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Chiropotes Sagulatus) in Guyana Christopher Shaffer Washington University in St Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 5-24-2012 Ranging Behavior, Group Cohesiveness, and Patch Use in Northern Bearded Sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in Guyana Christopher Shaffer Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Shaffer, Christopher, "Ranging Behavior, Group Cohesiveness, and Patch Use in Northern Bearded Sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in Guyana" (2012). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 726. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/726 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Department of Anthroplogy Dissertation Examination Committee Robert W. Sussman, Chairperson Michael Frachetti Tiffany Knight Katherine MacKinnon Jane Phillips-Conroy D. Tab Rasmussen Crickette Sanz Ranging Behavior, Group Cohesiveness, and Patch Use in Northern Bearded Sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in Guyana. By Christopher A. Shaffer A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May, 2012 St. Louis, Missouri Copyright by Christopher A. Shaffer 2012 Abstract I conducted a 15 month study of the activity patterns, diet, ranging behavior, and group cohesiveness of northern bearded sakis (Chiropotes sagulatus) in a continuous lowland rainforest in southern Guyana. My study combined observational data with a novel GIS-based method for assessing food patch quality to assess how bearded sakis adjusted their ranging and grouping patterns in response to changes in resource quality. My study group consisted of at least 65 animals, making it the largest group of Chiropotes yet reported. Bearded sakis were highly active, spending most of their time traveling (40% of activity) and feeding (35% of activity). Compared to other platyrrhines, they spent relatively little time resting. Sakis changed their activity patterns monthly, increasing foraging effort when fruit was most abundant, and increasing resting when fruit was most scarce. Consistent with their dental adaptations for seed predation, seeds made up 75% of feeding time. Sakis consumed over 215 plant species during the study period, including many types of dry and fleshy fruits. Due to their ability to exploit food items of varies states of maturity, sakis often used the same tree species for three months or more. Monthly seed consumption was correlated with fruit availability. When seeds became scarce seasonally, they incorporated a high percentage of insects, flowers, and mature fruit in their diet. The study group had home and day ranges that were larger than previously reported for Chiropotes anywhere in its geographic range. Sakis exhibited a highly fluid social structure that likely mitigates the effects of intragroup feeding competition despite ii their large group size. Throughout much of the year, the group moved like an amoeba through their home range, with expansions and contractions dictated by intragroup social dynamics and not changes in food patch quality. When resources became scarcer, and food patch quality was lower, the group divided into smaller, independently functioning foraging parties. The results of this study suggest that their unique sclerocarpic seed predator niche may necessitate bearded sakis range over large areas to balance the effects of seed secondary compounds. High predation pressure may explain the large group sizes of the genus. iii Acknowledgements This study would not have been possible if not for the incredible help and support offered by a myriad of people. The study was funded by; The National Science Foundation (Grant # 0648678), Lambda Alpha, Washington University in St. Louis, and Conservation International – Guyana. My seven committee members, Michael Frachetti, Tiffany Knight, Katie MacKinnon, Jane Phillips-Conroy, Tab Rasmussen, Crickette Sanz, and Bob Sussman, all provided insightful comments and suggestions that greatly improved this dissertation. It was with Michaels’ help that I developed the GIS methodology I used in this study, and his guidance in spatial analysis has greatly improved the way I now approach research questions. Katie is one the few people I have ever known who can provide very thorough and constructive criticism and still make you feel that your work is outstanding. Jane has been a great mentor for my entire graduate career, and it was discussing her and Bob’s research experience that I first fell in love with Guyana. Tab was instrumental in helping me formulate my research questions and his statistical expertise has been invaluable. Crickette’s insight into fission-fusion social systems helped me make sense of the bearded saki social structure and her work in one of the most remote areas in the world gave me the confidence that I could succeed in my project. Bob has been everything I could ask