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ܕʟɨ ࢇŁɴū à Ƌ Ʉ෨}Ⱦ͒wീ Ɋ͊ǡą 1Ȱཊ General Urban Plant of Belgrade, 2021 Integrated Water Management A4 ˧ܦ 1 |MSlJ η|MSlJ ɯ૪Jī܈ɹ-2021 θϙ ηȴŻ 20 ັ CD ɼǂ܈ɹθዄ2003 ዅ Prospective Development Program for the Water Supply System for A4 ˧ܦ 2 Belgrade BVK 67 ັ CD |MSlȴŻī܈ɹዄ2004 2 ȼዅ Regulation on Sanitary Requirements for Potable Water A4 ˧ܦ 3 BVK ^vE6༦ŁŻŻࢠ΢ዄ1998 8 ȼዅ 8 ັ Vw A4 ˧ܦ BVK ȡŻŻࢠ྾Ηʠዄ2001 3 ȼዅ؛ ȵŻɀ^ 4 2 ັ Vw ɋƉŻࢠ྾˖ FIRS CENSUS RESULTS BY MUNICIPALITIES AND A4 5 SETTLEMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA, 2002 Vw BVK 11 ັ 2002 ^vE6 6ƛގ˟ዄ2003 5 ȼዅዄͦ̌ዅ KfW-Final Report Rehabilitation of Urban Water Supplies and A4 6 Sanitation in Novi Sad, Nis and Belgrae-Phase I Vw KfW 3 ັ KfW xDGmkዄͦ̌ዅዄ2003 12 ȼዅ The Development of Belgrade waterworks System A4 7 Vw BVK |MSlȴŻዄͦ̌ዅዄ1997 ዅ 8 ັ ዄ2003 ªዅ A4 CD BVK؛BVK ࡧƓ 8 A4 9 BVK ^1ά¶πʱ CD BVK A3 A4 z[JRk B/Q CD BVKޗۀBVK ɔ 10 31 ັ 11 BVK im\ૡ ށƏvjMዄƏɹxDGዅ 9ą CD BVK BVK im\ૡ ށƏz_iZࢇŁ A4 12 CD BVK ዄtGkxDGዅ 40 ັ A4 13 BVK 5`Qŭ\k CD BVK 1 ັ BVK ށƏz_iZࢇŁ A4 14 CD BVK ዄtGkxDGዅ 21 ັ ጰፑጪɔ 15 BVK 110 ʧܕƠtxfkዄ2002 ዅ Vw BVK 21 ັ A4 16 Program of Construction of Water Treatment Plant Makis 2 Vw BVK 9 ັ A4 17 2004 Program Summary Vw USAID 17 ັ A4 18 2nd International Conference on PPP txfk Vw |MSlJ 2 ັ
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ƥۇɽɲ wɪʰ%ɀޗۀ ᎉ᎐᎓᎓፧᎖ᎍ፧᎘ᎈ᎕᎐Ꭰ
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎯᎬᎬᎻ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎌ᎙፰ ፸፵፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧፯ᎀ፧ᎾᎬᎳᎳᎺ፰ ፸፴፸ ᎈᎮᎮᎹᎬᎮᎨᎻᎬ፧፯᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧፭፧᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ፰ ፻ᎀ ፴፷፸ ፸፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፹ ᎍᎹᎬᎸᎼᎬᎵᎪᏀ፧᎐ᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፴፷፹ ፼፷፷፷ ፸፴፺ ᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎶᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፴፷፺ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፻ ᎨᎳᎽᎬᎺ ፸፷፷ ፴፷፻ ፼፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፼ ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ፸፷፷ ፴፷፻ ፼፷፷፷፷ ፸፴ ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎼᎩᎰᎪᎳᎬ ፼፷ ፴፷፼ ፼፷፷፷ ፸፴ ᎬᎹᎴᎰᎵᎨᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎯᎾ፧፲፧ᎺᎾ ፼፷ ፴፷ ፹፻፷፷፷፷ ፸፴ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ᎀ ፴፷ ፺፷፷፷ ፹፵፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧፯፹፧᎗፰ ፹፴፸ ᎈᎮᎮᎹᎬᎮᎨᎻᎬ፧፯᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧፭፧᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ፰ ፹ ፴፷፸ ፹፼፺ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹ ᎍᎹᎬᎸᎼᎬᎵᎪᏀ፧᎐ᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፺ ፴፷፹ ፸፷፼፻፹፷ ፹፴፺ ᎹᎨᎵᎺᎭᎶᎹᎴᎬᎹ ፸፻ ፴፷ ፹፺፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፻ ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎼᎩᎰᎪᎳᎬ ፻፻ ፴፷፼ ፹፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፼ ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ፼ ፴፷፻ ፼፸፷፷ ፹፴ ᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎶᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፼ ፴፷፺ ፺፼፷፷ ፹፴ ᎬᎹᎴᎰᎵᎨᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎯᎾ፧፲፧ᎺᎾ ፹፺ ፴፷ ፼ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፹፻ ፴፷ ፻፷፺፼፷ ፹፴ᎀ ᎓ᎶᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎊᎈᎋᎈ ፸፻ ፴፸፷ ፷፷ ፺፵፧᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧᎗ᎶᎰᎵᎻ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧፯፹፧ᎷᎶᎰᎵᎻᎺ፰ ፺፴፸ ᎊᎯᎳᎶᎹᎰᎵᎬ፧ᎴᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎬᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፹ ፴፸፸ ፷፷፷፷ ፺፴፹ ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎼᎩᎰᎪᎳᎬ ፹ ፴፷፼ ፸፻፷፷፷ ፺፴፺ ᎬᎹᎴᎰᎵᎨᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎯᎾ፧፲፧ᎺᎾ ፹ ፴፷ ፸፻፷፷፷፷ ፺፴፻ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፹ ፴፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፻፵፧᎙ᎬᎺᎬᎹᎽᎶᎰᎹ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፻፴፸ ᎊᎯᎳᎶᎹᎰᎵᎬ፧ᎴᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎬᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፹፷ ፴፸፸ ፼፷፷፷፷ ፻፴፹ ᎬᎹᎴᎰᎵᎨᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎯᎾ፧፲፧ᎺᎾ ፹፷ ፴፷ ፸፷፷፷፷፷ ፻፴፺ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፹፷ ፴፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፼፵፧ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧᎕ᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ ፼፴፸ ᎐᎗፧ᎋᎨᎻᎨ፧ᎵᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ ፼፴፸፴፸ ᎖ᎷᎻᎰᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎪᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎰᎵᎲ፧፧፺፸፵፸ᎲᎴ ፸ ፴፷ᎀ ፼፷፷፷፷፷ ፼፴፸፴፹ ᎈᎪᎻᎰᎽᎬ፧ᎪᎶᎴᎷᎶᎵᎬᎵᎻᎺ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧ᎹᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ ፺፷ ፴፷ᎀ ᎀ፷፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፹ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ ፻ ፴፷ᎀ ፹ᎀ፷፷፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ ፸፹ ፴፷ᎀ ፸፷፷ ፼፴፹ ᎰᎹᎬᎳᎬᎺᎺ፧ᎫᎨᎻᎨ፧ᎻᎹᎨᎵᎺᎴᎰᎺᎺᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎵᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ ፴፷ᎀ ፹፷፷፷ ፵፧᎓ᎶᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹ፧፧ᎉᎬᏁᎨᎵᎰᎱᎨ ፴፸ ᎋᎶᎴᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳᎳᎬᎹ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፺፼፷፷ ፴፹ ᎘᎓፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፹፷፷ ፵፧᎓ᎶᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹ፧፧ᎉᎨᎵᎶᎽᎶ፧ᎉᎹᎫᎶ ፴፸ ᎘᎓፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፹፷፷ ፴፹ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧᎕ᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፸፸፼፷፷ ፴፺ ᎋᎶᎴᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳᎳᎬᎹ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፺፼፷፷ ፵፧᎔ᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹ፧፧ᎋᎬᎳᎰᎮᎹᎨᎫᎺᎲᎨ፧ᎻᎹᎬᎬᎻ ፴፸ ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹᎺ፧ᎭᎶᎹ፧ᎹᎬᎨᎳ፧ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎉ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ ፴፸፴፸ ᎘᎓፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፺ ፴፸፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፴፸፴፹ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧᎕ᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፼፷፷ ፴፸፴፺ ᎋᎶᎴᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳᎳᎬᎹ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፹ ፴፸፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፴፸፴፻ ᎔ᎨᎺᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎊᎈᎋᎈ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ ፸ ፴፸፷ ᎀ፺፷፷ ፴፹ ᎶᎹᎲᎺᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ፴፹፴፸ ᎶᎹᎲᎺᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፺ ፴፸፷ ፷፷ ፴፺ ᎶᎰᎪᎬ፧ᎶᎽᎬᎹ፧᎐᎗፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፴፺፴፸ ᎖᎐᎗፧ᎮᎨᎻᎬᎾᎨᏀ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፴፺፴፹ ᎖᎐᎗፧ᎮᎨᎻᎬᎲᎬᎬᎷᎬᎹ ፸ ፴፸፷ ፻፷፷፷ ᎀ፵፧᎓ᎨᎩᎶᎹᎨᎻᎶᎹᏀ፧ᎴᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧ᎬᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎰᎵᎺᎻᎹᎼᎴᎬᎵᎻ ᎀ፴፸ ᎊᎯᎬᎴᎰᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎳᎨᎩᎶᎹᎨᎻᎶᎹᏀ ᎀ፴፸፴፸ ᎈᎻᎶᎴᎰᎪ፧ᎈᎩᎺᎶᎹᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎷᎬᎪᎻᎹᎶᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ፯ᎈᎈ፰ ፸ ፴፸፹ ᎀ፼፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፸፴፹ ᎶᎻᎨᎳ፧᎖ᎹᎮᎨᎵᎰᎪ፧ᎊᎨᎹᎩᎶᎵ፧ᎈᎵᎨᎳᏀᏁᎬᎹ፯᎖ᎊ፰ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፹፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፸፴፺ ፴᎐፧ᎷᎬᎪᎻᎹᎶᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፸ᎀ፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፸፴፻ ᎏᎰᎮᎯ᎗ᎬᎹᎭᎶᎹᎴᎨᎵᎪᎬ፧᎓ᎰᎸᎼᎰᎫ፧ᎊᎯᎹᎶᎴᎨᎻᎶᎮᎹᎨᎷᎯᏀ፯ᎏ᎗᎓ᎊ፰ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፻፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፸፴፼ ᎐ᎶᎵ፧ᎊᎯᎹᎶᎴᎨᎻᎶᎮᎹᎨᎷᎯᏀ፧፴፧᎐ᎊ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፻፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፸፴ ᎈᎵᎨᎳᏀᎻᎰᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎩᎨᎳᎨᎵᎪᎬ፳፧፷፵፷፷፸Ꭾ፸ ፴፸፹ ᎀ፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፸፴ ᎎᎳᎨᎺᎺᎾᎨᎹᎬ፧ᎨᎺᎯᎬᎹ ፸ ፴፸፹ ᎀ፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፹ ᎔ᎰᎪᎹᎶᎩᎰᎶᎳᎶᎮᎰᎪᎨᎳ፧᎓ᎨᎩᎶᎹᎨᎻᎶᎹᏀ ᎀ፴፹፴፸ ᎔ᎰᎪᎹᎶᎺᎪᎶᎷᎬ፧ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፸፷፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፹፴፹ ᎈᎼᎻᎶᎪᎳᎨᎽᎬ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፹፼፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፹፴፺ ᎎᎳᎨᎺᎺᎾᎨᎹᎬ፧ᎨᎺᎯᎬᎹ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎫᎹᏀᎰᎵᎮ፧ᎺᏀᎺᎻᎬᎴ ፸ ፴፸፹ ᎀ፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፺ ᎊᎯᎬᎴᎰᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎳᎨᎩᎶᎹᎨᎻᎶᎹᏀ፯ᎾᎨᎺᎻᎬ፧ᎾᎨᎻᎬᎹ፰ ᎀ፴፺፴፸ ᎈᎻᎶᎴᎰᎪ፧ᎈᎩᎺᎶᎹᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎷᎬᎪᎻᎹᎶᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ፯ᎈᎈ፰ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፷፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፺፴፹ ᎎᎨᎺ፧ᎊᎯᎹᎶᎴᎨᎻᎶᎮᎹᎨᎷᎯ፳፧᎗᎗ᎊ፳፧ᎍ᎐ᎋ፧ᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎌᎊᎋ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፺፷፷፷ ᎀ፴፺፴፺ ᎶᎻᎨᎳ፧᎖ᎹᎮᎨᎵᎰᎪ፧ᎊᎨᎹᎩᎶᎵ፧ᎈᎵᎨᎳᏀᏁᎬᎹ፯᎖ᎊ፰ ፸ ፴፸፹ ፹፷፷፷ ᎶᎻᎨᎳ ፳፻፳፺፼፷ ፴፷፸፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷᎺ፧፭፧᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ ፹፧፶፧፹
᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎍᎳᎶᎾ፧ᎪᎨᎷᎨᎪᎰᎻᏀ ᎏᎬᎨᎫ፧፯Ꮄ፰ ᎹᎷᎴ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹ፰ ፯Ꮃ፶ᎺᎬᎪ፰ ᎖ᎼᎻᎷᎼᎻ፯Ꮂ፰ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፸፴፸፴፷፸ ᎙፴Ꮄ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷፹ ᎙፴፹Ꮄ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷፺ ᎙፴Ꮄ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷፻ ᎙፴፸Ꮄ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷፼ ᎙፴፸ᎀ፶፸ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷ ᎙፴፹፷፶፸ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷ ᎙፴፹፷ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷ ᎙፴፸፼፶፸ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፷ᎀ ᎙፴፸፻፶፸ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸፷ ᎙፴፸፺፶፸ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸፸ ᎙፴፸፸፶፸ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸፹ ᎙፴፸፹፶፸ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸፺ ᎙፸፹፶፹ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸፻ ᎙፴፺ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸፼ ᎙፴ᎀ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸ ᎙፴ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸ ᎙፹፹፶፸ ፸ ፸፺፷ ፼ ፸፷ ፺፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸ ᎙፴፹ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፸ᎀ ᎙፴፻፶፸ ፸ ፸፺፷ ፼ ፸፷ ፺፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹፷ ᎙፴፻፷ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹፸ ᎙፴፻፹ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹፹ ᎙፴፻፺ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹፺ ᎙፴፻፼ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹፻ ᎙፴፻ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹፼ ᎙፴፻ᎀ ፸ ፸፺፷ ፼ ፸፷ ፺፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹ ᎙፴፺ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹ ᎙፴፹ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹ ᎙፴፹ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፹ᎀ ᎙፴፼ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺፷ ᎙፴ᎀ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺፸ ᎙፴፸ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺፹ ᎙፴ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺፺ ᎙፴ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺፻ ᎙፴ᎀ፷ ፸ ፸፺፷ ፼ ፸፷ ፺፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺፼ ᎙፴ᎀ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺ ᎙፴፼ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺ ᎙፴ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺ ᎙፴፻፸ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፺ᎀ ᎙፴፺፼ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻፷ ᎙፴፹ᎀ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻፸ ᎙፴፹፺፶፸ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻፹ ᎙፴፸፻ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻፺ ᎙፴፸፹፶፺ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻፻ ᎙ᎌ፴፼Ꮄ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻፼ ᎙፴ᎈ ፸ ፸፺፷ ፼ ፸፷ ፺፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻ ᎙፴፸፷ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፼ ፸፺፹ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፻፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻ ᎙፴፸፸ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻ ᎙፴፸፶፸ ፸ ፷ ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷፷ ፸፴፸፴፻ᎀ ᎙፴፸ ፸ ፺፼ ፼ ፻፼ ፺፷፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፸፴፷፸ ᎗፴፸Ꭸ ፸ ፸ ፸፷ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፷፹ ᎗፴፸Ꭸ ፸ ፸ ፸፷ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፷፺ ᎗፴፸Ꭸ ፸ ፸ ፸፷ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፷፻ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፺፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፷፼ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፺፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፷ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፺፷፷፷ ፴፷፸፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷᎺ፧፭፧᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ ፺፧፶፧፹
᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎍᎳᎶᎾ፧ᎪᎨᎷᎨᎪᎰᎻᏀ ᎏᎬᎨᎫ፧፯Ꮄ፰ ᎹᎷᎴ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹ፰ ፯Ꮃ፶ᎺᎬᎪ፰ ᎖ᎼᎻᎷᎼᎻ፯Ꮂ፰ ፹፴፸፴፷ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፺፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፷ ᎗፴፻ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፷ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፹፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፷ᎀ ᎗፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፼፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸፷ ᎗፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፼፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸፸ ᎗፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፼፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸፹ ᎗፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፼፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸፺ ᎗፴፸ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼ ፹፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸፻ ᎗፴፸ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼ ፹፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸፼ ᎗፴፸ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼ ፹፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸ ᎗፴፹፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፷ ፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸ ᎗፴፹፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፷ ፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸ ᎗፴፹፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፷ ፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፸ᎀ ᎗፴፹፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፷ ፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹፷ ᎗፴፹፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፷ ፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹፸ ᎗፴፸ ፸ ፸፹፷ ፷ ፸፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹፹ ᎗፴፸ ፸ ፸፹፷ ፷ ፸፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹፺ ᎗፴፸ ፸ ፸፹፷ ፷ ፸፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹፻ ᎗፴፹፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼ ፹፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹፼ ᎗፴፹፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼ ፹፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹ ᎗፴፹፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼ ፹፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹ ᎗፴፹፷ ፸ ፹፻፷ ፸፼፷ ፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፸፴፹ ᎗፴፹፷ ፸ ፹፻፷ ፸፼፷ ፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፸፷፼፷፷፷ ፻፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፹፧፶፧ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎰᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹᎺ፧ᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎺᎶᎭᎻ፧ᎺᎻᎨᎹᎻᎬᎹᎺ
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎶᎳᎻᎨᎮᎬ፯፰ ᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ፧᎖ᎼᎻᎷᎼᎻ፯Ꮂ፰ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹ፰ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፸፴፹፴፷፸ ᎙፴፧፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፼ ፼፷፷፷ ፸፴፹፴፷፹ ᎙፧፴ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፼ ፼፷፷፷ ፸፴፹፴፷፺ ᎙፴ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፼ ፼፷፷፷ ፸፴፹፴፷፻ ᎙፧፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፺፹ ፸፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፹፴፷፼ ᎙፴ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፺፹ ፸፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፹፴፷ ᎙፴ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፺፹ ፸፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፹፴፷ ᎙፴፺፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፺፹ ፸፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፹፴፷ ᎙፴፻ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፷ ፸፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፹፴፷፸ ᎗፴፸Ꭸ፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷፹ ᎗፴፸Ꭸ፶ᎺᎺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷፺ ᎗፴፸Ꭸ፶ᎺᎺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷፻ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፷፺፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷፼ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷ ᎗፴፸Ꭹ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼፷ ፸፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷ ᎗፴፻፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፷ᎀ ᎗፴፸፼፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸፷ ᎗፴፸፼፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸፸ ᎗፴፸፼፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸፹ ᎗፴፸፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፷ ፸፻፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸፺ ᎗፴፸፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፷ ፼፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸፻ ᎗፴፸፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፷ ፼፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸፼ ᎗፴፸፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸ ᎗፴፸፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸ ᎗፴፸፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸ ᎗፴፸፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፸ᎀ ᎗፴፹፺፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፷፺፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹፷ ᎗፴፹፺፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፷፺፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹፸ ᎗፴፹፺፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹፹ ᎗፴፹፺፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹፺ ᎗፴፹፺፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹፻ ᎗፴፸፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፷ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹፼ ᎗፴፸፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፷ ፼፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹ ᎗፴፸፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፷ ፼፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹ ᎗፴፸ᎈ፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷ ፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹ ᎗፴፸ᎈ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷ ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፹ᎀ ᎗፴፸ᎈ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷ ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺፷ ᎗፴፹፸፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፸፸፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺፸ ᎗፴፹፸፴ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፼ᎀ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺፹ ᎗፴፹፸፴ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፼ᎀ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺፺ ᎗፴፹፹፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ᎀ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺፻ ᎗፴፹፹፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ፹፷ ፹፴፹፴፺፼ ᎗፴፹፻፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፸፷ ᎀ፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺ ᎗፴፹፻፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፸፷ ፺፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺ ᎗፴፹፻፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፸፷ ፺፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺ ᎗፴፹፷፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፷፺፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፺ᎀ ᎗፴፹፷፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻፷ ᎗፴፹፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼ ፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻፸ ᎗፴፹፶ ፻፷፷ ፼፼ ፹፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻፹ ᎗፴፹፶ ፻፷፷ ፼፼ ፹፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻፺ ᎗፴፺፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፺፸፼ ፹፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻፻ ᎗፴፺፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፺፸፼ ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻፼ ᎗፴፺፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፺፸፼ ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻ ᎗፴ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ᎀ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻ ᎗፴፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎀ፷ ፹፷ ፴፷፹፧፶፧ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎰᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹᎺ፧ᎨᎵᎫ፧ᎺᎶᎭᎻ፧ᎺᎻᎨᎹᎻᎬᎹᎺ ፼፧፶፧፹
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎶᎳᎻᎨᎮᎬ፯፰ ᎔ᎶᎻᎶᎹ፧᎖ᎼᎻᎷᎼᎻ፯Ꮂ፰ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹ፰ ፹፴፹፴፻ ᎗፴᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼ ፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፻ᎀ ᎗፴᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼ ፹፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፼፷ ᎗፴᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፼፼ ፹፼፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፼፸ ᎗፴፸ᎀ፶ᎍ᎙ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፸፸፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፼፹ ᎗፴፸ᎀ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፼ᎀ፷፷ ፹፴፹፴፼፺ ᎗፴፸ᎀ፶ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፼ᎀ፷፷ ፴፷፺፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧᎔ᎌᎈ᎙ᎌ᎔ᎌ᎕፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕፧፯ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎬᎽᎬᎳ፰ ፧፶፧፹
