus reuteri , 270 Low birth weight (LBW) , 97, 171, 329, 341, 360, 363 Metabolic response age-related nutrient and energy requirements , 213–214 antioxidants , 224–225 M arginine , 223 Macronutrients critical illness , 213 carbohydrates , 222 DRIs , 220 lipids , 222–223 energy requirements , 219–220 protein , 221–222 fatty acids , 224 Malnutrition glutamine , 224 adipose tissue , 326 macronutrients children, CKD , 167 carbohydrates , 222 critical illness infants and children , 217 lipids , 222–223 liver disease, infants protein , 221–222 assessment , 83 nutrition assessment , 218–219 chronic , 77, 81 nutrition support clinical manifestations , 81 barriers , 225–226 enteral feeds , 86 initiation , 226–227 estimation , 78 monitoring , 227 fat , 83 pharmaconutrition , 223 feeds , 82 probiotics , 225 growth hormone , 81 stress (see Stress) pathophysiology , 78 Metabolic syndrome protein energy , 78 adiponectin , 327 risk , 84 CAD , 305 vitamin K de fi ciency , 83 excess fat accumulation , 324 nutritional and growth status, evaluation , 168, 169 pathogenesis , 330 386 Index

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) maternal and fetal/neonatal weights , 329 dietary management , 19 pathogenetic mechanisms , 324 glycine increases , 19 receptors expression , 324, 325 “intoxication type” disease , 19 relationship , 324 metabolic defect , 19 restriction, maternal nutrition , 329 urea cycle , 19 secreted proteins (see Adipose tissue-secreted Micronutrient de fi ciencies proteins) iodine , 196–197 visceral and subcutaneous accumulation , 324 iron , 197–198 Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPC) , 108 protein-energy de fi ciencies , 200, 201 Neurological development, gangliosides vitamin A , 199 accumulation, GM1 and GM2 , 110

vitamin B12 , 200 biological function , 110 vitamin D , 199 CNS , 110 zinc , 199 disruption , 110 Micronutrient supplementation , 149 exogenous , 113–115 Minerals , 239 ganglioside 9-O-Ac GD3 , 107 Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) , 216–217 GD1a and GM1 , 107 MIS. See Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) GM3 and GD3 , 107 MOD. See Multisystem organ dysfunction (MOD) in vitro evidence , 108 Monitoring in vivo evidence , 113–115 home parenteral nutrition , 250, 251 LIGA-20 , 111 ketogenic diet loss-of-function mutation , 111 acute illness , 37 monoclonal antibodies , 108 anesthesia , 37 RCC and NSPC , 108 evaluation , 35 stages , 109 fi ne-tuning , 35–36 temporal and spatial expression , 111 oral dehydration salt , 36 Newborns troubleshooting , 36 formula-fed , 286 PN , 240–241 gastric residual , 286 Motility, gastrointestinal , 283, 285–287 ideal food , 285 MREE. See Measured resting energy expenditure infant , 283 (MREE) intestinal mucosal immune system , 283 Multi-chain triglycerides (MCT) , 84 late preterm , 285 Multidisciplinary therapies , 154 oral probiotic supplementation , 286 Multisystem organ dysfunction (MOD) , 217 premature , 285 preterm and term , 286, 287 relationships, digestion, absorption, and motility , 284 N NHANES. See National health and nutrition examination National health and nutrition examination survey survey (NHANES) (NHANES) , 305, 306 Non pharmacological treatment Neonate growth and development, adipose tissue IS , 28 adipocyte-derived proteins , 324, 326 ketogenic diet adipocytokines expression , 329 ACTH , 28, 33 adipokines , 324 EEG , 28, 33 adiponectin concentration , 329–330 epileptic surgery , 32 birth weight and postnatal growth , 330 vagus nerve stimulation , 32 body size and fat, birth , 329 NORM. See Normometabolic (NORM) breast milk , 330 Normal and aberrant craniofacial development catch-up growth , 329 complex , 92–93 control , 329 dental development (see Dental development) description , 323–324 disability management , 101 endocrine hormones , 324 ECC , 92 energy storage , 324 faltering growth , 92 epidemiology , 329 feeding behaviors , 92 excess and de fi ciency , 324 maintenance, oral health , 92 fetal growth , 328 recommendations, infant care , 102 function , 324–325 Normometabolic (NORM) , 220 immune system regulation , 325 Nutrition in fl ammation and malnutrition , 326 clinical assessment and management , 3 lactation , 328 Crohn’s disease (see Crohn’s disease) Index 387

