Index A dietary management , 16–17 Abnormal tooth development liver transplantation , 16 ankyloglossia , 99 Richner–Hanhart’s syndrome , 16 caries and erosion , 99–100 synthesis , 16 dentin formation , 98 treatment , 16 enamel hypoplasia , 98 tyrosinemia type II , 17 etiology , 98 Ankyloglossia , 99 food exposures , 100–101 ANSD. See Auditory neuropathy spectrum ABR. See Auditory brainstem response (ABR) disorder (ANSD) ACTH. See Adeno corticotropic hormone (ACTH) Anti epileptic drugs (AEDs) , 27 Adeno corticotropic hormone (ACTH) , 28, 33 Antioxidants (AOXs) , 224–225 Adipocytes AOXs. See Antioxidants (AOXs) adipocyte-derived proteins, endocrine functions , 324 ARG. See Arginine (ARG) differentiation , 324 Arginine (ARG) , 223 and lymphocytes , 323 Auditory brainstem response (ABR) mature , 322 abnormalities , 201 metabolic functions , 322, 323 electro-physiological measure , 193 Adipokines , 322, 328 wave I-VII response , 193, 194, 198 Adipose tissue-secreted proteins waves , 194 adiponectin , 324–325 Auditory cortex , 192 Interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF- a , 326 Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder leptin , 325 (ANSD) , 193 resistin , 326 visfatin , 325 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) B recommendations , 315–316 Bacterial illness American Heart Association (AHA) recommendations , acute diarrheal , 125 315–316 campylobacter ( see Campylobacter ) Amino acid metabolism C. dif fi cile ( see Clostridium dif fi cile ) homocystinuria description , 125 clinical manifestations , 17 E. coli ( see Escherichia coli (E. coli) ) dietary management , 17–18 salmonella (see Salmonella ) methionine , 17 vibrio cholera ( see Vibrio cholera ) hyperphenylalaninemias y. enterocolitica ( see Yersinia enterocolitica ) BH4 and PAH , 15 Bacteroides fragilis dietary management , 15–16 fecal samples , 257 Phe concentrations , 15 isolation, stool , 260 PKU , 14 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) , 236, 237 MSUD , 18–19 Bayley psychomotor developmental index , 339 PPA and MMA , 19–20 Bayley scale of infant and toddler development tyrosinemia type I (BSID) , 298 clinical symptoms and pathogenesis , 16 BF. See Cessation of breastfeeding (BF) R.R. Watson et al. (eds.), Nutrition in Infancy: Volume 2, Nutrition and Health, 377 DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-254-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 378 Index Birth size C adult disease , 359 CAD. See Coronary artery disease (CAD) adult obesity , 363 Caloric intake early growth , 361 dietary guidelines, Americans , 312 genetic susceptibility , 360 dyslipidemia , 315 Birth weight high-risk individual approach , 312 adipocytes , 327 maintain, body weight , 315 adiponectinemia , 328 Caloric restriction and weight loss , 325 leptin , 328 Campylobacter BMR. See Basal metabolic rate (BMR) diagnosis , 126 Body composition epidemiology/incidence , 125 chronic disease , 3 manifestation , 126 CP ( see Cerebral palsy (CP)) pathogenesis , 126 description , 3 Carbohydrate metabolism DS ( see Down syndrome (DS)) galactosemia , 21–22 Body mass index (BMI) GSD , 22 assessment , 349 Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) , 216 centile charts , 348 Caries , 99–100 changes, age and gender , 348 Catastrophic epileptic syndromes , 27 co-morbidities , 352 Catch-up growth Crohn’s disease , 67 infants , 171 reduction , 353 C. dif fi cile . See Clostridium dif fi cile WHO standards , 350 CD infants. See Celiac disease (CD) Body weight Celiac disease (CD) fat and fat-free components , 348 clinical manifestations , 145 measurements , 83 pediatric , 145 Bowel adaptation growth and interdisciplinary prevention , 146–147 management treatment advantages, bowel dilatation , 51 adherence to diet and follow-up , 149 cost reduction, HPN , 51–52 gluten-free diet , 147–148 follow-up , 52 history , 147 intestinal rehabilitation programs , 51 lactose intolerance , 148 life-threatening complications , 51 malnutrition , 149 management , 51 micronutrient supplementation , 149 PNALD , 51 novel non-dietary , 150 risk , 51 oats , 148 STEP , 51 Central venous catheters (CVC) survival rates , 52 home parenteral nutrition, children and adults , 249 Breast feeding insertion , 236 avoidance, HIV transmission , 176 related complications , 241 cleft lip and palate , 96 Cerebral palsy (CP) complementary , 176–179 body composition dif fi culties , 99 estimation , 6 exclusive , 176 and nutritional status , 5 formula , 179–180 centripetal fat pattern , 6 HIV-related challenges , 183–184 classi fi cation , 2 libitum , 100 clinical assessment nipple , 98 BMI growth charts , 7 termination , 99 computed stature values , 7 WHO guidelines , 182–183 growth charts, height , 6 Breast milk national health and nutrition examination bi fi dobacteria and lactobacilli , 285 surveys , 8 and colostrum , 285 nutritional status and body fat , 8 contents , 285 standard of