ᏀᎷᎬ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧ᎷᎨᎵ፧ ᎋᎬᎷᎻᎯ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎾᎬᎳᎳ፧፯Ꮄ፰ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፯ᎬᎼᎹ፰ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፸፴፺፴፷፸ ᎙፧፺ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፺፴፷፹ ᎙፧ᎀ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፺፴፷፺ ᎙፧ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፺፴፷፻ ᎙፧፻ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፺፴፷፼ ᎙፧ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፺፴፷ ᎙፧ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፺፴፷ ᎙፧፺፼ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፺፴፷ ᎙፧፻ᎀ ፹ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፷፴፻፷ ፸፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፴፷፸ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፹ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፺ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፻ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፼ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፻ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፻፧ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፷ ᎗፧፻ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፸ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፹ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፺ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፻ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፼ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ᎀ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፷ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፸ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፹ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፺ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፻ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፼ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹ᎀ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺፷ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺፸ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺፹ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺፺ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺፻ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺፼ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺ᎀ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻፷ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻፸ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻፹ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻፺ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻፻ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻፼ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፴፷፺፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧᎔ᎌᎈ᎙ᎌ᎔ᎌ᎕፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕፧፯ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎬᎽᎬᎳ፰ ፧፶፧፹
ᏀᎷᎬ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧ᎷᎨᎵ፧ ᎋᎬᎷᎻᎯ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎾᎬᎳᎳ፧፯Ꮄ፰ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፯ᎬᎼᎹ፰ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፹፴፴፻ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻ᎀ ᎗፧፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼፷ ᎗፧፼ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼፸ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼፹ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼፺ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼፻ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼፼ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼ᎀ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፹፼ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴ ᎗፧፺፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፻፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴ ᎗፧፺፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፻፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴ᎀ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፹ ᎗፧ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፺ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፻ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፴፼ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ᎗ᎰᎬᎺᎶ ፷፴፸ ፼፷፷ ፴፷፻፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎨᎳᎽᎬᎺ፧፭፧ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ፧፶፧፹
ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ᎨᎳᎽᎬᎺ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎋᎰᎨᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼ፰ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎋᎰᎨᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼ፰ ፯ᎴᎴ፰ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፸፴፻፴፷፸ ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷፹ ፸Ꮄ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷፺ ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷፻ ፹Ꮄ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷፼ ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷ ፺Ꮄ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷ ፺ᎈ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷ ፻፶᎐ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷ᎀ ፻፶᎐᎐᎐ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸፷ ፻Ꮄ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸፸ ፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸፹ ፼Ꮄ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸፻ ᎈ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸፼ ᎔ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸ ᎔ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸ ᎈ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸ᎀ ᎔ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹፷ ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹፸ ፸፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹፹ ፸፷᎔ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹፺ ፸፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹፻ ፸፸፶᎐ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹፼ ፸፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹ ፸፹፶፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹ ፸፹፶፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹ ፸፹፶፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹ᎀ ፸፺፶፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺፷ ፸፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺፸ ፸፻፶፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺፹ ፸፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺፺ ፸፼፶፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺፻ ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺፼ ፸፶፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺ ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺ ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺ ፸ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺ᎀ ፸ᎀ፶፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻፷ ፹፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻፸ ፹፷፶፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻፹ ፹፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻፺ ፹፹፶᎐ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻፻ ፹፹፶᎐᎐ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻፼ ፹፺፶᎐ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፧፸፴፻፴፻ ፹፺፶᎐᎐ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻ ፹፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻ ፹፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻ᎀ ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼፷ ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼፸ ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼፹ ፹ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼፺ ፺፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼፻ ፺፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼፼ ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፴፷፻፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎨᎳᎽᎬᎺ፧፭፧ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ᎀ፧፶፧፹
ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ᎨᎳᎽᎬᎺ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎋᎰᎨᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼ፰ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎋᎰᎨᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼ፰ ፯ᎴᎴ፰ ፸፴፻፴፼ ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼ ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼ ፻፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼ᎀ ፻፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷ ፻፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸ ፻፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹ ፻፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺ ፻፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻ ፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼ ፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፻ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፼፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ ፼፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷ ፼፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸ ፼፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹ ፼ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺ ፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻ ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼ ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፷ ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸ ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፹ ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፺ ፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፼ ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ ፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ፷ ፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ፻ ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ፼ ᎀ፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ ᎀ፹ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ ᎀ፺ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀ ᎀ፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴ᎀᎀ ᎀ፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴ᎀᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፻፴፸፷፷ ᎀ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፼፴፸፷፷ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፼፴፷፸ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷፹ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷፺ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷፻ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፻፼፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷፼ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፻፼፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷ ᎗፧፻ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፻ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸፷ ᎗፧፻ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፴፷፻፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎨᎳᎽᎬᎺ፧፭፧ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ፸፷፧፶፧፹
ᎍᎳᎨᎷᎺ ᎨᎳᎽᎬᎺ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎋᎰᎨᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼ፰ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎋᎰᎨᎴᎬᎻᎬᎹ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼ፰ ፯ᎴᎴ፰ ፹፴፼፴፸፸ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸፹ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸፺ ᎗፧፸፼ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸፻ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸፼ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸ᎀ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፺፼፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹፷ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹፸ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹፹ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹፺ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹፻ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹፼ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹ ᎗፧፹፼ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹ ᎗፧፹፼ᎈ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹ ᎗፧፹፼ᎈ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹ᎀ ᎗፧፹፼ᎈ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺፷ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺፸ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺፹ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺፺ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺፻ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺፼ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፹፼፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺ᎀ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻፷ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻፸ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻፹ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻፺ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ፸፼፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻፻ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ፸፼፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻፼ ᎗፧፹፹ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻ ᎗፧፹፹ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻ ᎗፧፹፻ ፸ ፺፼፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻ ᎗፧፹፻ ፸ ፺፼፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻ᎀ ᎗፧፹፻ ፸ ፺፼፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼፷ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼፸ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼፹ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ፺፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼፺ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼፻ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼፼ ᎗፧፹ ፸ ፸፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼ ᎗፧፺፺ ፸ ፸፼፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼ ᎗፧፺፺ ፸ ፸፼፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼ᎀ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፷ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ፼፷፷ ፹፷፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፸ ᎗፧ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፹ ᎗፧ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፺ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፻ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፹፴፼፴፼ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ፹፷፷ ፼፷፷ ፸፸፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፼፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎊ᎖᎕᎙᎖᎓፧ᎊᎉ᎐ᎊ᎓ᎌ
᎐ᎵᎺᎻᎨᎳᎳᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎶᎳᎻᎨᎮᎬ፯፰ ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶ፧ᎪᎯᎬᎴᎬ ᎔ᎨᎱᎶᎹ፧ᎊᎶᎴᎷᎶᎵᎬᎵᎻ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹᎶ፰ ᎐ᎵᎫᎶᎶᎹ፧፶፧᎖ᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፸፴፴፷፸ ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፹ ᎀ፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፺ ᎀ፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፻ ᎀ፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፼ ᎀ፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ᎀ፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፸ ፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፹ ፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፺ ፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፻ ፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፼ ፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ᎀ ፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፷ ፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፸ ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፹ ፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፺ ፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፻ ፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፼ ፼ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ᎀ ፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፷ ፼፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፸ ፼፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፹ ፻ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፺ ፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፻ ፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፼ ፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፻፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፹፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፼፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎊ᎖᎕᎙᎖᎓፧ᎊᎉ᎐ᎊ᎓ᎌ
᎐ᎵᎺᎻᎨᎳᎳᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎶᎳᎻᎨᎮᎬ፯፰ ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶ፧ᎪᎯᎬᎴᎬ ᎔ᎨᎱᎶᎹ፧ᎊᎶᎴᎷᎶᎵᎬᎵᎻ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹᎶ፰ ᎐ᎵᎫᎶᎶᎹ፧፶፧᎖ᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፴፴፺ ፻፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፻፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ᎀ ፻፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፷ ፻፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፸ ፻፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፹ ፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፺ ፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፻ ፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፼ ፺፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹፹፶᎐ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹፹፶᎐᎐ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹፺፶᎐ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ᎀ ፹፺፶᎐᎐ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፼፷ ፹፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፻፴፷፸ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷፹ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷፺ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷፻ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷፼ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷ ᎗፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷ ᎗፧፸ᎈ፲፸ᎉ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸፷ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸፸ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸፹ ᎗፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸፺ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸፻ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸፼ ᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፸ᎀ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹፷ ᎗፧፹፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹፸ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹፹ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፸፺፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፼፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎊ᎖᎕᎙᎖᎓፧ᎊᎉ᎐ᎊ᎓ᎌ
᎐ᎵᎺᎻᎨᎳᎳᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎶᎳᎻᎨᎮᎬ፯፰ ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶ፧ᎪᎯᎬᎴᎬ ᎔ᎨᎱᎶᎹ፧ᎊᎶᎴᎷᎶᎵᎬᎵᎻ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹᎶ፰ ᎐ᎵᎫᎶᎶᎹ፧፶፧᎖ᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፹፴፻፴፹፺ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹፻ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹፼ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹ ᎗፧፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፹ᎀ ᎗፧፹፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺፷ ᎗፧፹፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺፸ ᎗፧፹፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺፹ ᎗፧፹፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺፺ ᎗፧፹፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺፻ ᎗፧፹፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺፼ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺ ᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፺ᎀ ᎗፧፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፻፷ ᎗፧ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፻፸ ᎗፧ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፻፹ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፻፺ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ፹፴፻፴፻፻ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎰᎵᎫᎶᎹ ፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧᎗ᎶᎰᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፺፴፹፴፷፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፷ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፻፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፼፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎊ᎖᎕᎙᎖᎓፧ᎊᎉ᎐ᎊ᎓ᎌ
᎐ᎵᎺᎻᎨᎳᎳᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎶᎳᎻᎨᎮᎬ፯፰ ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶ፧ᎪᎯᎬᎴᎬ ᎔ᎨᎱᎶᎹ፧ᎊᎶᎴᎷᎶᎵᎬᎵᎻ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼᎹᎶ፰ ᎐ᎵᎫᎶᎶᎹ፧፶፧᎖ᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፺፴፹፴፸፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፸ᎀ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹፷ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹፸ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹፺ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹፻ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹፼ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፺፴፹፴፹ ፸ ፻፷፷ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፼፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎙᎔᎐᎕ᎈ᎓፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕፧፯ᎯᎾ፧፲፧ᎺᎾ፰
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ᎏ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፸፴፴፷፸ ᎀ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፹ ᎀ፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፺ ᎀ፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፻ ᎀ፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፼ ᎀ፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ᎀ፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፸ ፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፹ ፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፺ ፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፻ ፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፼ ፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ᎀ ፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፷ ፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፸ ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፹ ፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፺ ፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፻ ፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፼ ፼ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ᎀ ፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፷ ፼፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፸ ፼፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፹ ፻ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፺ ፻፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፻ ፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፼ ፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፻፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፻፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፻፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ᎀ ፻፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፷ ፻፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፸ ፻፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፹ ፺፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፺ ፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፻ ፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፼ ፺፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹፹፶᎐ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹፹፶᎐᎐ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፹፺፶᎐ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ᎀ ፹፺፶᎐᎐ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ፸፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎙᎔᎐᎕ᎈ᎓፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕፧፯ᎯᎾ፧፲፧ᎺᎾ፰