deprivation , 6 guidelines , 137 and disease severity , 5 management , 139 EEN ( see Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN)) therapy , 140 human breast milk , 279 Vibrio cholera , 130 requirements and support (see Paediatric liver Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) , 193 disease) requirements, PEG , 47, 58 risk , 5 P status , 4, 5, 8 Paediatric liver disease Nutritional assessment , 314 anthropometry , 83 Nutritional counseling , 314 description , 77 Nutritional de fi ciencies , 190 energy expenditure , 81 Nutritional management, diabetes , 206–207 fat (see Fat) Nutritional supplements growth hormone , 81 CAD hepatic (see Hepatic metabolism) dietary fi ber , 313–314 LCP/PUFA , 80 garlic , 314 liver transplantation , 78 modi fi cation, dietary fat quality , 313 malnutrition , 83 omega-3 fatty acids , 313 management and assessment, nutrition , 78 plant stanols and sterols , 313 nutritional support soy protein , 313 carbohydrate , 85 LCPUFAs ( see Long chain polyunsaturated fatty essential fatty acids , 84 acids (LC-PUFAs)) external feeds , 86–87 oral route , 168, 171 fat-soluble vitamins , 85 Nutritional support , 234, 240 feed choices , 85–86 Nutrition and bowel adaptation lipids , 84 breast milk , 47–48 mineral supplementation , 85 dietary fi ber , 47 multi-chain triglycerides (MCT) , 84 glutamine , 46–47 protein , 85 luminal factors , 46 risk, malnutrition , 84 mechanisms , 46 pathophysiology, malnutrition , 78 muscular hypertrophy and mucosal hyperplasia , 46 PEM , 78 Nutrition assessment , 218–219 PN (see Parenteral nutrition (PN)) Nutrition support reduction, energy intake , 78 barriers , 225–226 role, liver , 77 initiation , 226–227 Paediatrics. See Crohn’s disease monitoring , 227 Parasitic infection Cryptosporidiosis , 134 Entamoeba histolytica , 134–135 O Giardia , 134 OAE. See Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) Strongyloides stercoralis , 135 Obesity Trichuris trichuria , 135 childhood (see Infant and childhood obesity) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) CVD , 305 calcium and phosphorus intake , 170–171 infants ( see Infant growth and adult obesity) concentration, CKD stage , 170–171 leptin , 327 Parent–child Auto Tutorial (PCAT) program , 308 pediatric , 218 Parenteral nutrition (PN) visfatin , 327 arti fi cial nutrition (AN) , 234 Omega-3 fatty acids , 313 child’s organism , 234 Oral health complications bottle/frequent feeding , 99 CVC-related , 241 education , 92 metabolic , 242 maintenance , 92 psychosocial , 242 practices, parents , 97 Crohn’s disease , 69–70 protection , 95 delivery recommendations , 102 laboratory parameters , 87–88 regular care , 101 radiology , 88 Oral rehydration EN , 234 acute diarrhea , 136 external feeds , 87 and electrolyte contents , 138 indications , 234–235 388 Index

Parenteral nutrition (PN) (cont.) Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) , 218 medication compatibility , 242 Postnatal growth , 360 nutrient requirements Prebiotics and probiotics carbohydrates , 237–238 bi fi dobacteria and lactobacilli , 279–280 energy , 236, 237 enriched formulas , 285–287 fl uid and electrolytes , 238 microbiome–host cross-talking lipids , 237 cause and prevention, human disease , 280 minerals and oligoelements , 238, 239 commensal bacteria inhabiting, human intestine , proteins , 236 280–281 vitamins , 238, 239 de fi nition , 280 organization and administration encodes , 280 material , 240 enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal modes , 240 motility , 283 monitoring , 240–241 GI mucosal immunology , 282 ordering and preparation , 240 intestinal barrier function , 282 venous access , 235–236 regulation , 281–282 Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) , variation , 280–281 44, 45, 51, 155–156, 242, 252 nutritious complete food , 279 Parenteral nutrition therapy perinatal and neonatal , 283–285 de fi nition , 157–158 streptococcus thermophilus , 280 fl uid and electrolyte management , 158 Premature infants , 300 glucose , 159–160 Pressure to feed , 374–375 lipids , 160–161 Primary extraintestinal diseases , 235 protein , 160 Primary gastrointestinal diseases , 235 vitamins and trace elements , 158–159 Pro-and prebiotics Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) , 217, 226 allergies , 273–274 Pediatric PN , 237 antibiotic-associated diarrhea PEG. See Percutaneous endoscopic Helicobacter pylori eradication , 272–273 gastrostomy (PEG) lactobacillus probiotic strains , 272 PEM. See Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) meta-analyses , 271–272 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) de fi nition , 268 complications (see Complications) infectious diarrhea description , 58 FOS consumption , 271 long-term vs. procedure risk , 57 gastroenteritis , 269 nasogastric feeds , 57 GOS/FOS supplemention formula , 271 poor oral intake, nutrition , 57 mechanisms , 269 post-operative care moderate effect , 269 administration, analgesia , 61 prevention , 269 avoid oral intake , 61 treatment , 269–271 crystalloid solution , 61 in fl ammatory bowel disease , 273 feeding catheter , 62 intestinal gut fl ora , 268–269 low-pro fi le device , 62 microbiota , 268 pre-operative preparation molecular technologies , 268 anaesthesia , 60 safety , 274 fasting and wound site preparation , 59 Probiotics , 133, 140, 257–258 information, child and parent/caregiver , 58 Propionic acidemia (PPA) instruments , 60 autosomal recessive disorders , 19 nutritional requirements , 58 dietary management , 19 operative technique , 60–61 metabolic acidosis , 19 patient evaluation , 58 symptoms , 19 Peripheral auditory system , 191 urea cycle , 19 PEW. See Protein-energy wasting (PEW) Protein-energy de fi ciencies Pharmacological treatment, IS ABR, humans , 200 antiepileptic drugs , 31 community-based study , 201–202 Pyridoxine (B6) , 31–32 infants, kwashiorkor and ten , 201 Pharmacologic therapy, diarrhea , 139–140 iron de fi ciency anemia , 201 Pharmaconutrition , 223 “undernutrition” , 200 PICU. See Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) , 217 PN. See Parenteral nutrition (PN) Protein-energy wasting (PEW) PNALD. See Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease cachexia syndrome , 167 (PNALD) evaluation, nutritional status , 169 Index 389