care, pediatric examination , 6 fed infants , 285 stature measurement accuracy , 6 formula-fed , 280 Tibia length growth curves , 7–8 GI motility pattern , 286 weight and height determination , 7 IgA antibodies , 146 de fi nition , 2 infant nutrition , 279 disability , 2 vs. placebo formula , 287 growth characteristics BSID. See Bayley scale of infant and toddler age-speci fi c measures , 2 development (BSID) body size , 2 Index 379 failure, malnutrition , 2 function , 255 feeding dif fi culties , 3 immune system, bacterial colonization , 257 NAGCPP , 3 intestinal, development , 256 nutritional compromise and disease severity , 3 lactic acid , 263 nutritional status and disease severity , 3 modulation , 255 seizure disorders , 3 physiological conditions , 263 standard deviations (SD) , 2 probiotics and potential health bene fi ts , 257–258 Cessation of breastfeeding (BF) , 146–147 Complications Childhood obesity. See Infant and childhood obesity CVC-related , 241 Children metabolic , 242 energy, glucose, lipid and amino acid PEG requirements , 248 late post-operative , 63–64 fl uid and electrolyte requirements , 248 operative and early post-operative , 62 gangliosides, neurological development , 110, 114 post-operative , 62–63 home parenteral nutrition psychosocial , 242 central venous access , 249 wound infection/erythema , 58, 59, 62, 63 complications , 250 Coronary artery disease (CAD) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) atherosclerosis , 306 de fi nition and stages , 165 blood TC and LDL-C increase , 306–307 forced nutrition , 171 diet ( see Diet) growth hormone (GH) , 171–172 dyslipidemia , 315 growth retardation follow up , 314 epidemiological data , 166 institutional recommendation , 307 pathogenic factors , 166, 167 lipoproteins , 306 guidelines, nutrition morbidity , 305 calcium and phosphate , 170–171 NCEP recommended levels , 306 energy , 168, 170 NHANES , 305, 306 nutritional and growth status, evaluation , 168, 169 nutritional assessment and counseling , 314 protein , 169 nutritional supplements ( see Nutritional sodium chloride , 169 supplements) vitamin and trace element , 170 prevalence , 305–306 malnutrition , 167 risk factors , 306 nutritional targets , 166–167 screening , 306 pathophysiology, cachexia/PEW , 167 therapy , 314–315 pediatric renal nutrition therapy , 166 CPB. See Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) renal excretion, anorexigenic peptides , 167–168 C-reactive protein (CRP) , 66 serum leptin , 168 Critical illness. See Metabolic response CKD. See Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Crohn’s disease Clinical trials, LCPUFA. See Long chain polyunsaturated abdominal pain , 66 fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) characterization , 65 Clostridium dif fi cile clinical practice diagnosis/treatment , 133 EEN ( see Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN)) epidemiology/incidence , 132–133 food re-introduction , 71 manifestation , 133 poor weight gain , 71 pathogenesis , 133 remission maintenance , 72–73 Colonic fl ora therapeutic options , 71–72 carbohydrate fermentation treatment , 70–71 absorption, SCFA , 261–262 CRP and ESR , 66 actinomyces bacteroides , 258–259 diagnoses , 65–66 asymptomatic carrier , 262 features , 66 Bacteroides fragilis , 260 history and examination , 66 breast-fed and formula-fed infants , 260–261 in fl ammation , 66 breath H2 excretion and concentration , 260 nutrition dietary carbohydrate , 259 body composition , 67–68 fecal concentration, SCFA , 261 height , 66–67 iron supplementation , 260 micronutrients , 68 Lactobacillus species , 262 PN , 69–70 lumenal pH , 258 poor, aetiology , 66–67 malabsorption , 262 treatment, EEE and PN , 68–70 short-chain fatty acid , 258 weight and BMI , 67 fermentation , 255 symptoms , 65 380 Index CRP. See C-reactive protein (CRP) Diarrhea CVC. See Central venous catheters (CVC) diagnosis , 123 Cytokines evaluation , 122 local and systemic immune function , 214 lab testing , 123 postoperative , 217 medical evaluation , 136 proin fl ammatory , 215 parasitic infection ( see Parasitic infection) reduction , 216 pathophysiology absorption mechanisms , 120 acute infectious algorithm , 121 D etiology , 122 Dehydration , 135–136 intestinal tract , 120 Dental development oral rehydration therapy , 120 abnormal tooth ( see Abnormal tooth development) osmotic, secretory, motility, and in fl ammatory , chronology, human dentition , 95 120–121 formation, oral structures , 94 World Health Organization (WHO) , 121 intrauterine growth disturbances Diet cleft lip and palate , 96 CAD, childhood craniofacial malformations , 96 dietary intervention ( see Dietary intervention) dental eruption , 98 effects, low-fat , 312 fetal alcohol spectrum disorders , 96 hypercholesterolemia , 307 low birth weight/prematurity , 97 nutritional supplements ( see Nutritional oromotor dysfunction , 97–98 supplements) syndrome , 96 therapy