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ᎏ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ ፸፴፴፼፷ ፹፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፴፷፸ ᎗፧፸Ꭸ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፹ ᎗፧፸Ꭹ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፺ ᎗፧፻፧ᎊᎹᎽᎬᎵᎰ፧ᎲᎹᎺᎻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፻ ᎗፧፸፼፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፼ ᎗፧፸፼፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷᎗፧፸፧ᎨᎺᎴᎨᎱᎫᎨᎵ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፸ᎀ፧ᎉᎬᏁᎨᎵᎰᎱᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፷ ᎗፧፹፺፧ᎻᎼᎫ፵፧ᎮᎹᎨᎫ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፸ ᎗፧፹፼፧᎔ᎶᎲᎹ፵ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፹ ᎗፧፹፧ᎡᎨᎹᎲᎶᎽᎶ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፺ ᎗፧፼፧፵፧ᎋᎹᎨᎱᏁᎬᎹᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፻ ᎗፧፸፧ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፼ ᎗፧፹፸፧᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፹፹፧ᎶᎹᎳᎨᎲ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፹፻፧᎒ᎶᎺᎼᎻᎵᎱᎨᎲ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸᎗፧፹፷፧ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ᎀ ᎗፧፹፧᎙ᎰᎷᎨᎵᎱ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፷ ᎗፧፺፺፧ᎈᎽᎨᎳᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፸ ᎗፧፺፧ᎼᎹᎪᎰᎵ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፹ ᎗፧፧ᎋᎼᎵᎨᎽ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፺ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧᎗ᎶᎰᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፺፴፺፴፷፸ ፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷፹ ፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷፺ ፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷፻ ፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷፼ ፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፷ᎀ ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸፷ ፸፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸፸ ፸፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸፹ ፸፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸፺ ፸፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸፻ ፸፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸፼ ፸፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸ ፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸ ፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፸ᎀ ፸ᎀ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹፷ ፹፷ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹፸ ፹፸ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹፹ ፹፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹፺ ፹፺ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹፻ ፹፻ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹፼ ፹፼ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹ ፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹ ፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፺፴፹፹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎙ᎬᎺᎬᎹᎽᎶᎰᎹ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፻፴፹፴፷፸ ᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷፹ ᎎᎳᎨᎽᎵᎰ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷፺ ᎒ᎹᎨᎰᎵᎺᎲᎰ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷፻ ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷፼ ᎡᎨᎹᎲᎶᎽᎶ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷ ᎴᎲᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷ ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷᎔ᎶᎲᎹᎶᎳᎼᎺᎲᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፷ᎀ ᎋᎬᎫᎰᎵᎱᎬ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸፷ ᎉᎨᎹᎨᎱᎬᎽᎶ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎙᎔᎐᎕ᎈ᎓፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕፧፯ᎯᎾ፧፲፧ᎺᎾ፰
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ᎏ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ ፻፴፹፴፸፸ ᎗ᎬᎻᎳᎶᎽᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸፹ ᎻᎶᎱᎪᎰᎵᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸፺ ᎶᎹᎳᎨᎲ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸፻ ᎋᎬᎽᎶᎱᎨᎪᎲᎰ፧ᎮᎹᎶᎩ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸፼ ᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸ ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎻᎶᎾᎬᎹ፧᎒ᎶᎺᎼᎻᎵᎱᎨᎲ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸ ᎼᎷᎳᎱᎨ፧ᎺᎻᎬᎵᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸᎒ᎼᎴᎶᎫᎹᎨᏁ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፸ᎀ ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎻᎶᎾᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፻፴፹፴፹፷ ᎎᎼᎵᎪᎨᎻᎰ ፸ ᎗᎓ᎊ፧ᎾᎰᎻᎯ፧ᎨᎪᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹᎰᎬᎺ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎮᎹᎨᎴᎰᎵᎮ ፻፷፷፷ ፸፷፷፷ ፴፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎓ᎌᎊ᎖᎔᎔᎕᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕ ፸፧፶፧፹
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ ᎃᎃ፧ᎬᎳᎳ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፸፴፴፷፸ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፹ ፸Ꮄ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፺ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፻ ፹Ꮄ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷፼ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፺Ꮄ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፺ᎈ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፻፶᎐ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ᎀ ፻Ꮄ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፷ ፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፸ ፼Ꮄ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፺ ᎈ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፻ ᎔ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ᎔ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ᎈ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ᎔ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ᎀ ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፷ ፸፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፸ ፸፷᎔ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፹ ፸፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፺ ፸፸፶᎐ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፻ ፸፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹፼ ፸፹፶፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፸፹፶፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፸፹፶፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፸፺፶፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ᎀ ፸፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፷ ፸፻፶፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፸ ፸፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፹ ፸፼፶፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፺ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፻ ፸፶፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺፼ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፸ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፸ᎀ፶፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ᎀ ፹፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፷ ፹፷፶፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፸ ፹፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፹ ፹፹፶᎐ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፺ ፹፺፶᎐ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፻ ፹፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻፼ ፹፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ᎀ ፹ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፼፷ ፺፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴፼፸ ፺፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼፹ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼፺ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼፻ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼፼ ፻፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼ ፻፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼ ፻፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፴፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎓ᎌᎊ᎖᎔᎔᎕᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕ ፸ᎀ፧፶፧፹
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ ፸፴፴፼ ፻፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼ᎀ ፻፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፻፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፻ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼ ፼፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፼፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፼፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፼፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ ፼ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼ ፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፷ ፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፹ ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፺ ፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፻ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴፼ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ፸ ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ፹ ᎀ፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ፺ ᎀ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ፻ ᎀ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ፼ ᎀ፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ ᎀ፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ፸፴፴ᎀ ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፼፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፴፷፸ ᎗፧፸Ꭸ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳ᎩᎶᎿ፳፧ᎭᎰᎩᎬᎹ፳፧ᎴᎬᎫ፵ ፹፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፹ ᎗፧፸Ꭹ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፺ ᎗፧፻፧ᎊᎹᎽᎬᎵᎰ፧ᎲᎹᎺᎻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፻ ᎗፧፸፼፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፷፼ ᎗፧፸፼፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ፳፧ᎭᎰᎩᎬᎹ፳፧ᎴᎬᎫ፵ ፺፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ፳፧ᎭᎰᎩᎬᎹ፳፧ᎴᎬᎫ፵ ፺፷፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎨᎺᎴᎨᎱᎫᎨᎵ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፸ᎀ፧ᎉᎬᏁᎨᎵᎰᎱᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ፳፧ᎭᎰᎩᎬᎹ፳፧ᎴᎬᎫ፵ ፺፸፼፷ ፹፴፴፸፷ ᎗፧፹፺፧ᎻᎼᎫ፵፧ᎮᎹᎨᎫ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፸ ᎗፧፹፼፧᎔ᎶᎲᎹ፵ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፹ ᎗፧፹፧ᎡᎨᎹᎲᎶᎽᎶ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፺ ᎗፧፼፧፵፧ᎋᎹᎨᎱᏁᎬᎹᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፻ ᎗፧፸፧ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፸፼ ᎗፧፹፸፧᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፹፹፧ᎶᎹᎳᎨᎲ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ፳፧ᎾᎳᎳ፧ᎺᎼᎩᎺᎪᎹ፵ ፺፹፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፹፻፧᎒ᎶᎺᎼᎻᎵᎱᎨᎲ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፴፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎓ᎌᎊ᎖᎔᎔᎕᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧ᎌ᎘᎐᎗᎔ᎌ᎕ ፹፷፧፶፧፹
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ ፹፴፴፸ ᎗፧፹፷፧ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፸ᎀ ᎗፧፺፷፧᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፺፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፷ ᎗፧፹፧᎙ᎰᎷᎨᎵᎱ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፸ ᎗፧፺፺፧ᎈᎽᎨᎳᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፹ ᎗፧፺፧ᎼᎹᎪᎰᎵ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፺ ᎗፧፧ᎋᎼᎵᎨᎽ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ፹፴፴፹፻ ᎗፧᎓ᎬᎺᎪᎬ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፳ᎷᎹᎶᎻ፵ᎪᎶᎵᎽ፵፳፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፳፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፻፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧᎗ᎶᎰᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፺፴፻፴፷፸ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷፹ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷፺ ፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷፻ ፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷፼ ፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፷ᎀ ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸፷ ፸፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸፸ ፸፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸፹ ፸፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸፺ ፸፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸፻ ፸፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸፼ ፸፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸ ፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፸ᎀ ፸ᎀ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹፷ ፹፷ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹፸ ፹፸ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹፹ ፹፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹፺ ፹፺ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹፻ ፹፻ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹፼ ፹፼ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ፺፴፻፴፹ ፹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬᎴ፳፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፷፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎙ᎬᎺᎬᎹᎽᎶᎰᎹ፧ᎅᎅ ፻፴፺፴፷፸ ᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷፹ ᎎᎳᎨᎽᎵᎰ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷፺ ᎒ᎹᎨᎰᎵᎺᎲᎰ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷፻ ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷፼ ᎡᎨᎹᎲᎶᎽᎶ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷ ᎴᎲᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷ ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷ ᎔ᎶᎲᎹᎶᎳᎼᎺᎲᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፷ᎀ ᎋᎬᎫᎰᎵᎱᎬ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸፷ ᎉᎨᎹᎨᎱᎬᎽᎶ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸፸ ᎗ᎬᎻᎳᎶᎽᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸፹ ᎻᎶᎱᎪᎰᎵᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸፺ ᎶᎹᎳᎨᎲ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸፻ ᎋᎬᎽᎶᎱᎨᎪᎲᎰ፧ᎮᎹᎶᎩ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸፼ ᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸ ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎻᎶᎾᎬᎹ፧᎒ᎶᎺᎼᎻᎵᎱᎨᎲ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸ ᎼᎷᎳᎱᎨ፧ᎺᎻᎬᎵᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸ ᎒ᎼᎴᎶᎫᎹᎨᏁ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፸ᎀ ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎻᎶᎾᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፻፴፺፴፹፷ ᎎᎼᎵᎪᎨᎻᎰ ፸ ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎻᎶᎪᎶᎳ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎽᎬᎹᎻᎬᎹ ፸፼፷፷ ፹፸፧፶፧፹ ፴፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧᎙ᎈ᎕ᎍ᎖᎙᎔ᎌ᎙
ᎶᎳᎻᎨᎮᎬ፯፰ ᏀᎷᎬ ᎊᎶᎶᎳᎰᎵᎮ ᎐ᎵᎺᎻᎨᎳᎳᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎊᎨᎷᎨᎪᎰᎻᏀ፯Ꮂᎈ፰ ᎬᎪᎻᎶᎹ፧ᎎᎹᎶᎼᎷ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬᎺ፧፯ᎌ᎙፰ ᎗ᎹᎰᎴᎨᎹᏀ ᎬᎪᎶᎵᎫᎨᎹᏀ ᎖ᎰᎳ፧፶፧ᎋᎹᏀ ᎕ᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧፶፧ᎍᎨᎵ ᎐ᎵᎫᎶᎶᎹ፧፶፧᎖ᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴፺፴፷፸ ᎗፧፴፧፸ᎈ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፼፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷፹ ᎗፧፴፧፸ᎉ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፼፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷፺ ᎗፧፴፧፸ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፼፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷፻ ᎗፧፴፧፸ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፼፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷፼ ᎗፧፴፧፸ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፼፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷ ᎗፧፴፧፸ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፼፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷ ᎗፧፴፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷ ᎗፧፴፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፴፧፸ᎀ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፹፼፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፸፷ ᎗፧፴፧፹፺ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፸፸ ᎗፧፴፧፹፺ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፸፹ ᎗፧፴፧፹፺ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፸፺ ᎗፧፴፧፹፺ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፼፷፷፷ ፹፴፺፴፸፻ ᎗፧፴፧፹፺ ፸ ፸፷፷፷፷ ፻፷፷ ፷፷ ᎋᎠ፼ ᎋᎹᏀ ᎵᎨᎻᎼᎹᎨᎳ፧ ᎶᎼᎻᎫᎶᎶᎹ ፸፼፷፷፷ ፴፷ᎀ፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎓ᎌᎊ᎖᎔᎔᎕᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎕ᎌ᎖᎙᎒ ፹፹፧፶፧፹
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎌ᎙፰ ፼፴፸፧᎐᎗፧ᎫᎨᎻᎨ፧ᎵᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ፧ᎭᎶᎹ፧ᎻᎬᎯᎵᎰᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎺᏀᎺᎻᎬᎴ፧ᎫᎨᎻᎨ፧ᎻᎹᎨᎵᎺᎴᎰᎺᎺᎰᎶᎵ ፼፴፸፴፸፧᎖ᎷᎻᎰᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎪᎨᎩᎳᎬ፧ᎳᎰᎵᎲ ፼፴፸፴፸፴፷፸ ᎶᎻᎨᎳ፧ᎨᎷᎹᎶᎿ፵፧፺፸፵፸፧ᎲᎴ ፸ ᎺᎰᎵᎮᎳᎬ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎬ ፼፷፷፷፷፷
፼፴፸፴፹፧ᎈᎪᎻᎰᎽᎬ፧ᎪᎶᎴᎷᎶᎵᎬᎵᎻᎺ ᎃᎃ፧ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧ᎹᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎅᎅ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷፸ ᎗፧፺፷፧᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷፹ ᎗፧፹፷፧ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ፧፴፧᎗፧፺፷ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷፺ ᎗፧፹፷፧ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ፧፴፧᎗፧፸፧ᎈ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷፻ ᎗፧፸ᎈ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ፴፧᎗፧፹፷ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷፼ ᎗፧፸ᎈ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ፴ᎉ፵ᎉᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷ ᎉ፵ᎉᎹᎫᎶ፴᎗፧፸ᎈ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷ ᎉ፵ᎉᎹᎫᎶ፴᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧ᎉ፵ᎉᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፷ᎀ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፸፼፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸፷᎗፧፸፼፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸፸ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፸፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸፹ ᎗፧፸፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸፺ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፻፧ᎊ፧᎒ᎹᎺᎻ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸፻ ᎗፧፻፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸፼ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፸፧ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸ ᎗፧፸፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፸፧ᎨᎺᎴᎨᎱᎫᎨᎵ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸ ᎗፧፸፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፸ᎀ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፹፸፧᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹፷᎗፧፹፸፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹፸ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፹፺፧፵ᎎᎹᎨᎫ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹፹ ᎗፧፹፺፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹፺ ᎗፧፸ᎀ፧ᎉᎬᏁᎨᎵᎰᎱᎨ፴፧᎗፧፹፺፧ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹፻ ᎗፧፹፺፴፧᎗፧፸ᎀ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹፼ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧ᎋᎬᎳᎰᎮᎹᎨᎫᎺᎲᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹ ᎋᎬᎳᎰᎮᎹᎨᎫᎺᎲᎨ፧፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ፧፴፧᎗፧፸፷፧ᎋᎬᎫᎰᎵᎱᎬ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹ ᎗፧፸፷፴፧᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፹ᎀ ᎉ፵ᎉᎹᎫᎶ፴᎔ᎨᎲᎰᎺ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፸፴፺፷᎔ᎨᎲᎰᎺ፧፴፧ᎉ፵ᎉᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎏᎋ᎓፧᎙ᎶᎼᎻᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺ ፺፹፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፧፧ᎅᎅ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፹፴፷፸ ᎗፧፸፧ᎈ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧፲፧ᎨᎪᎪ ፷፷፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፹፴፷፹ ᎉᎨᎵᎶᎽᎶ፧ᎉᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧፲፧ᎨᎪᎪ ፼፷፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፹፴፷፺ ᎉᎬᏁᎨᎵᎰᎱᎨ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧፲፧ᎨᎪᎪ ፷፷፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፹፴፷፻ ᎒፵᎔ᎰᎳᎶᎺᎨ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፺፧፲፧ᎨᎪᎪ ፼፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹፧ᎺᎾᎰᎻᎪᎯ፧፧ᎅᎅ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷፸ ᎗፧፺፷፧᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷፹ ᎗፧፹፷፧ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷፺ ᎗፧፸ᎉ፧ᎉᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷፻ ᎗፧፻፧ᎊᎹᎽᎬᎵᎰ፧ᎲᎹᎺᎻ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷፼ ᎗፧፸፼፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷ ᎗፧፸፼፧ᎈ፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎈ፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፸፧ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፸፷᎗፧፸፧ᎨᎺᎴᎨᎱᎫᎨᎵ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፸፸ ᎗፧፹፺፧ᎻᎼᎫᎬᎵᎻᎺᎲᎰ፧ᎮᎹᎨᎫ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷ ፼፴፸፴፹፴፺፴፸፹ ᎗፧፹፸፧᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ᎓ᎨᏀᎬᎹ፧፹ ᎀ፷
፼፴፹፧ᎰᎹᎬᎳᎬᎺᎺ፧ᎫᎨᎻᎨ፧ᎻᎹᎨᎵᎺᎴᎰᎺᎺᎰᎶᎵ፧ᎵᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ ᎃᎃ፧ᎊᎶᎹᎷᎶᎹᎨᎻᎰᎽᎬ፧ᎾᎰᎹᎬᎳᎬᎺᎺ፧ᎌᎻᎯᎬᎹᎵᎬᎻ፧፷፹፵፸፸፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ ፼፴፹፴፷፸ ᎉᎬᏁᎨᎵᎰᎱᎨ ፸ ᎰᎻᎬ ፼፷፷፷ ፴፷ᎀ፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎓ᎌᎊ᎖᎔᎔᎕᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎕ᎌ᎖᎙᎒ ፹፺፧፶፧፹
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎗ᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎌ᎙፰ ፼፴፹፴፷፹ ፧᎒ᎶᎺᎼᎻᎵᎱᎨᎲ ፸ ᎰᎻᎬ ፼፷፷፷ ፼፴፹፴፷፺ ᎫᎬᎳᎰᎮᎹᎨᎫᎺᎲᎨ ፸ ᎉᎹᎰᎫᎮᎬ ፺፷፷፷ ፼፴፹፴፷፻ ᎩᎨᎵᎶᎽᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎉᎹᎰᎫᎮᎬ ፺፷፷፷ ፼፴፹፴፷፼ ᎴᎨᎲᎰᎺ ፸ ᎉᎹᎰᎫᎮᎬ ፺፷፷፷ ፼፴፹፴፷ ᎩᎬᎳᎬ፧ᎽᎶᎫᎬ ፸ ᎉᎹᎰᎫᎮᎬ ፺፷፷፷ ፼፴፹፴፷ ᎻᎶᎹᎳᎨᎲ ፸ ᎉᎹᎰᎫᎮᎬ ፺፷፷፷ ፼፴፹፴፷ ᏁᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎉᎹᎰᎫᎮᎬ ፺፷፷፷ ፹፻፧፶፧፹ ፴፸፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎙ᎌ᎙
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ᎏ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ ᎃᎃ፧᎗ᎼᎴᎷ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧፶፧᎓ᎶᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎊᎈᎋᎈ፧ᎅᎅ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷፸ ᎗፧፻፧ᎊᎹᎽᎬᎵᎰ፧ᎲᎹᎺᎻ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷፹ ᎗፧፸፼፧ᎶᎷᎪᎰᎫᎬᎹ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷፺ ᎗፧፸፧ᎹᎨᎪᎨᎹ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷፻ ᎗፧፸፧ᎨᎺᎴᎨᎱᎫᎨᎵ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷፼ ᎗፧፹፺፧ᎻᎼᎫ፵፧ᎮᎹᎨᎫ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷ ᎗፧፹፼፧᎔ᎶᎲᎹ፵ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷ ᎗፧፹፧ᎡᎨᎹᎲᎶᎽᎶ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷ ᎗፧፹፧᎔ᎨᎲᎰᎺ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፷ᎀ ᎗፧፸፷፧ᎋᎬᎫᎰᎵᎱᎬ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፸፷ ᎗፧፸፧ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፸፸ ᎗፧፹፸፧᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፸፹ ᎗፧፹፷፧ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፸፺ ᎗፧፺፷፧᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ፹፴ᎀ፴፸፻ ᎗፧፧ᎋᎼᎵᎨᎽ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎹᎼᎵᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎺᎪᎨᎫᎨ ፸፹፷፷ ፺፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎓ᎶᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹ፧፧ᎉᎬᏁᎨᎵᎰᎱᎨ፧ᎅᎅ ፴፸ ᎋᎶᎴᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳᎳᎬᎹ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ ፺፼፷፷ ፴፹ ᎘᎓፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ፳፧ᎺᎸᎳ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፸፷፧ᎪᎨᎳ፳፧ᎴᎶᎵᎰᎻᎶᎹ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፹፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎓ᎶᎪᎨᎳ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹ፧፧ᎉᎨᎵᎶᎽᎶ፧ᎉᎹᎫᎶ፧ᎅᎅ ፴፸ ᎘᎓፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ፳፧ᎺᎸᎳ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፸፷፧ᎪᎨᎳ፳፧ᎴᎶᎵᎰᎻᎶᎹ ፻፷፷፷ ፹፹፷፷
፴፹ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧᎕ᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፲ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ፳፧ᎏ᎗፧ᎶᎷᎬᎵ፧ᎽᎰᎬᎾ፳፧ᎽᎰᎺᎼᎨᎳ፧ᎺᎻᎼᎫᎰᎶ፧ᎵᎬᎻ ፺፼፷፷ ፷፷፷ ፴፺ ᎋᎶᎴᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳᎳᎬᎹ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ ፺፼፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎔ᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ፧ᎊᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹ፧፧ᎋᎬᎳᎰᎮᎹᎨᎫᎺᎲᎨ፧ᎻᎹᎬᎬᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፴፸ ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧ᎭᎶᎹ፧ᎹᎬᎨᎳ፧ᎻᎰᎴᎬ፧ᎉ፧ᎪᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳ ፹፼፧፶፧፹ ፴፸፷፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎌ᎙ᎌ᎙
᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ᎏ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧ ፴፸፴፸ ᎘᎓፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፧፲፧ᎯᎾ፰ ፹ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹᎷᎹᎰᎺᎬ፳፧ᎺᎸᎳ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧ᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹᎷᎹᎰᎺᎬ፧ᎷᎹᎶᎪᎬᎺᎺᎶᎹ፧ᎴᎶᎵᎰᎻᎶᎹ፳፧ᎶᎷᎪ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽ ፹፻፷፷፷ ፼፷፷፷፷