Protein metabolism. See Amino acid metabolism and bowel adaptation (see Nutrition and bowel PTH. See Parathyroid hormone (PTH) adaptation) PUFA. See Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) clinical manifestation , 45 enteral (see Enteral and parenteral nutrition, SBS) PN , 45 Q recommendations , 45 QoL. See Quality of life (QoL) survival rates, neonatal , 44 Quality of life (QoL) , 251 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) absorption , 261–262 actinomyces bacteroides , 258–259 R asymptomatic carrier , 262 Radial glia cells (RGC) , 108 Bacteroides fragilis , 260 Recombinant human GH (rhGH) breast-fed and formula-fed infants , 260–261

administration , 172 breath H2 excretion and concentration , 260 therapy , 165, 172 dietary carbohydrate , 259 REE. See Resting energy expenditure (REE) fecal concentration , 261 Refeeding , 137 iron supplementation , 260 Refractory epilepsy , 69, 133, 158 Lactobacillus species , 262 Resting energy expenditure (REE) lumenal pH , 258 BMR , 219 malabsorption , 262 calculation , 236, 237 short-chain fatty acid , 258 Restrictive feeding , 374–375 SIGN. See Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network RGC. See Radial glia cells (RGC) criteria (SIGN) rhGH. See Recombinant human GH (rhGH) Special Turku Risk Intervention Program (STRIP) , 314 STEP. See Serial transverse enteroplasty procedure (STEP) S Stress Saliva after surgery , 215–216 craniofacial anomalies , 95–96 burns , 217–218 drooling , 93 cardiac surgery , 216 environmental in fl uences , 95 catabolism, skeletal muscle , 214–215 functions, oral cavity , 93 cytokines , 214 gland , 93 de fi nition , 214 management , 95 gluconeogenesis , 214 swallowing food , 93 knowledge and awareness , 214 Salmonella malnutrition , 217 diagnosis , 127 MIS , 216–217 epidemiology/incidence , 126 opioid anesthetic fentanyl , 215 manifestation , 127 pediatric obesity , 218 pathogenesis , 127 proin fl ammatory cytokines , 215 SBS. See Short bowel syndrome (SBS) Superior caval vein (SCV) , 236 SCFAs. See Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) Surgery Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria anesthetic agents , 215 (SIGN) , 38, 48 cardiac , 216 SCV. See Superior caval vein (SCV) characteristics, metabolic response , 215–216 Sequence, human brain development , 190 MIS , 216–217 Serial transverse enteroplasty procedure (STEP) , 51 Shigella diagnosis/treatment , 130 T epidemiology/incidence , 129 TEOAE. See Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions manifestation , 129–130 (TEOAE) pathogenesis , 129 The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Short bowel syndrome (SBS) Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) , 147 adaptation , 44 Thyroid hormone , 327 complications , 44 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) de fi nitions , 44 chronic therapy, patients , 160 gastroschisis and intestinal atresia , 44 enteral feeds , 155 interdisciplinary management , 51–52 infants , 158 intestinal failure , 43–44 oral therapy , 156 nutrition patients , 159 390 Index

TPN. See Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) developed countries , 124 Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) , 201 diagnosis , 125 differentiating features , 124 epidemiology/incidence , 124 U manifestation , 125 Undernutrition and hearing impairment pathogenesis , 124 auditory function, evaluation , 193–194 Vitamin, parenteral supply , 239 auditory system and pathway , 191–193 human brain , 189 infancy , 190–191 W micronutrient de fi ciencies (see Micronutrient WAT. See White adipose tissue (WAT) de fi ciencies) West syndrome , 27, 28 nutritional de fi ciencies , 190 White adipose tissue (WAT) , 218 pathways , 195–196 WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO) protein-energy de fi ciencies , 200–202 WHO guidelines sequential ontogenetic events , 189–190 HIV and infant feeding , 177–178 types and grades , 194–195 infant feeding , 182–183 World Health Organization (WHO) , 121, 195, 352

V Vibrio cholera Y diagnosis/treatment , 131 Yersinia enterocolitica epidemiology/incidence , 130 diagnosis/treatment , 132 manifestation , 131 epidemiology/incidence , 131 pathogenesis , 130–131 manifestation , 132 Viral enteritis pathogenesis , 132