for in an advisor and much more. His excellent advice and feedback were instrumental in all of the accomplishments of my graduate career, of which this dissertation is a culmination. His tremendous breadth of and incredible passion for knowledge has entertained and stimulated my intellectual iv development in all areas of anthropology. His humor kept me sane during the most stressful periods. Perhaps most importantly, his support for me has been unwavering, despite many bumps along the road that was my graduate career. This dissertation would never have been started if not for the guidance of my undergraduate advisor and mentor Ben Freed. Ben started my passion for primates and for that I am indebted. He also began my ecological orientation and instilled in me the ability to critically evaluate research as a sophomore in college. Paul Garber stoked my passion for primate behavioral ecology in Nicaragua and his constant advice and support have made me a better primatologist. As former students of Bobs’, Paul and Ben where instrumental in my coming to Washington University in the first place. My research in Guyana would have been impossible without the permission of the government of Guyana, especially the Environmental Protection Agency and the Guyana Forestry Comission. I am forever indebted to the people at Conservation International – Guyana for their extraordinary logistic support, for allowing me the incredible honor of working and living in the Upper Essequibo Conservation Concession, and for introducing me to the UECC in the first place. It is truly one of the most beautiful and amazing places on earth. I am especially thankful for the help and friendship of Eustace Alexander. His guidance, knowledge, and support, both logistic and emotional, were fundamental to almost every part of this study. I am grateful for the tremendous logistic support offered by Margaret and Malcolm Chan-a-Sue. Without their help, I would never have left Georgetown, much less conducted a 15 month study in one of the most remote areas of Guyana. Their knowledge of logistics in Guyana and the exceptionally generous dedication of their time allowed me v to accomplish so much despite seemingly infinite logistic pitfalls. The people of the Biological Diversity of the Guiana’s program, especially Vicki Funk, Carol Kelloff, and Karen Redden, were instrumental in preparing me for my time in Guyana and also provided remarkable logistic support. Many people in Georgetown provided friendship and/or logistic support, especially my friend KP. His constant companionship and help kept me safe and his humor and advice kept me sane. I also wish to thank the staff of the Rainforest Café Bed and Breakfast for always having a spot for me in the nicest place to stay in Georgetown. I would like to thank the people of the villages of Rewa and Apoteri for their hospitality, logistic support, and wisdom. I am incredibly grateful for their help, and my study would not have been possible if not for the permission, support, and advice of Tuchao Bowen. I am especially indebted to my wonderful field assistants, Nigel John, Elvis Joseph, Neville Moses, and especially Defraites Bowen, Henry “Bruds” James, and Hendricks Simon. Their expertise in the forest, guidance, and patience taught me more about rainforest ecology than any book could. In addition, their companionship, humor, and relaxed manner allowed me to enjoy my time in the field more than I ever thought possible. Their friendship made my time in Guyana truly special. I am also grateful for the encouragement and support of so many friends in the U.S. The ups and downs of my graduate career have shown me how incredibly lucky I am to have so many people who care about me and invest so much time and energy into my well being. My hometown friends, Aaron Jacobstein, Ryan Lowe, Brian Seidel, and Josh Schuman, have supported me throughout my graduate career, especially when I needed them most. So many graduate students at Washington University helped me vi during my time there that I could never name them all. Among them, Jose Capriles-Flores, Tafline and Sage Arbor, Rachael Dunn, Jessica Joganic, Lisa Kelley, Blaine Maley, and Joe Orkin were especially supportive. I am tremendously thankful for their amazing feedback, discussions, friendship, and emotional support. I will never forget the support of Anne Popiel, without whom this study would not have lasted a week. Looking forward to her visits was the only thing that kept me going at times and she never failed to answer my calls when I needed to hear a calm voice from home. Blaine Maley was especially instrumental in facilitating the conducting of this research. His extraordinary compassion kept me afloat when I was at my lowest and I am forever indebted for his friendship. Marissa Milstein has been as important as anyone in my completion of this dissertation.
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