፴፸፴፹ ᎬᎳᎬᎪᎶᎴᎴᎼᎵᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧᎕ᎬᎻᎾᎶᎹᎲ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎺᎾ፲ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ፳፧ᎮᎷᎹᎺ፧ᎴᎬᎫᎰᎨᎻᎶᎹ ፺፼፷፷ ፺፷፷፷ ፴፸፴፺ ᎋᎶᎴᎨᎰᎵ፧ᎊᎶᎵᎻᎹᎶᎳᎳᎬᎹ፧ᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ ፹ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎬᎵᎻᎬᎹᎷᎹᎰᎺᎬ፳፧ᎹᎨᎪᎲ፧ᎩᎶᎿ ፸፼፷፷ ፴፸፴፻ ᎔ᎨᎺᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎊᎈᎋᎈ፧ᎺᎬᎹᎽᎬᎹ፧፯ᎯᎾ፰ ፸ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧፹፷፷፺፧ᎺᎻᎨᎵᎫᎨᎹᎫ፳፧ᎼᎷᎮᎹᎨᎫᎬ፧ᎽᎬᎹᎺᎰᎶᎵ፳፧ᎺᎸᎳ፧ᎴᎶᎫᎼᎳ ፼፷፷ ፹፷፷ ፴፹ ᎶᎹᎲᎺᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ፴፹፴፸ ᎶᎹᎲᎺᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ፧፯ᎺᎾ፲ᎯᎾ፰ ፺ ᎾᎰᎵᎫᎶᎾᎺ፧ᎿᎷ፳፧ᎴᎶᎵᎰᎻᎶᎹ፧፺፷፩፳፧ᎶᎭᎭᎰᎪᎬ ፼፼፷፷ ፹፸፷፷ ፴፺ ᎶᎰᎪᎬ፧ᎶᎽᎬᎹ፧᎐᎗፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፴፺፴፸ ᎖᎐᎗፧ᎮᎨᎻᎬᎾᎨᏀ ፸ ፹፷፷፷ ፴፺፴፹ ᎖᎐᎗፧ᎮᎨᎻᎬᎲᎬᎬᎷᎬᎹ ፸ ፻፷፷፷ ፴፸፸፧፶፧᎗ᎌᎊ᎐ᎍ᎐ᎊᎈ᎐᎖᎕፧᎖ᎍ፧ᎊᎯᎳᎶᎹᎰᎵᎬ፧᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎬᎴᎬᎵᎻ ፹፧፶፧፹
᎕ᎨᎴᎬ፧ᎶᎭ፧ᎻᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎷᎬᎪᎰᎭᎰᎪᎨᎻᎰᎶᎵ ᎐ᎻᎬᎴ፧᎕Ꮆ፵ ᎘፮ᎻᏀ ᎷᎹᎰᎪᎬ፧፯ᎬᎼ፰ ፯ᎪᎯᎬᎪᎲ፧ᎷᎶᎰᎵᎻ፰ ᎪᎯᎳᎶᎹᎰᎵᎬ ᎹᎬᎺᎰᎫᎼᎨᎳ ᎃᎃ፧᎔ᎬᎨᎺᎼᎹᎰᎵᎮ፧᎗ᎶᎰᎵᎻ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፺፴፸፴፷፸ ፸ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷፹ ፹ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷፺ ፺ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷፻ ፻ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷፼ ፼ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፷ᎀ ᎀ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸፷ ፸፷ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸፸ ፸፸ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸፹ ፸፹ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸፺ ፸፺ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸፻ ፸፻ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸፼ ፸፼ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸ ፸ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸ ፸ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸ ፸ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፸ᎀ ፸ᎀ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹፷ ፹፷ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹፸ ፹፸ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹፹ ፹፹ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹፺ ፹፺ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹፻ ፹፻ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹፼ ፹፼ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹ ፹ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹ ፹ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፺፴፸፴፹ ፹ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ᎃᎃ፧᎙ᎬᎺᎬᎹᎽᎶᎰᎹ፧ᎌᎸᎼᎰᎷᎴᎬᎵᎻ፧ᎅᎅ ፻፴፸፴፷፸ ᎗ᎰᎶᎵᎰᎹ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷፹ ᎎᎳᎨᎽᎵᎰ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷፺ ᎒ᎹᎨᎰᎵᎺᎲᎰ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷፻ ᎡᎬᎳᎬᏁᎵᎰᎲ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷፼ ᎡᎨᎹᎲᎶᎽᎶ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷ ᎴᎲᎨ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷ ᎡᎽᎬᏁᎫᎨᎹᎨ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷ ᎔ᎶᎲᎹᎶᎳᎼᎺᎲᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፷ᎀ ᎋᎬᎫᎰᎵᎱᎬ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸፷ ᎉᎨᎹᎨᎱᎬᎽᎶ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸፸ ᎗ᎬᎻᎳᎶᎽᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸፹ ᎻᎶᎱᎪᎰᎵᎶ፧ᎩᎹᎫᎶ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸፺ ᎶᎹᎳᎨᎲ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸፻ ᎋᎬᎽᎶᎱᎨᎪᎲᎰ፧ᎮᎹᎶᎩ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸፼ ᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸ ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎻᎶᎾᎬᎹ፧᎒ᎶᎺᎼᎻᎵᎱᎨᎲ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸ ᎼᎷᎳᎱᎨ፧ᎺᎻᎬᎵᎨ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸ ᎒ᎼᎴᎶᎫᎹᎨᏁ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፸ᎀ ᎨᎻᎬᎹ፧ᎻᎶᎾᎬᎹ፧᎓ᎰᎷᎶᎽᎰᎪᎨ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ ፻፴፸፴፹፷ ᎎᎼᎵᎪᎨᎻᎰ ፸ ፹፼፷፷ SS-12 / SPECIFICATION OF Laboratory Measuring Equipment Chemical laboratory (drinking water) INSTRUMENT Qty MODEL ANALYZED PARAMETERS PRICE PRODUCER (EUR) 1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) ά 1 Shimadzu, MetalsዄAs, Cu, Ni, Zn, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cr, Sb, Si, Mo, Alά 95,000 Autosampler (Flame, Furnace, hydride/ Hg AA-6800, or Hg, Se, Cd, Pb… ዅ determination, Zeeman background correction)ά Perkin-Elmer AA (Hallow Cathode Lamp: As, Cu, Ni, Zn, K, Na, Ca, 800 Mg, Cr, Sb, Si, Mo, Al;
Electrodeless Discharge Lamp: Hg, Se, Cd, Pb)
2 Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC), 1 Shimadzu, TOC-V Total Organic CarbonዄTOCዅά 28,000 Combustion catalytic oxidation / NDIR PC, CPN Purgeable Organic CarbonዄPOCዅά Autosampler Nonpurgeable OrganicCarbonዄNPOCዅά Inorganic CarbonዄICዅ
3 UV-VIS Spectrometer, 1 Shimadzu, UV-ext.254nm,nitrates, chlorine, ammonia, nitirites, 19,000 UV-1601 PC fluorides, sulfates, sulfides, phosphates, Mn, Fe, Cr6+, Al, detergents, phenols
4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 1 Shimadzu or Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbonsዄPAHዅ, 48,000 (HPLC), Agilent Carbamate pesticides, Quaternary gradient, Autosampler, PC, DAD, Technologies Glyphosate herbicide Flou. Det. 5 Ion Chromatography – IC, (Kation, Anion), 1 Shimadzu, Anion and Kations 48,000 Ion Suppressor, PC Agilent Technologies, Dionex 6 Analytical balance, 0.0001g 1 9,000
7 Glassware Washer, general purpose 1 SMEG GW 4050 9,000
Microbiological laboratory INSTRUMENT Qty MODEL ANALYZED PARAMETERS PRICE PRODUCER (EUR) 1 Microscope, Digitally 1 Olympus, BX 51 10,000
2 Autoclave 1 Systec 5075 25,000 ELV/MLM 1601 3 Glassware Washer with Drying System 1 SMEG GW 4050 9,000
Chemical laboratory (waste water) INSTRUMENT Qty MODEL ANALYZED PARAMETERS PRICE PRODUCER (EUR) 1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) ά 1 Metals 80,000 Autosampler (Flame, Furnace, hydride/ Hg determination, Zeeman background correction)ά (Lamp: Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Se, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Al, Zn)
2 Gas Chromatograph, PPC, FID and ECD 1 38,000
3 Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOC) 1 28,000
ʅʳࢇŁ
ȴŻī܈ɹዄ˧ܦዅ BELGRADE WATERWORKS AND SEWAGE SYSTEM
PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR BELGRADE
Belgrade, February 2004. PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR THE CITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Contents:
1. CURRENT CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT UP TO NOW
2. BELGRADE WATERWORKS UP TO YEAR 2005
3. PLAN OF PROJECTED COSTS OF WATERWORKS FACILITIES UP TO 2005
4. SCHEDULE OF REALIZATION OF PLANNED FACILITIES
PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR BELGRADE
2 CONTENTS
Introductory Information
1. CURRENT CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT UP TO NOW 1.1. Development of the Waterworks System as a Function of City Development 1.1.1. Water Sources, Production and Consumption 1.1.2. Distribution System 1.1.2.1. Water Sources and Water Treatment Facilities 1.1.2.1. Water Supply Network 1.1.2.3. Distribution System Facilities Pump Stations Reservoirs 1.1.3. Analysis of Investments 1.2. Assessment of Current City Water Supply Conditions 1.2.1. Sources and Facilities 1.2.2. Distribution System 1.2.3. Waterworks System Maintenance 1.3. Supporting Documents for Formulating a Development Strategy
2. BELGRADE WATERWORKS UNTIL YEAR 2005 2.1. Development Objectives (programming foundations and planning assumptions) 2.2. Securing Required Water Quantities – Required Balance 2.3. General Concept of Supplying the City With Water 2.3.1. General Presentation of the Existing System 2.3.2. Disposition of New Facilities and Existing Dilemmas 2.4. Increasing Capacity of Key Facilities for Water Production and Distribution 2.4.1 Production Capacities 2.4.1.1. Groundwater 2.4.1.1.1. Increasing the Capacity of the Existing Source 2.4.1.1.2. Great War Island 2.4.1.1.3. Artificial Infiltration 2.4.1.1.4. Kupinski kut 2.4.1.1.5. Left Bank of the Danube 2.4.1.1.6. Godomin Source 2.4.1.1.7. Macva Region 2.4.1.2. Surface Water 2.4.1.2.1. Surface Water Source on the Territory of Belgrade 2.4.1.2.2. Source in the Starovlaski Mountains 2.4.1.2.3. Drina River Source 2.4.1.3. Water Purification Facilities 2.4.1.3.1. Establishing the Role of the “Bele vode” Facility in the BWS System 2.4.1.3.2. “Banovo brdo” and “Bezanija” Groundwater Facilities 2.4.1.3.3. Surface Water Treatment Facility at the “Makis” Location 2.4.1.4. Proposal for Activating Potential Sources 2.4.2. Distribution System 2.4.2.1. Water Supply Network 2.4.2.1.1. Main Intakes 2.4.2.1.2. Main Pipelines 2.4.2.2. Reservoirs 2.4.2.3. Source Stations 2.5. Water Losses and Their Reduction in the BWS 2.6. System Modernization and Automatization
3 3. PLAN OF PROJECTED COSTS OF WATERWORKS FACILITIES UP TO 2005 3.1. Introductory Explanation 3.2. Source and Production Facilities 3.3. Distribution System Facilities 3.4. Modernization and Automatization of the BWS System
4. SCHEDULE OF REALIZATION OF PLANNED FACILITIES 4.1. Source and Production Facilities 4.2. Distribution System 4.3. Modernization
4 INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION
In 2002 the Belgrade Waterworks System celebrated 110 years of existence of a modern waterworks. In the past eleven decades the construction of a modern Belgrade Waterworks System was closely connected with the development of our city during that period.
Belgrade dates back nearly two-and-a-half thousand years and numbers among the oldest cities in Europe. In that period it was destroyed and rebuilt around forty times. On the other hand, Belgrade is a young city: the majority of its buildings (houses, industrial and sports facilities) were built in the past fifty years. Table 1 presents the development of the City of Belgrade in the period 1940-2002 by citing the number of apartments.
Table 1: Number of Apartments Year 1940. 1944. 1954.1964. 1973. 1981. 1991. 2002. No. of Apartm. 105.395 89.663 110.785 175.262 281.728 460.000 545.383 522.039
Table 2 presents the development of the waterworks system of Belgrade.
Table 2: Development of the Waterworks System in Belgrade number of annual water capacity of length of territory covered year consumers in production facilities waterw. netw. by system Belgrade 106 m3 l/s km ha 1892. 50.000 1,87 33 46 1950. 430.000 27,00 960 466 5.000 1960. 600.000 49,57 1.200 673 1970. 950.000 104,03 3.950 1.217 13.500 1980. 1.120.000 178,40 6.500 1.615 15.000 1990. 1.260.000 203,55 10.500 1.962 18.000 1995. 1.376.880 222,36 10.580 2.257 20.500 2000. 1.346.216 235,61 11.580 2.503 22.000 2003. 1.320.000 233,50 11.640 2.654
These materials point to the technical problems of supplying the city with water whose present stoppage could significantly reflect on regular supply and development of the City in the coming period. The development of the waterworks system cannot take place “from time to time”, because that results in stoppage. The development of the waterworks system must be constant and a function of the City’s development.
Economic improvement and current changes in the economic system during the drafting and adoption of this long-term development strategy for the waterworks system of Belgrade represent a necessary precondition for its realization. Given this situation it is not possible to provide the financing particulars per proposed key facility, but it is possible to establish the basic sources of financing:
− Agency for Building Land and Construction (land development contribution, construction land use contribution and general interest resource use contribution) − Budget of the City of Belgrade (through the Secretariat for Community Residential Services) − Domestic and foreign bank credits − Own income – from price of water (assuming that the Enterprise becomes economically viable) − Donations.
After more than one hundred years of existence the Belgrade Waterworks System today represents a complex waterworks system with a series of significant hydro-technical facilities. The objective of this report is to prepare an assessment of the current state of the City’s water supply, as well as to establish which key facilities need to be built with the objective of successfully realizing the functional operation of the system for supplying the City with water.
5 Successful supplying of the City with water can be realized under the following conditions:
− if there is persistent and concerted effort on prospective development of the system
− if effort is invested in rational exploitation of the system (reduction of losses) − if effort is invested in protecting water sources − if key systems facilities are constructed in timely fashion.
The subject of these analyses is prospective development through timely reconstruction, but with prior analysis of development of sources and key facilities in the waterworks system. Of course, this is a proposal for establishing the orientation for supplying Belgrade with water in the coming period.
6 1. CURRENT CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT UP TO NOW
The modern Belgrade Waterworks System was established in 1892. The period from its establishment to today is characterized by intense development and expansion of Belgrade which made the reconstruction of the waterworks system an imperative with a view to regular supplying of the City with water.
Today the Belgrade Waterworks System is a complex technical system which provides the services of supplying citizens in the central territory of the City and in a large number of suburban settlements with water that meets sanitary hygienic standards.
1.1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATERWORKS SYSTEM AS A FUNCTION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT
The development of the Belgrade Waterworks is closely associated with intense development of the City on a long term basis. The development of the waterworks system cannot take place from time to time, for that results in stoppages – that is to say, irregular water supply in the City. A series of years of intense construction is necessary to make up for lost time. Unfortunately such periods occurred in the development of the waterworks system.
The following can be observed in the more than ten past decades of the Belgrade Waterworks System:
− the number of residents increased by more than 25 times, while the amount of water produced increased by 110 times, − in the last 20 years capacities increased by an amount that is equivalent to the capacity increases during the previous 80 years, − in the period following World War II 91% of the total water sources capacities were built and 85% percent of the total length of the waterworks network.
In the past ten decades of the Belgrade Waterworks the concept of supplying the City with water changed four times in order for adequate amounts of water to be secured for the City’s consumers.
The first concept was based on the groundwater sources at Makis (1892).
Because of inadequate amounts of groundwater, the second concept was based on the use of surface water – Sava river water which was purified at the Bele vode facility (1927).
The third period begins in 1953 – a concept based on groundwater sources – on a system of capturing facilities which draw groundwater using horizontal drains (Reni system, with Proisage also beginning to be developed). Up to now 99 wells have been built with horizontal drains (Reni and Proisage).
The fourth period is again a period of developing surface waters – connecting of Makis (1986).
To summarize, by considering the presented information on the development of the Belgrade Waterworks System the following can be observed:
Belgrade is one of four cities in the world which are located on two large water faring rivers, but is one of a few large European cities which in the past decades experienced water supply problems. In order to improve water supply in Belgrade in the past twenty years a large number of scientists and experts in the area of water supply have been engaged. A series of consultations were organized:
− Supplying Belgrade With Water – consultation related to the General Urban Plan of Belgrade entitled: Battle for Healthy Drinking Water (1972). − Supplying Belgrade With Water – held in the Municipal Parliament (November 1983). − Current State of Supplying Belgrade With Water – scientific speakers platform organized by the Association of Engineers and Technicians (December 1983).
7
− Supplying Belgrade With Water in the Near and Distant Future – with the Association of Engineers and Technicians (June 1985). − Supplying Belgrade With Water – organized by the Association of Engineers and Technicians (June 1987). − One Hundred Years of Belgrade’s Waterworks and Sewage Systems 1892-1992 (1992).
As part of the general urban plans of Belgrade as official long-term documents for the City general solutions for Belgrade were also prepared:
a) General Solution for Belgrade’s Waterworks (1950) б) General Solution for Belgrade’s Waterworks (1977, part of Belgrade’s 1972 General Urban Plan)
There were also changes and extensions to Belgrade’s General Urban Plan (1987) in which the basic concept for Belgrade’s Waterworks was proposed.
In 2003 the new General Urban Plan for Belgrade was prepared. Unfortunately and contrary to established practice, as part of the new General Urban Plan no new general solution for the waterworks has been prepared.
An overview of the development of the waterworks system is presented in Table 3.
Table 3. BWS Capacities Over Time 1970. 1980. 1990. 1994. 2000. 2001. 1. WATER PRODUCTION a) annual production m3/yr. (×106) 104 178 203 222 245 243 b) average spec.consum. l/hr/day 369 423 442 443 393 376 c) max. daily consumption l/hr 6.486 7.034 7.323 8.330 8.417 1.1. Capacity of Facilities a) groundwater 3.150 7.100 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 b) surface water 500 500 2.500 2.580 3.580 3.580 c) total 3.650 7.600 10.500 10.580 11.580 11.580 1.2. Reni Wells a) number of wells 26 55 93 95 99 99 b) tapped water l/hr 2.990 5.060 5.045 4.859 4.797 4.510 2. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 2.1. Consumption accord. to Zones (%) a) Zone I 75-125 m.a.s.l. 56,1 53,5 52,5 56,1 54,1 52,16 b) Zone II 125-175 m.a.s.l. 35,7 33,5 33,2 23,8 24,2 25,08 c) Zone III 175-225 m.a.s.l. 7,9 12,4 13,2 18,0 19,4 20,48 d) Zone IV 225-310 m.a.s.l. 0,2 0,6 1,1 2,1 2,3 2,28 2.2. Waterworks Network a) length of waterworks network (km) 1.217 1.615 1.979 2.257 2.510 2.534 b) number of connections (units) 50.939 74.616 86.467 2.3. Reservoirs a) volume of reservoirs (103 м3) 190 194 196 206 219,5 208,6 b) max.daily.prod.of reserv.(%) 2.4. Source Stations (clean water) a) number of Source Stations 16 17 20 25 28 28 b)installed capacities (l/s) 17.850 19506 21.591 21.591 21.780 21.780 c)installed capacities (kW) 23.178 24.643 27.378 27.378 3. SYSTEM LOSSES (%) 23,29 20,87 20,62 26,22
8 1.1.1. WATER SOURCES, PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
Belgrade is being supplied with water from sources on the Sava river for decades already. Today the principal source of water is the riverfront of the Sava river where capture of groundwater is mostly conducted (filtration of river water). The amount of treated water which is taken directly from the Sava river is around 40% of the total water produced. All water that enters the distribution system is previously treated in purification facilities.
The available water (consumption) used for supplying the city is limited by two fundamental capacities:
− the capacities of active water sources and − the capacities of water purification facilities.
This is the reason why this section deals separately with water sources and with production capacities for consumption. 1.1.1.1. Water Sources
The existing water sources of the Belgrade Waterworks include the riverfront of the Sava river, from the right bank of the Mouth to Ostruznica, and on the left bank all the way to Kupinovo. The captured groundwater is a filtrate of river water.
For ten decades now Belgrade is being supplied with water from groundwater sources on the riverfront of the Sava. For the first five pipe wells activated in 1892 groundwater was captured “below the Bele vode source” (according to the project by Oscar Smrecker, an engineer from Munchen).
In the period between 1899-1914 another fifteen pipe wells were built on the Bele vode location (except that one number of wells were constructed jurisdictionally toward the Sava – toward Makis).
In the period between 1930-1936 measures were taken for increasing groundwater capacities with the building of 30 pipe wells – “southern and northern sources”.
Very extensive hydrologic testing was carried out at the beginning of 1940 (before the beginning of World War II) under the direction of academician prof. Miladin Pecinar. These tests served as the basis for preparing the Project for Supplying Belgrade With Water from Ada Ciganlija and Part of Makis (1943). Academician M. Pecinar’s fundamental idea was to tap the groundwater along the riverfront of the Sava river using pipe wells.
The change in conception in the development of the waterworks system was the decision that Belgrade should be supplied with water captured from groundwater sources in the alluvial area of the Sava river. This concept was adopted in the 1950 General Urban Plan with the note that pipe wells will be used for capturing of water.
In the early fifties the realization of the new concept for supplying Belgrade with water began using a new capturing facility with branching horizontal drains (Reni type). The first Reni well was built on the left bank of the Sava and began operation at the end of 1953.
In the period between 1953 and today 99 Reni type well were built according to the chronology presented in the following table. The total installed power of pumps in these wells is 13 MW.
Table 4. Chronology of Well Construction year 1960 1965 1970. 1975. 1980. 1985. 1990. 1995. 2000. 2003 number of wells in use 6 14 26 38 55 83 93 96 97 99 aver.capac. of Reni wells in l/s 182 158 115 115 92 69 54 52 56 51
As can be seen from the above table, for a period of 30 years it is possible to see the ratio between the increase in the volume of tapped water and the increase in the number of wells. The average capacity per well of 182 l/s has been reduced to 51 l/s, that is to say 3.6 times smaller, while the number of wells increased by 16.5 times.
9 The projection of source volumes given in the General Plan from 1977 is based on testing and studies carried out at the time. All studies up to that time gave optimistic projections on water supplies from groundwater sources.
Image 1. Sources of the Belgrade Waterworks
With a volume of water of around 5 m3/sec., which is the amount of tapped groundwater (at the time the General Plan was prepared), it was estimated that a total of 22 m3/sec. could be tapped from groundwater sources. However, even though a planned water source was not engaged (for instance Obedska bara), the actual conditions are as follows:
a) The existing water source along the riverfront of the Sava river has three locations: Mouth – Ostruznica, Boljevac and Progar. 5,300 l/s are currently captured there with a tendency toward reduction. b) The War Island as a source (decision by the Municipal Parliament of Belgrade) cannot be realized as a potential water source for supplying the City with water. c) Right bank of the Danube – in recent years the subject of extensive testing.
Based on these facts it can be observed that the planned assumptions were not realized, that is to say that there is evident difference between what was planned and realized, with the result that Belgrade is facing a shortage in terms of water supplies from groundwater sources.
The future use of existing water sources of river filtrates using capturing facilities – Reni wells is one of the most difficult problems faced by the Belgrade Waterworks. The problem lies in the reduction of capacities of groundwater sources.
10 Many years of work on regenerating the drainage of Reni wells indicate that the problem does not lie in the drop in water capturing capacities, but in the drop in the capacities of the sources themselves. The cause is the reduction in infiltration from the Sava river to groundwater sources.
Image 2. Reduction in Capacities of Water Sources
Data on groundwater levels at existing source locations indicates that there is a constant trend of reduction in groundwater capacities which is a classic indicator of “overexploitation” of sources, and which results in small capacities per well (today around 52 l/sec., and in 1960, 182 l/sec.).
1.1.1.2. Water Purification Facilities
All water that is delivered to consumers is previously purified in appropriate facilities. Today in Belgrade such facilities are located in five places: “Bele vode”, “Banovo brdo”, “Bezanija”, “Makis” and “Vinca”.
Water supplying of Belgrade began from a modern waterworks system in 1892 with the construction of a system of pipe wells on the location of Bele vode. Already in March of 1893 a provisional installation was deployed for removing iron from water. This installation consisted of four drums filled with coke and two slow filters (from sand and gravel, height 80 cm), according to Smrecker’s project.
In the period between 1926-1927 a facility was built for purifying water from the Sava river at Bele vode, and in 1936 a new installation was built for purifying groundwater.
Capacities before World War II amounted to 53,000 m3/day.
In 1959 the construction of a new waterworks system began (the “Banovo brdo” facility; tunnel from Banovo brdo to Tasmajdan) on the right bank of the Sava river. The Banovo brdo water purification facility with its capacity of 1,000 l/sec. began operating at the end of 1961, with the second stage at the beginning of 1966, and the third, at the end of 1974.
In 1963 the construction of a system on the left bank of the Sava (New Belgrade and Zemun) began. The Bezanija facility was also built as part of this system (stage one in 1966, stage two in 1974, and stage three in 1985).
The construction of new facility for treatment of river water, “Makis I” with capacity 2 m3/sec., began in 1984. This facility began operation in 1987.
11 14000 12000 10000 8000 /с 3
м 6000 4000 2000 0 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
Image 3. Capacity of Facilities
Installed capacities of water purification facilities in Belgrade are:
Groundwater:
Bele vode 600 l/sec. 43.200 m3/day Banovo brdo 4.200 l/sec. 362.800 m3/day Bezanija 3.200 l/sec. 276.480 m3/day Total groundwater 8.000 l/sec. 682.560 m3/day
River water:
Bele vode 500 l/sec. 43.200 m3/day Makis 1 2.000 l/sec. 172.800 m3/day Jezero 1.000 l/sec. 86.400 m3/day Vinca 80 l/sec. 6.912 m3/day Makis 2 2.000 l/sec. 172.800 m3/day Total river water 5.580 l/sec. 482.112 m3/day
Total groundwater and 13.580 l/sec 988.872 m3/day river water
At the beginning of 1998 the pretreatment facility “Jezero” began operation as part of a system of modern treatment of Sava river water. Until the construction of the filter installation “Jezero” this facility had three uses:
– for treated water to be directed to the Bele vode facility, – for treated water to be directed for artificial replenishing of the groundwater source through infiltration, – to fill the Sava Bay (tr. Jezero) with clear water.
With the construction of the “Jezero” facility pretreatment became part of the technological line for treatment of river water with a capacity of 1 m3/sec.
In 2003 with a 20 million € credit from the EBRD the construction of phase two of the facility for river water treatment “Makis 2”, with a capacity of 2 m3/sec., began.
The key structures of the groundwater treatment facilities (at Bele vode, Banovo brdo and Bezanija) are: aerators with retention pools, filters, water disinfection stations and reservoirs for accumulating pure water. The “Bele vode” and “Makis” facilities for purifying surface water differ in terms of technical schemes. While the “Bele vode” is a classical, but also very dilapidated, the “Makis” facility is modern and uses modern technology. The Makis system includes tapping and a source station of raw water from the Sava river (capacity 7 m3/sec.) with a thrusting channel to the facility. The facility includes:
– a pretreatment facility with high efficiency in clearing water, – ozonation (preozonation of raw water and main ozonation of cleared water before the GAU filter), – water filtration in fast gravitational multi-layer filters and active carbon filters,
12 – final chlorination (prior to the pure water reservoir), – mud treatment is carried out in a separate facility.
The purified water from the pure water pool (two hour reserve) is sent into the distribution system to consumers via the source station. 1.1.1.3. Water Production and Consumption
Water production depends on the capacities of an active source and the capacities of the purification facility, as well as on the source of the water (groundwater or surface water).
Water production is constantly increasing because it must meet the demands of new consumers, besides current ones. Table 5 presents the increase in water production.
Table 5. Water Production Amount of Water Produced Year annua. daily average 106 m3 m3 l/s 1982 1,0 2.800 32 1903 1,5 4.040 47 1910 1,8 5.019 58 1914 3,1 8.000 93 1920 3,4 9.348 108 1930 10,2 27.915 323 1940 19,6 53.830 623 1950 29,7 81.277 991 1960 49,6 135.814 1.572 1970 104,0 285.005 3.299 1981 178,4 486.849 5.635 1985 188,2 515.616 5.968 1990 203,6 557.671 6.455 1995 227,3 612.771 7.208 2000 245,4 670.455 7.635 2001 242,8 665.291 7.700 2002 231,2 663.420 7.331 2003 233,5
Table 6 presents quantities by years according to source of produced water:
Table 6. Source of Water Source of Year Water 1939 1960 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 groundwater (%) 50 70 96,2 94,3 89,7 92,1 78,1 69,7 61,3 58,7 59,2 surface water (%) 50 30 3,8 5,7 10,3 7,9 21,9 30,3 38,7 41,3 43,8 average. product.(л/с) 323 1567 3298 4526 5642 5967 6455 7208 7635 7700 7331
The term production means the amount of water directly used by consumers as registered by water meters (households, industry and municipal consumption: cleaning of streets and watering of plants).
Consumption means the difference between the produced water and “losses in the system”. Over the past 16 years the average index of increased consumption is 2.5%.
Table 7. Production, Consumption and Loss Amount of Year water 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 production in mill. m3/year 49,6 72,8 104,0 142,7 178,4 188,2 203,8 227,3 245,4 233,5 consumption in mill. m3/year 38,0 59,5 79,8 105,3 141,1 142,4 161,8 167,0 163,3 162,0 loss in system in % 23,5 18,4 23,3 26,2 20,9 24,3 20,6 26,5 29,5 26,5
13 Specific consumption (annual median) represents a consumption norm as an element of calculation in the waterworks system. Table 8 presents realized specific consumption.
Table 8. Specific Consumption 189 Year 1930 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2003 2 spec.cons. l/consm./day56 140 189 229 369 423 426 442 443 359 356
In Belgrade the distribution system is divided into four elevation zones, with their corresponding consumption being as follows:
Table 9. Consumption by Zones (%) 80 Year Elevation Zone (m.a.s.l.) I II III IV 60 from 75 125 175 225 to 125 175 225 275 1965 63,0 32,0 4,5 0,5 % 40 1970 56,9 35,0 7,9 0,2 1975 56,9 33,6 9,2 0,3 20 1980 53,5 33,6 12,4 0,6 1985 52,0 36,0 11,4 0,6 0 1990 52,5 33,2 13,2 1,1
1994 56,1 23,8 18,0 2,1 1965 1970 I 2000 54,1 24,2 19,4 2,3 1975 II 1980 III
2001 52,2 25,1 20,5 2,3 1985 IV 1990 1999
Table 10 presents an overview of electrical energy consumption from the source to the consumer in kW/m3:
Table 10. Consumption of Electrical Energy year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1990 1995 2000 2001 kWh/m3 0,74 0,76 0,74 0,79 0,83 0,82 0,86 0,89 0,92 0,91 1,04 0,94 0,99 0,90
This table indicates a constant rise in electrical energy consumption per m3 of water. This problem was observed and arose because of the reduction in the capacities of Reni wells, over pumping of water from remote sources and because of the structure of new consumers (disposition according to elevation zones). 7800 7600 7400 7200 7000 л/с 6800 6600 6400 6200 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Image 4. Pumped Water in the City
Image 4 presents the amounts of pumped water in the City for the period 1992-2003. A slight drop is observed in the last three years. This can be explained by the reduction in consumption which arose as the result of an end in operation of large consumers, which above all refers to industrial consumers. The sudden rise in the last year
14 of this series is ascribed to the change to measuring pumped quantities of water, which clearly differ from estimated quantities thus far.
1.1.1.4. Water Quality
With the conception of a modern waterworks in Belgrade and its activation in 1892 the greatest attention was given to water quality (establishment of expert teams which controlled water quality). This is the reason why already in 1893 the first installation for water purification began operating, even though at that time many large cities in Europe did not have such facilities. However, even at that time (as today) the public was not well informed, leading prof. N. Stamenkovic at the Upper School to observe in 1894 that: “Every claim that water is unclean or unhealthy stems either from ignorance or from laziness.”
The laboratory for chemical and biological testing was established in 1929 when river water participated with a little over 50% in the overall water production, i.e. when water quality control had to be raised to a higher level.
The function of the laboratory through various organizational forms remained unchanged, where it must be stressed that now it has modern equipment and a staff with the highest expert qualifications.
One of the most significant activities in the process of supplying the City with water is control of water quality which determines its degree of sanitary-hygienic safety. Drinking water is a staple product and its control is subject to special, very clear and strict legal regulations (Rule Book on Hygienic Safety of Drinking Water, Official Gazette of the SFRY 33/87 and 13/91; Rule Book on Conditions That Must Be Fulfilled by Drinking Water, Official Gazette of FRS 26/77). Water quality control is practically carried out in three sages. The first stage of control is carried out in three shifts, in on site laboratories, the second stage of control is carried out in the Service for Sanitary Water Control, and the third stage of control is carried out in the Municipal Institute for Health Protection.
The sampling program is conducted according to an established scheme and covers 160 tap water locations divided into 18 groups. 14,000 samples are tested annually for various parameters. The following institutions are also involved in testing water quality: “Dr. Dragoslav Karajovic” Institute (radioactivity) and “Virusology Institute Torlak” (water testing for viruses).
The results of physical-chemical and bacteriological-biological testing of drinking water from the Belgrade Waterworks obtained by the Sanitary Control Service and the laboratory of the Municipal Institute for Health Protection indicate that the results are within legally prescribed limits, from which it can be concluded that the residents of Belgrade drink water that is sanitarily-hygienically safe.
1.1.2. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The water supply process consists of continuous supplying of hygienically safe water through the distribution system to all consumption points. Essentially, the objective of a water supply system is:
− supplying of settlements with drinking water (households), − supplying water for industrial purposes, − supplying of water for public and municipal consumption.
The supplying of Belgrade with water is realized through, from an engineering point of view, a very developed complex of hydro-technical facilities. The distribution system of the Belgrade Waterworks consists of structures of the waterworks network (principal lines and distribution network), source stations (in the system) and reservoirs.
The concept of supplying Belgrade with water through a distribution system can be reduced to the following:
A) Water distribution on the right bank of the Sava – more complex and with greater problems; supplying of water is carried out through three facilities:
15
a) From the “Bele vode” production facility water is piped to consumers through source stations SS-1a and SS-16. Source Station 16 supplies the first elevation zone of the territory of Cukarica and part of Rakovica and fills the “Zeleznik” reservoir, from where water is piped further on in the direction of Sremcica, Rusanj, Velike Mostanice and Barajevo. SS-1a is used for supplying a part of the second elevation zone of Cukarica and for piping water to the “Dedinje” reservoir.
b) All the water from the “Banovo brdo” production facility is distributed through the existing tunnel (T1) and the three source stations in it in the following way: The Topcider source station pipes water from the tunnel to the first and second elevation zones, at the same time filling the “Principal”, “Krajinski” and “Dedinje” reservoirs. The “Vracar” source station re-pumps water from the tunnel (T1) for the consumption of the first and second zones, toward the “Zvezdara” reservoir. The “Tasmajdan” source station directs water to the “Pionir” reservoir and the territory of zone one, including the settlements on the left bank of the Danube. From the above listed reservoirs water is piped to hither zones through the “Pionir”, “Principal” and “Zvezdara” source stations, with distribution being carried out thus.
c) Purified water from the “Makis” facility enters the first tunnel line through the “Banovo brdo” system, while the other portion is piped in the direction of the “Zarkovo” reservoir, and further on into regional systems toward Mladenovac (once when the construction of this part of the system is completed). Water from the “Bele vode” is directed today toward Zeleznik and Barajevo, and toward the center of the City, Topcider and Mostar.
B) Territory of Belgrade on the left bank of the Sava – is supplied from the “Bezanija” production facility. Water is piped through a tunnel and source stations “Studentski grad” and “Bezanija” to consumers in New Belgrade and Zemun who are in the first elevation zone.
The pipeline on the bridge across the Sava supplies the connection for the distribution network between the left and right banks of the Sava.
Distribution system facilities are located on the territory of ten municipal and partly on the territory of two suburban municipalities. Because of ground configurations, the territory of the city is divided into four elevation zones, from 70 to 300 m above sea level. The whole of zone one is connected in a ring network into a single system; it extends from Batajnica to Kaludjerica; from Umka to Ovca; from Surcin to Visnjica, etc. Zone two is for the biggest part connected into a single whole, except for parts of the Barajevo system and upper parts of Umka. Zones three and four supply the highest points in the city. Re-pumping between zones is carried out through source stations, where each zone has reservoirs for its gravitational area. The development of the distribution system is in the service of production capacities, which is presented in Table 11.
Table 11. Development of the Distribution System 1892 19501960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2003 no. of consumers (× 1000) 50 430 600 950 1.120 1.200 1.720 1.768 1.320 length of network in km 46 466 673 1.217 1.615 1.963 2.510 2.534 reserv. vol. in m3 (× 1000) 5,0 78,0 82,0 176,7 181,5 196,2 219,5 208,5 208,5 installed SS strength, MW 0,35 10,26 13,00 21,24 22,71 25,33 28,00 28,00 28,00
1.1.2.1. Water Supply Network
A significant role in supplying Belgrade with water is occupied by water distribution, while the primary role in the distribution of water is occupied by the water supply network.
Balgrade’s water supply network represents the transportation highways for water and the direct link between the producer and the consumer. It must be pointed out that the water supply network represents the last segment of
16 the waterworks system in supplying water, and in it consumers observe all operational faults. Because of size and operating method the water supply network represents the biggest investment and exploitation cost.
The Water supply network of the Belgrade Waterworks covers an enormous expanse of around 2,000 ha (from Umka to Borca and Ovca and from Dobanovci to Veliko Selo).
The transportation of water from sources to production facilities and after treatment to consumers is realized through the water supply network in twofold fashion: pipelines for raw water (from sources to purification facilities, length of around 200 km) and main distribution pipelines, together with the distribution network (for pure water, length around 2,300 km).
The water supply network is very diversified and multifarious, both in terms of diameters and types of materials, as well as length of use. Pipeline diameters range from one inch (25 mm) to 1,500 mm, while tunnel intakes have diameters up to 2,000 mm.
Differences in dimensions of the pipeline are technically justified and necessary, but only to a certain degree beyond which there is neither technical, nor economic justification. Such is the “white” network (zinc coated pipes) which presently extends to 221 km in the system and which is slow to be replaced, even though it is dilapidated and technically inadequate, therefore presenting a constant problem both for the waterworks enterprise and for consumers.
Table 12. Water Supply Network According to Years total length number of number number of number of year (km) valves of outlets hydrants connections 1960 533 2.990 260 3.885 42.326 1970 1.217 6.580 310 8.169 50.939 1980 1.615 8.730 436 10.839 74.616 1983 1.785 9.216 11.443 79.066 1987 1.872 9.880 525 12.260 83.531 1988 1.956 10.500 547 12.540 85.326 1989 1.948 10.600 586 12.650 85.474 1990 1.963 11.117 586 12.920 86.467 1995 2.257 11.766 703 14.150 92.500 1999 2.263 11.808 590 14.012 103.000 2000 2.510 11.925 591 14.074 106.320 2001 2.534 11.974 592 14.079 113.254
Information on the raw water pipeline is as follows:
a) total length 200 km b) number of valves 435 pcs.
Intensive development of the city in the post war era necessitated the development of the water supply network. In the past thirty years the length of the water supply network and number of valves increased by around 100%, while the number of connections increased by 120%.
Table 13 presents information on street pipelines according to types of materials used in their construction.
Table 13. Pipelines According to Types of Material % represented type of material 1980 1990 1994 1999 2000 2001 1. iron cast 56,72 57,8 59,4 63,1 63,3 63,1 2. modular cast 0,1 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 3. steel piles (with zinc coated) 20,2 20,0 18,1 16,6 16,3 16,2 4. asbestos-cement 22,0 21,0 17,8 16,2 15,2 15,1 5. plastic 0,6 0,7 2,2 3,1 2,8 3.0 6. armored concrete 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3
17 3000
2500
2000
1500 km 1000
500
0 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Image 5. Length of Water Supply Network
Age of pipes is one of the significant characteristics of the network. Table 14 presents the situation at the end of 2002.
Table 14. Age of Pipes Age (years) Length (km) % up to 10 425,2 16,0 from 10 tо 20 555,8 20,9 from 20 tо 30 551,9 20,8 from 30 tо 40 644,7 24,3 from 40 tо 50 236,6 8,9 from 50 tо 100 240,3 9,1 TOTAL 2,654,4 100,0
Table 15 presents the frequency of disruptions in the network as an element for assessing the choice of material for pipes, while the types of disruption are listed in Table 15a.
Table 15. Frequency of Disruptions Table 15a. Types of Disruption length annual no. of no. of disrupt. year Type of disrupt. % km disruptions per km With consumer 68,5 1980 1.615 2.590 1,6 Street pipes 17,8 1985 1.827 1.897 1,0 Valves 8,9 1988 1.956 2.147 1,4 Hydrant 4,8 1991 2.128 2.802 1,3 1993 2.245 11.172 4,9 1995 2.257 12.622 5,6 1999 2.300 13.475 5,9 2000 2.510 12.737 5,1 2001 2.534 11.958 4,7
1.1.2.2. Distribution System Facilities
Besides the water supply network, the distribution system of the City also consists of pump stations and accumulation reservoirs. Because of the disposition of the ground the territory of the City is divided into four elevation zones. These zones have their own distribution system facilities (pump stations and reservoirs).
18 Pump Stations
Water supply system pump stations in the Belgrade Waterworks System represent hydro-technical engineering facilities whose role is to increase the energy of the water, making possible the supply of water to settlements and industries in the higher areas of the City.
The disposition of these installed capacities according to zones is presented in Table 16.
Table 16. Pump Stations According to Elevation Zones water consump. installed installed zone no. of PS in % capacities in % strength in % I 8 55,0 47,4 53,3 II 6 25,0 31,9 26,8 III 6 17,7 17,5 17,5 IV 3 2,4 3,2 2,4
Installed capacities of pump stations (zone specific pump stations) amount to 27,585 l/s, wile the installed strength is around 28 KW.
Reservoirs
These hydro-construction facilities are used in the water supply system for accumulating water, while at the same time making up for all changes in consumption with available amounts of water. They are the fundamental facilities of rationalization of the distribution system in terms of economics and exploitation.
The total volume of (accumulation) reservoirs amounts to 221.724 m3, which with a further 61,256 m3 in the water purification installations amounts to a total of 283.000 m3.
The distribution of reservoir volumes according to zones is presented in Table 17.
Table 17. Reservoirs According to Elevation Zones zone zone I zone II zone III zone IV total number of reservoirs 6 5 5 3 19 elevation point of reservoirs m.a.s.l. 150 200 250 300 volume in m3 95.132 91.375 29.467 5.750 221.724 water consumption in zone in % 52,1 25,0 20,4 2,6 100 amount of reservoir volume in zone in % 42,9 41,2 13,3 2,6 100
During days of maximum consumption (for instance June 5, 2000, 713.364 м3) the volume of distribution reserves was to around 31%, which can only be assessed as unsatisfactory.
Analysis of water consumption according to elevation zones on the day of maximum consumption (June 1999) is presented in Table 18.
Table 18. Reservoir Space on the Day of Maximum Consumption zone zone I zone II zone III zone IV volume of reservoirs m3 95.132 91.375 29.467 5.750 water consump. in zone (June 1999.) 390.016 171.455 132.525 16.368 water consumption in % 54,7 24,0 19,0 2,3 degree of secured* supply in % 24,4 53,3 21,7 35,1 *) Percentage of coverage of maximum daily consumption (8,646 l/s)
The previous analysis indicates that it is necessary to make certain corrections (expansion of reservoir volumes) with the objective of achieving the same degree of supply for all zones in order to successfully deliver water to the City.
19 200
150 3 100 1000 m
50
0 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Image 7. Volume of Reservoirs
1.1.3. ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENTS
The fundamental characteristic of the modern world is accelerated technological development, but one that results in damage to the environment. In order to supply settlements with water this tendency of the modern world is conditioned by technical-sanitary measures in order that drinking water can be secured within required limits. The consequence of such a situation is an increase in investments.
The development of investment activities can best be seen in a comparative overview of development of capacities (Table 19) and realized investments (Table 20) for the period 1971-1993. In order to make the information readily comparable, in view of inflation, realized investments are expressed in US dollars. In comparing data it should be kept in mind that certain waterworks facilities require prior investments.
Table 19. Development of Waterworks Capacities Annual production m3 Increase Increase in period Period initial year final year production in % l/s 1950-1960 29.666.000 49.572.000 67,1 737 1960-1970 49.572.000 104.027.000 109,8 1.592 1970-1981 104.027.000 178.398.000 71,5 2.362 1981-1990 178.398.000 203.550.000 14,1 5.988 1991-2001. 203.550.000 242.831.460 19,3 1.245
The previous data indicates that Belgrade is currently in a phase of relatively moderate increase in consumption, which in fact suggests slower development of the City. This is a rule observed in all large cities in the world.
20
Table 20. Realized Investment for Waterworks Facilities year in US $ 1971 3.260.438 1973 1.326.697 1974 5.654.270 1976 7.945.769 1977 13.288.641 1978 21.678.924 1979 28.678.333 1980 19.378.566 1981 24.506.535 1982 22.661.516 1983 22.311.072 1984 21.316.234 1985 19.244.506 1986 44.130.044 1987 35.419.393 1988 13.381.857 1989 8.490.770 1990 7.738.418 1991 15.726.752 1992 3.409.693 1993 7.000.000 1994 10.458.283 1995 11.051.578 1996 13.030.000 1997 14.411.000 1998 23.954.000 1999 12.200.000 2000 5.900.000 2001 12.200.000 2002 50.000.000
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 милиона УСА $ милиона 15 10 5 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Image 8. Realized Investments for Waterworks Facilities
21 1.2. ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT CITY WATER SUPPLY CONDITIONS
The more than ten decades of the Belgrade Waterworks System indicate that the development of a modern waterworks system is directly connected with the development of Belgrade. This development of the waterworks system made possible the successful supply of water to the City in the previous period.
During its existence the Belgrade Waterworks System changed its concept of water supply on four occasions with the objective of securing sufficient amounts of safe drinking water.
For more than hundred years Belgrade has been supplied from groundwater sources. In the last forty years tapping of groundwater sources is conducted through capturing facilities – Reni wells along the Sava riverfront. Until 1975 the City was for the most part supplied with water successfully, but today it has been concluded that this concept is outdated. Through technical and interventionist measures in the sense of artificial replenishment of water sources, the capacities of existing groundwater sources need to be maintained at optimal capacity levels (from 6-8 m3/sec.).
Given the new geopolitical location of the Sava river, and keeping in mind that 83.5% of the river basin is located in newly created, independent states, it is necessary to reassess the concept of supplying Belgrade with water.
The applied technologies of the water purification facilities is different, depending on the source of the treated water: groundwater and surface water. River water purification facilities are necessary to ensure reliability of the City’s water supply. They must meet the highest technical standards. “Makis” is one such facility.
The capacities of the groundwater facilities are adequate. The captured quantities of water are around 5,500 l/s, while the capacities of the facilities are 8000 l/s. These facilities also need to be modernized.
Analysis of realized investments in the period 1976-1995 show that investments were irregular (1986 – 44 million dollars, 1993 – 2.9 million dollars), which clearly indicates that stable sources of financing must be found in order for successful water supplying to be achieved.
Construction of new capacities for surface water is a necessary condition for regular water supply in the near future.
Future supplying of Belgrade with water requires urgent measures to be taken with regard to protection of localities in terms of sanitation (especially where potential water sources for Belgrade are concerned).
1.2.1. SOURCES AND FACILITIES
The Belgrade Waterworks is still far from fulfilling all requirements and securing all needs, including reserve quantities of water.
The groundwater sources consist of 99 well constructed in the period between 1953 and 1993.
Under current conditions the capacities of the existing sources from which water is captured at Makis, Ada Ciganlija and the riverfront area of the Sava from its Mouth to Kupinski kut, are currently at 5,500 l/s. Besides this an additional 3.0 m3/sec. of river water from Sava are also available through the “Makis” facility.
The capacities of the wells is objectively decreasing over time. In order to soften these negative natural effects and at least to make up for lost capacities of the water sources it is necessary to build new wells each year or, by taking technical measures, to replenish existing water sources (opening up contacts between Sava rivers – porous environment and infiltration lakes).
With the objective of maintaining and improving the quality of existing water sources, both of groundwater and directs use of river water from the Sava, it is necessary to secure sanitary protection from numerous polluters of the Sava river along its entire length and to take protective measures in order to ensure successful supplying of the City with water.
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1.2.2. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water is distributed from water purification facilities to consumers through a series of pump stations, reservoirs, main intakes and the distribution network.
The distribution system on the left bank of the Sava (New Belgrade and Zemun) is relatively simple as the entire area of consumption belongs to the first elevation zone. The key facility of this system are the pump stations “Bezanija”, “Studentski grad” and the tunnel intake Bezanija-Studentski grad.
In the coming period it is necessary to complete the new pump station “Bezanija” with a pumping pipeline to the area of consumption and to reconstruct the pump station “Studentski grad” in order to ensure the water supply of residential settlements in New Belgrade and Zemun.
The distribution of water from the water purification facility to the consumers in the territory of the City on the right bank of the Sava is associated with numerous problems and will be facilitated through the construction of the second tunnel intake (T2), through the reconstruction of the existing tunnel intake (T1) with facilities for connections to consumers (pump stations, reservoirs and pipelines), and through construction of the regional water supply system toward Mladenovac.
The construction of the following important facilities is planned for transporting water from the tunnels to areas of consumption:
− Reconstruction of the PS “Topcider” − PS Vracar (new) which will pump water into the newly built pipeline ∅900-800 mm in the Mokri lug valley and a planned pipeline ∅700-500 mm on the Vracar plateau.
As there is considerable delay in the realization of certain of the mentioned facilities which are supposed to ensure a better water supply and provide conditions for residential development, certain problems are already felt in the supply of water of central City municipalities because of bottlenecks in the distribution system.
The problem of old pipelines of raw water has not been pointed out here – intakes to facilities which are outdated and require urgent reconstruction in some parts.
Pump stations which are operating are overburdened, without reserves, and need to be reconstructed as soon as possible. Capacities are not the only critical factor, but also the rundown equipment.
An overview of the pump stations is provided with the objective of attaining better insight into the condition of the pump stations in the system and the need for their reconstruction:
− PS “Bele vode 16” is operating constantly with all four groups which are in very poor condition; equipment is fully depreciated. Reconstruction is planned and is the only solution, but no funds are available, − PS “Studentski grad” is operating with four of the five installed pumps, hydraulic protection is not resolved, − PS “Bezanija” is operating with two, often with tree of the three installed groups which are in poor condition, − PS “Topcider” is operating with three large groups; the only reserve is a small group, all of them are in poor condition − PS “Vracar 2” is operating constantly with all four pumps, there are no reserves, and the pumps have been exploited for a very long time and are in poor condition, − PS “Bele vode 1a” is operating with all three groups; there are no reserves; they are in poor condition, − PS “Dedinje” is operating constantly with three groups; the reserve is one outdated group, they are operating according to a schedule which is not favorable.
The reservoir space in the BWS amounts to a little over 30% of average daily consumption. This is unsatisfactory because it represents only a half of the smallest recommended reservoir space in the literature, and is smaller by many times from reservoir space in a developed system. There is a need for increasing reservoir space in all zones, with the most critical situation being in the first elevation zone. The project for the second tunnel intake includes the construction of a large number of new reservoirs in all elevation zones.
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Reconstruction of the water supply network
Besides expanding the waterworks system with new facilities it is necessary to carry out successive reconstruction of the old rundown water supply network with a view to reducing losses and ensuring a more stable water supply.
The water supply network is very diverse and multifarious, both in terms of diameters and types of materials, as well as in terms of age. The oldest part of the network is in the old part of the City, where defects are most common. Thus of all the disruptions in the water supply network in 1987, 52.8% occurred on the territory of Vracar, Palilula and Stari grad (tr. Old town). The highest percentage of water loss also occurs there.
By replacing this network not only would the problem of a reliable water supply be solved, but also the loss of water in the system would be reduced. Up to now more attention was given to constructing new facilities and, as a rule, very little funding was secured for replacing rundown and poor parts of the network.
Around 100 km of pipelines were replaced in the period 2001-2003 as part of the reconstruction of the water supply network. This was financed from donations, the City budget and the Agency for Development of Belgrade.
1.2.3. WATERWORKS SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
Maintenance of the Belgrade Waterworks System assumes the exploitation of the system under functional and technically adequate conditions.
Given that for a series of years investments were very poor, it has become essential and important for the Enterprise to use the available funds with maximum efficiency. There are two essential ways of activating resources with a view to realizing such a set objective and they are:
− the first is based on significant investments (material-economic and other resources), − the second is based on realizing greater results by improving maintenance with smaller investments.
The analysis of losses indicates that it is economically far more acceptable, rational and productive to improve maintenance of the water supply system with increased investments.
The first condition for advancing maintenance of the water supply system is good business-technical organization. One of the fundamental objectives of new organization is increased efficiency in the basic activity and successful control of working business processes, and this boils down to successful functioning and maintenance of the system.
The equipment used for maintaining the waterworks facilities is outdated and inadequate.
24 1.3. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS FOR FORMULATING A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
The work program on drafting a development strategy for the Belgrade Waterworks is for the best part based on documents issued from 1970 to today.
The following can be observed in the analysis of the state of planning: a) The General Urban Plan up to 2010 has been adopted, although it does not include the General Solution to Supplying and Channeling. b) Numerous obligations from the development plan, as well as water deficiency at the current time required a slightly faster trend of development in the initial period.
The following documents are singled out among the usual literature as a basis for a prospective development plan for the Belgrade Waterworks System in the period until 2010:
1. Water Source for Supplying Belgrade With Water in the Urban Plan Until Year 2000 (published in 1972)
The Association of Engineers of Serbia organized this Consultation with the intention of providing an answer to key problems in the City’s water supply.
2. General Urban Plan 1972
This is a report based on general supporting documents which establishes the basis for the development and territorial organization of the City. Prepared by the Urbanism Institute, 1972.
3. The Problem of Supplying the Population and the Industry in the Socialist Republic of Serbia With Water Beyond SAP Until Year 2000
This study considers the condition and disposition of the water supply, functioning of the municipal water supply system; the basic elements of the water source crisis in supplying the population with water; the conditions for securing required water needs – future needs and protection of the water source area for supplying cities and settlements in Serbia with water. Prepared by the Waterworks Institute “Jaroslav Cerni”, 1974.
4. Belgrade 1976 - 1985
Document on the development of Belgrade within a planning period as a basis for long-rage prospective development with appropriate actions for realizing the plan. Prepared by the Municipal Parliament, 1977.
5. Study on the Optimal Conditions of Exploitation of the BWS System
Draft study for optimizing the operation of the BWS water supply system (second Mirjevo zone). Prepared by “Mihajlo Pupin” Institute, 1974.
6. General Solution for Belgrade’s Water Supply System
Besides an analysis of the existing water supply system the solution offers a concept of the water supply until year 2000. The study is in three volumes (12 booklets). Prepared by “Energoprojekt”, 1978.
7. Previous Study – Supplying Suburban Municipalities of Belgrade With Water Until Year 2000
In analyzing the current condition of the water supply, possible variant solutions are offered with technical and economic indicators (in three volumes). Prepared by “Energoprojekt”, 1978.
25 8. The Condition of Local Waterworks Facilities on the Territory of Priority Municipalities and Proposed Measures
Prepared by the Municipal Institute for Health Protection, 1981.
9. Territorial Plan for the City of Belgrade
Elements of long-term social and economic development of Belgrade in the period between 1980 and 2000, with a special part of the land development plan for the period 1981-1985. Prepared by the Institute for Development Planning of the City of Belgrade, 1980.
10. Development of the Belgrade Waterworks and Sewage Systems Between 1976-1982
By analyzing the condition and development of the waterworks and sewage systems of Belgrade their assessment and specific characteristics are established, with planned development up to 1985 being offered. Prepared by the “Belgrade Waterworks and Sewage System”, 1983.
11. Study on the Development of the Belgrade Waterworks System for the Period 1981 to 1990
On the basis of prior literature and analysis of the operation of the BWS from the perspective of the production distribution system in space and time. Prepared by “Energoprojekt”, 1983.
12. Expert Analysis – Analysis of the possibility of applying measures for increasing the capacity of existing groundwater sources of the Belgrade Waterworks
Prepared by the “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute, 1984.
13. Preliminary Report on Testing the Technological Process of Purification of River Water at the “Bele Vode” Installations
The objective of this research is the advancement of the current state and defining of conditions for water purification to be always hygienically safe. Prepared by the Municipal Institute for Health Protection, 1984.
14. Study on the Long Range Effects of the Slowing Down of the Danube and the Sava on the Territory of the City of Belgrade
The construction of the hydro electrical dam “Djerdap 1” slowed down accumulation, changing the flow of the Danube and the Sava on the territory of Belgrade. This situation should provide an answer to the influence of the hydro electrical dam “Djerdap 1” on the groundwater sources of Belgrade for new conditions of flow and water levels. Prepared by Institute “Jaroslav Cerni”, 1985.
15. General Urban Plan of the City of Belgrade “Belgrade 2000”, Changes and Additions
The purpose of land is changed (from 43,904 to 29,147 ha), the ratio between developed and free land is also changed (Article 4) which resulted in changes and additions to the plan from 1972. Prepared by the Institute for Development Planning of the City of Belgrade, 1985.
16. Testing of the Possibility of Using Water From the Lake at Ada Ciganlija for Purification at the “Banovo Brdo” Facility
In the interest of controlling water shortages the Enterprise is forced to conduct testing for the possibility of increasing water supply capacities through occasional use of limited quantities of water from the lake at Ada Ciganlija to be purified at the “Banovo Brdo” facility. Prepared by the Municipal Institute for Health Protection, 1985.
26 17. The Basis of Water Resource Management in the Republic of Serbia
The Basis of Water Resource Management in the Republic of Serbia takes a unified view of water regimens and protection of water from pollution, as well as waterworks solutions that are applicable to the territory of the Republic. Prepared by the “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute, 1995.
18. Long-term Projection of Sava River Water Quality From the Perspective of a Safe Water Supply for Belgrade
The scientific research project includes three fundamental possibilities: − Scanning of the ambient water characteristics of the Sava river and mouths of tributaries from Ljubljana to Belgrade − Collection and processing of information on social-economic factors on the river basin of the Sava river. − Collection and processing of past tests of water quality with the preparation of a computer model and processing of the water quality of the Sava river.
Prepared by the “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute
19. Report on Hydraulic Model Testing of Facilities for Introducing Water Into the Tunnel System of the Belgrade Waterworks
The hydraulic model testing had the objective of solving the problem of increasing the capacity of the system. Prepared by the “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute
20. Preliminary Design of the Second Water Tunnel Intake
On the basis of the “Analysis of the Role and Position of the Second Water Intake Tunnel” prepared by “Hidroprojekat” in 1983 and following expert opinions from professional committees, the preliminary design of the second water tunnel intake was prepared. Prepared by “Hidroprojekat” and “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute, 1986/1987.
21. Hydraulic Bases for Reconstructing Pipe Stations of the Intake System of the Belgrade Waterworks
Previous measuring of pressure losses along the tunnel system, as well as hydraulic conditions for PS operation on the tunnel are the fundamental subjects of research. Prepared by “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute 1984-1987.
22. Study on Securing Water for Long Term Needs of Belgrade
The study defines Belgrade’s future needs for high quality water, availability of sources for their supply, as well as bases for long term supplying of the city with water. Prepared by “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute 1987-1988.
23. Continual Measurement of Levels and Pressure in the Belgrade Waterworks System as a Precondition for Managing the System and Rational Water Consumption
A mathematical simulation of the BWS was carried out with the objective of modernizing the management of the Belgrade Waterworks as a precondition for reliable establishment of the condition of the system, as well as creation of the bases for designing a new BWS. Prepared by the Civil Engineering Faculty and BWS Sector, 1989.
24. Development of the Belgrade Waterworks and Sewage System for the Period 1983-1989
A Belgrade Waterworks and Sewage System Enterprise publication whose purpose is to present the development of this municipal function for the seven years in question. Prepared by Ph.D. Dusan Cuzovic, 1989.
25. Future Supplying of Belgrade With Water
Essentially this publication presents the bases for preparing a new General Waterworks Project, dealing with strategic issues that need to be resolved with the objective of future successful operation of the water supply system. Prepared by Ph.D. Dusan Cuzovic, 1990.
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26. General Solution to Belgrade’s Hydro Network and Riverfronts
The objective of the study is to prepare variant solutions as bases for development of the riverfront area of the Sava and Danube within the preparation of the new General Urban Plan for Belgrade. Prepared by “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute, “Energoprojekt” and Institute for Planning of the City of Belgrade, 1990.
27. Expert Analysis Defining Locations for Building New Wells in the Belgrade Water Source Zone
The analysis includes testing of the existing Belgrade water sources and definition of realistic possibilities of tapping certain quantities of water for the needs of the Belgrade Waterworks on the territory of the left bank of the Danube and in the wider area of the Pancevo Marsh. Prepared by “Balby International”, 1991.
28. Study on Mixing Water from Different Sources in the Belgrade Waterworks
The objective of the study is to establish the effects of mixing surface wager and groundwater after treatment in the existing facilities (Makis – Banovo Brdo) in certain proportions and under different seasonal conditions. Prepared by the Municipal Institute for Health Protection, 1992.
29. Documentation on Contacts with the International Bank
30. Annual Report on the Operation of the Waterworks in the Period 1971-1999
31. One Hundred Years of the Belgrade Waterworks and Sewage 1892-1992
Collection of papers from the expert consultation on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the Enterprise. Prepared by the Enterprise and a Group of Authors, 1992.
32. Long Term Program for the Development of the Enterprise
a) Waterworks and Sewage, Development Plan in Stages 1975-1985 b) Medium Range Development Plan 1976-1980 c) Medium Range Production and Consumption Plan 1979-1980 d) Plan Analysis 1980-1985 and 1986-1990 e) Medium Range Plan 1991-1195
33. General Plan for Belgrade Until 2021
This is a general documentation basis which establishes the foundations for development and territorial organization of the city. Prepared by the Urbanism Institute 2002.
28 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BELGRADE WATERWORKS SYSTEM UNTIL 2005
The foundations for preparing this document on development are: comprehensive analysis of development thus far and the types of problems associated with it, expressed needs and the possibilities of fulfilling them, as well as objectives of land development of the city until year 2005.
The General Urban Plan as the basis for long term development and the General Solution for the Waterworks were supposed to represent the basis for preparing this document-strategy of development of the water supply for the period 1995-2005. The 1972 General Urban Plan has been surpassed and the procedure has been initiated for preparing the new General Urban Plan until 2010. Because of the unrealized territorial concept for the City according to the General Urban Plan and because of considerable differences in the assessment of capacities of water sources, the General Solution for the Waterworks is not realistic and does not permit the realization of all phases. The conditions in which the prospective plan for waterworks facilities is being adopted are different from those when previous development plans were being adopted – the biggest disadvantages are in the economic and technical aspects.
Even though this development plan is considered necessary as well as restrictive, great effort is required for it to get realistic characteristics, which was the target during its preparation.
Many years of practice confirm that prospective investment plans represent general plans for realizing investment activities in which approximate investment numbers are considered, while actual definition is scheduled to take place in lower order plans (medium-term and annual plans).
2.1. DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, PROGRAMMING FOUNDATIONS AND PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS
The Belgrade Waterworks exists for hundred years already, but it only had the issue of water sources resolved for brief periods of time, so that this issue is considered a long term problem of supplying the City with water.
According to the General Solution to the Waterworks, the City is exclusively supplied from water sources along the Sava (whether through infiltration of groundwater or exploitation of surface water).
The vigorous development of the City in the past 50 years was accompanied by very intense development of all functions of the water supply system: capacities of the water sources and the water purification facilities, as well as expansion of the distribution system.
However, following an analysis of the development and key problems in supplying the City with water the following observations can be made: a) Capacities of water sources are inadequate. b) No long term solution to supplying Belgrade with water exists. c) There is a problem with sanitary protection of water sources. d) The total capacities of the facilities for groundwater purification are adequate, but the technical conditions of the facilities are not satisfactory – both in terms of sanitary-technical criteria, as well as in terms of exploitation capacities. e) Maintenance of the entire waterworks system is not adequate. f) The distribution system (networks, pump stations and reservoirs) is outdated which results in high water losses. g) For a certain number of suburban settlements which already have numerous urban characteristics, no water supply solution has been established.
The objectives of the economic, social and land development of the city for the next ten years is established by the document on the City’s development. On the level of the City, such a planning act is the General Urban Plan.
Assumptions for long term development are based on previous research and were made by specialized institutions.
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The key problems of the existing system for supplying the City with water, as well as planning assumptions, permit us to propose the basic objectives for the development of the Belgrade Waterworks System:
1. The basic objective which should be realized is the fulfillment of all needs on the entire territory of the city with quality, hygienically safe water.
2. It is necessary to conclude basic testing as soon as possible in order to establish ways for long term supplying of Belgrade with water, and at the same time to establish the degree to which groundwater sources are threatened.
3. New capacities need to be built to meet growing water consumption, and to create necessary reserves. The problem of overexploitation of water sources should be resolved in parallel.
4. Water losses in the system must be reduced through the reconstruction of the old network in certain parts of the City and through regulation of maximum pressures and flows in particular sections of the water supply network.
5. The existing groundwater purification facilities need to be reconstructed with a view to improving the sanitary- technical conditions of water treatment.
6. The distribution network should be reconstructed to the necessary degree and its expansion should be carried out in accordance with the planned development of the City, with modern maintenance.
7. The issue of financing should be resolved in order that the previous objectives can be met.
To conclude, the fundamental strategic decision of the City must be the creation of a waterworks system which will supply all consumers with healthy, hygienically safe water in adequate amounts, accompanied by necessary reserves.
This development program is founded on objective decisions which are based on previously unrealized plans and realistic assumptions for the future period under consideration.
The previous planning period of 1990-1995 is characterized by very limited investment activities in the construction of key waterworks facilities in the City.
This slowdown in the development of the waterworks represents a limiting factor for the City’s development which prevents the normal functioning of the city – given that the waterworks system represents a basic requirement for the life of people in the City.
2.2. SECURING REQUIRED WATER QUANTITIES – REQUIRED BALANCE
According to the 1991 census, 96.11% of the population of central City’s municipalities were connected to the BWS (Stari grad, Vracar, Savski venac, Palilula, Zvezdara, Vozdovac, Cukarica, Rakovica, Novi Beograd and Zemun), while in the suburban municipalities of Barajevo, Grocka, Mladenovac and Sopot only 22.49% were connected. On the average 73.90% of the residents on the entire territory of the city are connected to the water supply system. In assessing water requirements, the assumption was made that the entire population is connected to the BWS.
The projection of the required quantities of water as a basis for the development of the City and territorial reorganization of the population and industry represents fundamental information for the design of the future waterworks system.
With this in mind numerous studies and projects were considered, and Table 21 presents comparative data on required water quantities.
30 Table 21. Required Water Quantities Year of Populat. Water Requirements Daily Annual Publication Numbers m3/sec. Median Media Study, Project Title x103 Q ср Q m3/day x 106 m3 dail.max. General Solution to the 1976. 1.572 8,08 7,06 908.000 Belgrade Waterworks, 1985. 10,51 9,42 Energoprojekt (1978) 2000. 12,30 The Basis of Water Resource 1985. 1.470 748.000 273,28 Mngmt. II-Long Term Project., 2000. 1.966 2.508.000 915,50 “Jaroslav Cerni” Instit. (1987) 2050. 2.900 3.835.000 1.400,00 Prel.Design of Second Tunnel, 2000. 1.740 12,0 1.036.800 378,43 J. Cerni and Hidrop. (1989) 2020. 2.126 17,1 1.477.440 539,26 Future Suppl. of Bgd. With 2000. 10,0 Water, Cuzovic (1990) 2020. 13,0 Preliminary Design of the 1991. 1.427 6,47 7,39 638.496 233,05 Second Tunnel, 2000. 1.505 8,55 10,11 873.504 318,82 Develop. of BWS 2010. 1.749 9,72 11,50 993.600 362,66 (1992) 2020. 1.911 11,15 13,20 1.140.480 416,28
The required quantity of water for successful supplying of the City with water is the direct function of the amount of water produced, decreased by the losses in the system. Without elaborating on the necessary elements for establishing the required water quantities, for this was already done in the cited studies and projects, their values in the indicated periods are presented in Table 22. The term “required water quantity” here means maximum daily consumption with secured reserves of 10-20%. The complexity of Belgrade’s water supply system and the need for a reliable water supply justify this degree of safety.
Table 22. Overview of Requirements and Capacities Year, Required Quantity Existing Capacities New Capacities Phase period m3/sec. m3/sec. m3/sec. 0. 1995. 8,5 7,5 1,0 1. 1995-2000. 10,0 7,0 3,0 2. 2000-2005. 11,0 6,5 4,5 3. 2005-2010. 12,0 6,0 6,0 4. 2010-2020. 14,0 5,5 8,5 5. until 2050. 17,0 5,0 12,0
The reasonableness of the assessment of required water quantities for the prospective period can be argued in two ways (as presented in Tables 23 and 24):
− Comparative overview of specific water consumption of Belgrade and large cities in Europe, − Comparative overview of annual increase in production for the period under consideration (for the realized and planned period).
Table 23. Specific Water Consumption Specific CITIES Consumption l/resid./day Belgrade (1994) 443 Budapest (1990) 416 Zurich (1990) 429 Paris 350 Vienna 270 Hamburg 230 Moscow (1980) 550 Rome 651
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Analysis of the waterworks of 33 large cities in the world, of which eight are similar in size to Belgrade (number of residents 1000-1,500,000 res.), yields specific water consumption of 200-500 l/res./day
Table 24. Annual Increase in Production Realized Planned production production Period Period increase in % increased in % 1960 - 1970. 109,8 2000 - 2005. 13,6 1970 - 1980. 71,5 2005 - 2010. 12,5 1980 - 1990. 14,1 2010 - 2020. 11,8 1990 - 2000. 19,3
Estimates which are used in defining the development of the most important infrastructure in Belgrade, the waterworks, need to be reliable. Based on the presented comparison with large European cities it can be concluded that they are reliable.
Image 9. Plan for Activating Water Sources
32 2.3. GENERAL CONCEPT OF SUPPLYING THE CITY WITH WATER
Today’s water supply system of the City is a technically complex system which consists of 99 Reni wells, three groundwater purification facilities with a capacity of 8.0 m3/sec., three river water treatment facilities with a capacity of 3.5 m3/sec., a distribution system with around 2,500 km of a water supply network of different profile, with 28 pump stations that have installed capacities of 17.6 m3/sec. and 18 reservoirs with a total volume of 247.679 м3.
The general concept of supplying the City with water was planned as part of the General Urban Plan of Belgrade (prepared in 1950 and 1972). The General Solution for the Waterworks System of Belgrade from 1977 (project prepared by “Energoprojekt”), as well as changes and additions to the General Urban Plan of Belgrade (1987) defined the basic concept of supplying Belgrade with water. The solution for the future water supply of six suburban municipalities (Obrenovac, Barajevo, Sopot, Lazarevac, Mladenovac and Grocka) was designed in a separate project prepared by “Energoprojekt” – Belgrade. Planned measures were not fully realized – the land development concept of the City was not realized, nor the concept of supplying the City with water (planned consumption, groundwater source capacities, etc. were not realized).
2.3.1. General Presentation of the Existing System
The tapping, raw water transportation and purification facilities are water production facilities that include five separate plants: a) “Bele Vode” facility taps and purifies river water from the Sava, and partially groundwater sources, b) “Banovo Brdo” facility is located on the right bank of the Sava, groundwater purification facility, c) “Bezanija” facility is located on the left bank of the Sava, groundwater purification facility, d) “Makis” facility (on the right bank of the Sava) only purifies river water from the Sava, e) “Vinca” facility taps water from the Danube.
The capacities of these facilities (plants) are provided in section 1.1.1.
The distribution water supply system in terms of area covers the water supply of the urban territory of the City on the right and left banks of the Sava and left bank of the Danube, as well as a certain number of suburban settlements.
The concept of supplying Belgrade with water is based on five production plants but, although it is unified, the functioning of this system is directed toward three areas of the City:
A) AREA OF THE CITY ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE SAVA – the central part of the system is a complex system because it is supplied from three production plants:
a) Water from pipe wells and some Reni wells (from the “Middle Makis” water source), as well as river water from “Sabacka” is purified at the “Bele Vode” facility. The purified water is pumped through two pump stations (“Bele Vode” 1a and 16) for supplying the southeastern area of the city (along the Ibar Highway and settlements along the right bank of the Sava) – settlements along the Sava valley, as well as settlements in the second elevation zone. This subsystem can supply nearly all parts of the City (zone I – to the Krajinski reservoir, Zeleznik and Umka and zone II – Dedinje), which indicates its enormous significance for the BWS system.
b) Captured water from the Reni wells on the location of the “Makis” and “Bezanija” water sources is purified at the “Banovo Brdo” facility. The treated water is transported via tunnel T1 using gravitation to pump stations (Topcider 1 and 2, Vracar 1 and 2 and Tasmajdan), from where it is directed to the distribution systems of zone I (to reservoirs – Principal, Krajinski, Pionir) and zone II (into reservoirs – Dedinje, Zvezdara, Mokri lug). From the reservoirs of zone II pump stations pump the water to the third and fourth zones. The tunnel system is today the fundamentally facility of the City’s distribution system on the right bank of the Sava.
c) Water tapped from the Sava river is purified at the “Makis” facility. Given that the tunnel system T2 has not been constructed, today the purified water is brought to consumers through pump stations in the T1 tunnel to the center of the City, while the rest of the water is directed through a special pipeline to the “Zarkovo” reservoir from where, in the future, it will be brought to the settlement of Mladenovac through a future regional
33 system. Water from the “Bele vode” facility is brought to the Zeleznik reservoir which enables the water supply of settlements in the Sava valley. The “Vinca” facility supplies the settlements at the foot of Avala mountain as a temporary solution. In the future these settlements will be connected to the Makis-Mladenovac system.
B) AREA OF THE CITY ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE DANUBE – this area is supplied with water from the central system (PS “Tasmajdan” and the “Pionir” reservoir) through an intake over the Pancevo bridge. In the General Solution for the Waterworks of Belgrade the construction of a new system is planned on the left bank of the Danube which would consists of: - groundwater tapping - the “Danube” water purification facility - a pump station with a reservoir (5000 m3) and - intake from PS “Rit” to the Pancevo bridge (joint 2 ∅800 mm toward Belgrade) and a second short one toward Zemun (underneath the Danube) to the Sava Kovacevic settlement.
C) AREA OF THE CITY ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE SAVA (New Belgrade and Zemun). The “Bezanija” production plant which supplies this area taps groundwater from Reni wells on the left bank of the Sava (from the Mouth of the Sava at the Danube to Progar), purifies it and delivers it gravitationally to the Bezanija tunnel in Studentski grad. The water supply of the settlements in this area from the production plant is carried out through the pump stations “Bezanija” and “Studentski grad”, where the former is located on the plant grounds, and the latter at the end of the first section of the tunnel intake. The Bezanija plant is used is assisting the water supply of the right bank of the Sava of zone one (pipelines across the bridge) which is why the New Belgrade network is under high pressure.
Because of ground configurations, the territory of the city is divided into four elevation zones, from 70 to 300 m above sea level. The whole of zone one is connected in a ring network into a single system; it extends from Batajnica to Kaludjerica; from Umka to Ovca; from Surcin to Visnjica, connecting all three City areas into a single whole in the range of 75 to 125 m.a.s.l. Zone two is for the biggest part connected into a single whole, except for parts of the Barajevo system and upper parts of Umka, elevation 125-175 m.a.s.l. Zone three consists of three subsystems, Sremcica, Rusanj, Dedinje-Torlak and Mirjevo (the last two are connected today through the PS Mokri lug brdo), elevation 175-225 m.a.s.l. Zone four developed in two directions – Barajevo and Kumodraz. These subsystems are located between elevation points 225 and 310 m.a.s.l.
2.3.2. Disposition of New Systems Facilities and Existing Dilemmas
Development of the City of Belgrade will include reconstruction of the City’s water supply system, with the realization of planned fundamental facilities.
1. The General Solution of the Waterworks System of Belgrade (from 1977) includes the construction of a second tunnel intake (ring) with a capacity of 12 m3/sec. In the period 1984-1987 a series of studies and preliminary designs were prepared which considered directions, elevation locations of the tunnel and capacities, and changes to the Long Term Urban Plan of Belgrade (1987) defined precise basic characteristics of the T2 tunnel, with the note that the first section (Banovo Brdo-Topcider) needs to be realized immediately.
2. The settlement on the left bank of the Sava (New Belgrade) is located in the first elevation zone, however pressures are higher and, as is planned in the General Solution, it is necessary to construct two water towers (bottom 135, overflow 139) with existing pump stations (Bezanija and Studentski grad).
3. New tapping facilities are planned on the left bank of the Danube, with transport of raw water to the Bezanija facility and the tunnel ring T1-T2. It is noted here that the General Solution suggests the formation of a new production plant in this area which would have significant advantages (directly in the area of consumption, and would assist both areas in its system extremities, which is a great exploitation advantage).
4. The construction of the regional system Makis-Mladenovac will form a new water supply system which will provide the water supply for five municipalities with around 500,000 residents. Around 20% of this system has been constructed.
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5. New groundwater sources have been located in Makis and Zidine (infiltration), on the left bank of the Danube, Jarak-Klenek and the Great War Island, while new surface water capacities are planned at the existing Sabacka- Makis location.
2.4. INCREASING CAPACITY OF KEY FACILITIES FOR WATER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
A reliable water supply for the City with healthy drinking water can only be realized with large hydro technical systems which transport water from the zone of protected water sources to the areas of consumption. For this reason Belgrade opted for the general concept of water sources on the Sava. It must be observed that this water source is becoming risky for three reasons: first, the constant degradation of the Sava river water; second, because of the new geopolitical position of our country (more precisely the Sava is an international river today which flows through Slavonija, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and has tributaries from a part of Montenegro); and third, the constant trend of reduction in the groundwater sources (overexploitation phenomenon).
The presented required quantities of water as a basis for understanding the direction of future development in the area of supplying Belgrade with water are a significant condition to planning land development needs and water sources, as well as the strategy for their exploitation in the future. The future perspective, that is to say the time line is the second decade of the next century, based on the available documents and experiences of other countries.
The consideration of the problem of supplying the City with water can be analyzed within the framework of two areas:
− Production capacities (waters sources – ensuring sufficient quantities of water and treatment of raw water in purification facilities) and − Distribution system which makes up the water supply network, pump stations and reservoirs.
35 2.4.1. PRODUCTION CAPACITIES
Analysis of the current condition has led to the conclusion that the tapped water source capacities are inadequate even for today’s requirements, while the capacities of purification facilities are adequate, but their functionality is not appropriate. In this sense an analysis will be provided which includes all significant groundwater and surface water sources with potential capacities (based on conducted tests), as well as the required capacities of the water purification facilities. Hence we will proceed to consider:
− Water sources − groundwater − surface water − Purification facilities
2.4.1.1. Water Sources
Based on the studies and testing conducted during the past ten years, the systematization of the available water resources in the near and distant surrounding area of the City.
Water for long range requirements of Belgrade can only be provided by powerful waters sources in which it is possible to carry out efficient protection of water quality.
2.4.1.1.1. Groundwater
Extensive testing has been carried out over the past 25 years in the water source areas of Belgrade (from the Mouth of the Sava river to the Obetska bara), as well as on the War Island: around 6,000 analyses of granulometric makeup, several hundred analyses of the physical-chemical characteristics of groundwater. In 1991 (January-March) the measuring of groundwater levels was carried out on 300 typical measuring locations.
2.4.1.1.1.1. Increasing the Capacity of the Existing Source
The General Solution for the Waterworks of the City in 1977 foresaw addition 19.0 m3/sec. from existing water sources (on the left and right banks of the Sava), upstream from active water sources.
The planned assumptions were not realized, with the reasons for this being manifold:
− overly optimistic projections, − the negative slowdown effect of the hydro-electric dam Djerdap on significant sedimentation in the area of our facilities (sedimentation of Sava’s river bottom), − sedimentation in the drain zones, − loss of a portion of the water source (riverfront on the right bank of the Sava) because of the building of the Obrenovac industry.
The fundamental problem of the Belgrade water sources is the reduction in the capacities of the sources, and not the reduction in the capacity of capturing facilities, which has been verified by the latest tests. According to the conducted test, the assessment of potential quantities of groundwater at existing water sources is around 5.0 m/sec., while the average quantity of water from particular sources in 1991 and 1993 is presented in Table 25.
Table 25. Water Production at Wells Reg. Location of Water Sources Production l/sec. No. 1991. 1994. 1. Ada Ciganlija (19b) 700 807 2. Мakis (19b) 630 765 3. New Belgrade (left bank of Sava 35b) 2.127 2.123 4. Progar – Boljevac (21b) 1.369 1.164 91-94 operating wells 4.853 4.856
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Today’s conditions of exploitation of groundwater sources are changed compared to conditions which existed during the initial years of exploitation. The constant trend in the reduction of groundwater sources points to the existence of overexploitation of Belgrade’s water sources, as a consequence of the sedimentation of the Sava river bottom – that is to say a reduction in the infiltration from the Sava. This manifestation must be taken into account in the future.
The quantities of water required for setting the dimensions of the water sources are not the same as the required quantities for supplying the City (consumption). In establishing the appropriate quantities for setting the dimensions of water sources the risk of the system of exploiting water sources must be superimposed (reliability of operation, source characteristics, stoppage in electrical energy supply, etc.). Table 26 presents the required quantities of groundwater at water sources.
Table 26. Required Quantities of Groundwater at Water Sources Required Capacity m3/sec. name of publication 1995 2000 2005 2020 2050 General Solution (Kordic 1978.) 17,0 Future Supplying (Cuzovic 1990.) 10,0 13,0 15,0 Proposal for Groundwater Proportion *) 5,0 7,5 8,0 10,0 15,0
*) The required quantities of groundwater, based on current knowledge and conducted testing, can be secured in the following ways:
Artificial infiltration and from groundwater sources 1500 l/s Great War Island 800 l/s Left bank of the Danube 3000 l/s Kupinski kut 5000 l/s Macva 3500 l/s Godomin 1500 l/s Total 15.300 l/s
In order for the listed quantities of groundwater to be engaged in the Belgrade Waterworks System it is necessary to resolve many problems (urban conditions, projects, land ownership property rights, etc.).
Under the operating conditions of the intake system, where exploitation of groundwater sources exceeds infiltration, the result is overexploitation of water sources and a decrease in the level of groundwater sources in the wider area of the source, which is practically the case in the larger part of Belgrade’s water source area. The technical intervention measures undertaken with a view to increasing the capacities of existing water sources in this sense are presented in Table 27 (May 1994).
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Table 27. Technical Intervention Measures for Increasing the Capacities of Existing Water Sources Reg. Increasing Capacities Activities No. l/s 1. Engaging three wells according to the “Proisag” system 200 2. Construction of connecting wells (estimate 7 wells = 4 progar +3) 550 3. Replenishing a water source through an existing well 200 4. Regeneration of the river bed and existing wells 150 5. Technical measures on existing wells with replacement of pump aggreg. 100 Estimate Total 1.200
It is clear that the conducted studies on the existing water sources indicate that it is rational to invest effort urgently, in an organized way and energetically into increasing the capacities of existing water sources.
2.4.1.1.1.2. Great War Island
According to hydrologic testing and estimates that were made it can be expected that a groundwater source over an area of 175 ha will yield around 800 l/s (estimates 7 wells), for which reason the Enterprise is planning to build wells in this location. However, municipal authorities are not willing to issue permits. In order to resolve the conflict of interest between municipal authorities and the Waterworks, at the beginning of 1989 the Serbian Academy of Sciences organized a Consultation at which the proposal for constructing a water source on the War Island was supported, along with the concept of protecting the environment and the possibility of urbanization of the area.
In 1990 the Municipal Parliament of Belgrade organized a meeting of experts which was attended by foreign experts also. At this meeting the idea of using the island as a water source was not questioned.
To this day the City has not adopted the decision on creating a water source, even though this location has a pipeline (with required capacities), as well as the possibility of conducting water treatment at the Bezanija facility, which makes this location most rational.
2.4.1.1.1.3. Artificial Infiltration
38 Analyses of the decrease in the capacities of existing water sources point to the very low quality of replenishment of water sources. The application of artificial infiltration can be a solution for the very poor condition of existing water sources. The advantages of using the artificial infiltration method are the following:
− more stable water quality; − increase in the specific capacity of sources and − strategic importance – as a reserve quantity of water.
The preliminary design project is scheduled for construction of test infiltration pools at Makis. Previous testing indicates that this method alone can yield from 1000 – 1500 l/s in the Makis water source area.
Artificial infiltration could be activated relatively quickly according to the following phases:
− Construction of new test pools and conducting of new testing, around 1 year − Construction of capacities for tapping water, 3 years
Testing has begun at the water source “Zidine”.
2.4.1.1.1.4. Kupinski Put
The results of extensive hydrologic testing carried out on a part of the Sava riverfront water sources (upstream from Progar), albeit it only basic testing, indicate that rough estimates of its capacities can be made. Certain problems are associated with this water source, together with Obetska bara (a significant environmental location in Vojvodina), but this will be solved through numerous phases of the project (only preliminary design complete).
Estimates for this water source range between 4,500 to 6,500 l/sec.
The closing and transport of these quantities to Belgrade precludes the following facilities:
− construction of 80 wells with horizontal drains, − pipeline 2 ×∅1300 mm, length 40 km,
39 − pipe stations, reservoir space, electrical utility and electrical equipment.
2.4.1.1.1.5. Left Bank of the Danube
Based on the testing of the existing hydro geological work on the wider territory of the Pancevo rit (tr. Marsh) with an area of around 300 km2 (fenced off by the waterways Danube and Tamis to the border of Stari Banovci – Glogonj), groundwater sources ranging from 2.5-3.5 l/s are expected to supply Belgrade. 20-30 wells can be built in this are with horizontal drains.
Detailed hydro geological testing on the “Crvenka” location have been completed. Tapping of groundwater can be realized through the construction of a “Proisag” type well, because of the fine grained environment of the Danube riverfront.
Testing was also conducted on the “Jabucki rit” location.
Planned studies and testing work has been delayed, but are necessary, given the fine grained materials and the fact that the water source zone subject to many years of slowdown of the Danube (hydro electrical dam Djerdap).
An artificial infiltration facility is planned with the objective of increasing the efficiency of this water source, which would make it possible for the negative effects of well capacity reduction to be decreased.
At this stage of the work other vital facilities must also be resolved (collecting pipelines, pipe stations, water treatment- purification and transport to area of consumption). In this sense the existing concept of realizing these capital facilities demands consideration because of the amount of required investments, exploitation reliability and other solutions – e.g. construction near capturing and production facilities in this area.
2.4.1.1.1.6. Godomin Source
The location of the Godomin fields between Smederevo and Dubravica has an area of around 5,000 ha. Based on the results of hydrodynamic testing and the possibilities of tapping groundwater for consumption in Belgrade, estimated capacities are 1,500-2,000 l/s. Tapping and transportation of water to Belgrade, including systems facilities for artificial replenishment of sources, requires the construction of the following:
− 30 wells with horizontal drains − pipeline ∅1400mm, length 65 km − infiltration facilities − pipe station with water treatment.
40 However, this water sources has the following disadvantages: first, the water source is not protected and second, it is located in the area of the Djerdap accumulation and is under threat from sedimentation of the Danube river bed.
2.4.1.1.1.7. Macva Region
The region of the Drina and Sava riverfront, part of the so-called “Jarak”, the Macva region was considered in previous studies as a potential water source for supplying Belgrade. The location is called “Crne Bare” with an area of around 100 ha in the direction Crne Bare – Bodovinci, along the Drina, at 1 km distance from the river. The capacities of this water source are estimated at 3-5 m3/sec. An alternative source is Jarak.
Tapping and transportation to Belgrade would require the following components for this newly designed system:
− construction of 50 wells with horizontal drains (or pipe wells) − pipeline 2 ×∅1400mm, length 110 km − construction of infiltration pools − plant, reservoirs and pump stations
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2.4.1.1.2. Surface Water
The nature of the water supply for the population and the industry in Belgrade, as well as its necessity for life, indicates that today and in the future only large capacity sources can be used. Given that the City of Belgrade is located on the two largest waterways, the Sava and the Danube, it is only natural that the city resolved its water supply problems through these waterways. Hence, the Bele vode surface water purification facility was built already in the period 1926-27. The proportion of surface water in the total amount of water production (and consumption) varies, as presented in Table 28.
Table 28. Source of Raw Water Source of Year Water 1930. 1970. 1985. 1991. 1994. Groundwater (in %) 50,0 96,2 92,1 75,24 68,91 Surface water (in %) 50,0 3,8 7,9 24,76 31,09
Potential sources of surface water are: a) use of the Sava and Danube rivers b) accumulations in Starovlaske mountains and c) sources on the Drina and Mlava rivers.
The sources under b) and c) are developed at the level of preliminary designs, with the essentially characteristics of these water sources being presented below.
2.4.1.1.2.1. Surface Water Source on the Territory of Belgrade
The Sava and Danube rivers are “transport waterways” of our Republic, but also endless sources of water for supplying Belgrade with water. However, the quality of these waters is uncertain, given the geopolitical situation and the international character of these waters. Slowdown and accumulation from the hydro-electrical system “Djerdap”, during low water, extends all the way to Sabac and Novi Sad. In this way the “transport waterways” Sava and Danube in their Belgrade sections have been changed from waterways with typically flowing waters into waterways with still waters. The direct consequences of the change in water regimen of these two largest rivers are the sedimentation of undesirable materials and the acceleration of all negative processes occurring under accumulation. Scientific research projects conducted by the “Jaroslav Cerni” institute have verified this (especially for the water quality of the Danube).
2.4.1.1.2.2. Source in the Starovlaski Mountains
The study carried out by the “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute on the long term water requirements of Belgrade takes into account the use of the river basin of the Starovlaski Mountains, and in a series of analyzed variants this one got top priority for realization. The region of the Starovlaski Mountains has a very high specific outflow value – one of the highest in Serbia: 10-15 l/s/m2. Around 300 million m2/year could be secured for Belgrade (i.e. around 9.5 m2/sec.). The water potentials of the waterways which drain the region of the Starovlaske Mountains are presented in Table 29.
Table 29. Potential of Waterways on the Territory of the Starovlaske Mountains Separation Area of Median Low Available Waterway point River Basin Flow Water Quantities F (км2) Qср (м3/с) Q95% (м3/с) Q (м3/с) Rzav Arilje 564 7,97 1,06 4,00 Uvac Kokin Brod 1.057 14,30 1,54 7,00 Lim Prijepolje 3.160 81,90 9,80 Kamenica Rozci 200 1,60 0,10 0,75 Cemernica G. Gornjevica 139 1,08 0,07 0,50 Dicina Semedraz 204 1,50 0,10 0,75
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The quality of these waters is among the best in Serbia. With planned technical solutions the waters of Uvac river, after the Kokin Brod system, would be directed toward the river basin of Veliki Rzav or Arilje, and would further continue toward Belgrade. The considered technical solution also estimates tapping of 11 m3/sec. of which the “Rzava” water supply system would engage 2 m3/sec., while the rest would be conducted for use in Belgrade. The transport of water to Belgrade is gravitational (from elevation point 375 m.a.s.l. to elevation point 104 m.a.s.l. at Banovo Brdo). Several paths for the intake have been considered: the length would be around 170 km (with 25% tunnel lengths – tunnel sections).
2.4.1.1.2.3. Drina River Source
The basic hydrologic characteristics of the Drina indicate that required quantities of water could be tapped (quantities being practically unlimited). We note that the geopolitical situation today is far less favorable than at the time when studies were conducted for a long range water supply for Belgrade.
2.4.1.1.3. Proposal for Activating Potential Water Sources
The previous sections presented an overview of potential water sources for the Belgrade Waterworks. A summary overview of potential water sources with potential capacities and required construction schedule follows:
Table 30. Overview of Potential Water Sources Groundwater l/s Surface Water l/s 1.1. Existing sources 2.1. Existing Facilities on the Sava 2.500 a) capacity circa 5.300 2.1. a New Jezero Facility 1.000 b) new capacities 1.200 2.1. б Makis 2 Facility 2.000 1.2. Great War Island 800 2.1. ц Makis 3 Facility 2.000 1.3. Artificial Infiltration 1.500 2.2. Starovlaske Mountains 9.500 1.4. Kupinski kut 3.500 2.3. Drina 10.000 1.5. Left Bank of Danube 3.000 2.3. a Mlava 3.000 1.6. Godomin 1.500 1.7. Macva 5.000 TOTAL: 21.800 TOTAL: 30.000
Based on the previous overview of potential water sources, Table 31 presents the proposed schedule for planned connection of water sources according to previously established phases.
Table 31. Schedule for Connecting Water Sources Capacities m3/sec. Proposal for Activating Period Required Existing New Water Source
I 1995-2000. 8,5 7,5 1,0 “Jezero” Facility (1 m3/sec.)
II 2000-2005. 10,0 8,0 2,0 “Makis 2” Facility (2 m3/sec.)
“Zidine” Infiltration (1,5 m3/sec.) III 2005-2010. 12,0 9,5 2,5 Great War Island (1,0 m3/sec.) Left Bank of Danube (1,5 m3/sec.) IV 2010-2020. 14,0 11,5 3,5 Macva – Jarak (2 m3/sec.)
V 2020-2050. 17,0 13,5 3,5 Kupinski kut (3,5 m3/sec.) After year 2050 activation of the waters sources of Godomin, Starovlaske mountains and Drina riverfront.
Table 32 presents the proposed schedule of planned construction and connection of water purification facilities which corresponds to the schedule of connecting water sources.
Table 32. Schedule for Connecting Facilities
43 Period Capacity m3/sec. Activation of Facility I 1995-2000. 8,5 “Jezero” 1 m3/sec. (surface water) II 2000-2005. 10,0 “Makis 2” 2 m3/sec. (surface water) III 2005-2010. 12,0 “Bezanija 3” 2 m3/sec. + (groundwater) IV 2010-2020. 14,0 “Danube-City I” 2 m3/sec. (gourndwtr.); +”Jarak” 1,7 m3/sec. (groundwtr.) V 2020-2050. 17,0 “Makis III” 2 m3/sec. (surface water) After 2050. “Danube-City II” 2 m3/sec. (groundwtr.); + “Drina”- 4 m3/sec. (surface water)
2.4.1.2. Water Purification Facilities
The current capacities of the water purification facilities in Belgrade are: a) Groundwater: - Bele vode 600 l/s 43.200 m3/day - Banovo Brdo 4200 l/s 362.800 m3/day - Bezanija 3200 l/s 276.480 m3/day Total (а): 8000 l/s 682.560 m3/day b) River water: - Bele vode 500 l/s 43.200 m3/day - Makis 2.000 l/s 172.800 m3/day - Jezero 1.000 l/s 86.400 m3/day - Vinca 80 l/s 6.912 m3/day Total (б): 3.580 l/s 309.312 m3/day
Sum Total (a + b): 11.580 l/s 988.872 m3/day
The applied technology of water purification facilities differs depending on the source of water being purified: groundwater or surface water. The capacities of the groundwater facilities are adequate for current requirements. However, the facilities are outdated and must be modernized.
The facilities for purification of river water are outdated (old fashioned – Bele Vode), but also include facilities of the highest technical level – Makis. Increase in the capacity of water purification facilities, as well as bringing existing facilities up to functional operational levels is planned according to the following program:
− Establishing the role of the “Bele vode” facility in the BWS system − “Banovo brdo” and “Bezanija” groundwater facilities − Surface water treatment facility at the “Makis” location.
2.4.1.2.1. Establishing the Role of the “Bele vode” Facility in the BWS System
The Development Department prepared a proposal with several variants for resolving this problem.
The existing distribution system of the Belgrade Waterworks is developed in such a way that the role of the “Bele Vode” facility, especially the pump stations, is very significant – especially during moments of disruption, when it is possible to direct appropriate quantities of water fairly quickly both to the first and second elevation zones.
For this reason the reconstruction and rebuilding of this Plant is necessary – for one of the roles which are specified in the project.
2.4.1.2.2. “Banovo brdo” and “Bezanija” Groundwater Facilities
The existing facilities must be urgently reconstructed and modernized, bringing their capacities up to levels specified in the project (7.9 m3/sec.).
44 It is estimated that the capacity of existing purification facilities is adequate for existing and some new water sources (War Island and Kupinski kut).
There is a dilemma about a water source on the left bank of the Danube – whether to build an expensive intake system of raw water under the Danube to “Bezanija” or whether it is more rational to build a facility together with the water source on the left bank, with an appropriate pump station which would direct water to the area of consumption (settlements on the left and right sides of the Danube).
The General Solution for the Waterworks of Belgrade (Energoprojekt, 1977) specifies the construction of the “Rit” purification facility, and the “Jaroslav Cerni” Institute also in the hydro technical project “Danube City” specifies the construction of a water purification facility on the left bank of the Danube – with significant advantages over the variant in which groundwater would be transported from this location to the facility in Bezanija.
2.4.1.2.3. Surface Water Treatment Facility at the “Makis” Location
The General Solution for the Waterworks of Belgrade (Energoprojekt, 1978) specifies an installation for purifying river water with a capacity of 6 m3/sec. at the Makis location. In adopting the decision on building the purification plant “Makis 1” (1983) and because of public resistance, the position was taken that the quantity of river water must be limited, that is to say that the proportion of purified river water in the total water production should be kept at 30%. This criterion was also established in the Study on Ensuring Water for the Requirements of Belgrade (The Basis of Water Resource Management of Serbia).
Today’s “Makis” and “Bele Vode” river water treatment facilities produce between 3.0-3.5 m3/sec. Water deficits can be eliminated through construction of the “Jezero” facility with a capacity of 1 m3/sec.
2.4.2. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The distribution system represents a part of the water supply system whose task is to transport, accumulate and distribute water to users (consumers), that is to say that the distribution system consists of: water supply network, “clean water” pump stations and reservoirs.
Because of its size and functioning the distribution system, in terms of structure of costs represents the biggest investment and exploitation cost, which is evident from the overview provided in Table 33 (1988, Public Enterprise “BWS”).
Table 33. Participation of Capital in Operating Assets % of capital in operating Waterworks Facilities No. assets 1. Capturing Facilities 29,94 2. Purification Facilities 9,34 3. Pump Stations 6,26 4. Reservoirs 5,74 5. Water Supply Network 48,72
From this Table it can easily be concluded that of the total value of all Belgrade Waterworks facilities (in 1988), 61% goes to the distribution system. This gives even greater importance to the problem of the distribution system.
The main tunnel intake (tunnel system T1) with pump stations is becoming a limiting factor in recent years for carrying water to the area of consumption. The capacity of existing pump stations in the tunnel is around 4,000 l/s, with the maximum capacity of the tunnel being only slightly higher. On days of maximum consumption this system becomes a bottleneck in the successfully supplying of the City with water.
The capacity of the system of facilities and pump stations on the left bank – “Bezanija” purification facility, “Bezanija” and “Studentski Grad” pump stations – amounts to 2,500 l/s.
45 The universal “Bele Vode” plant with pump stations (1a and 16) can direct 900-1000 l/s into the system.
The new facility, pump station “Zarkovo” (together with the reservoir) makes it possible to pump 500 l/s into the second and third zones. This suggests the conclusion that radical reconstruction of the distribution system is necessary in order for water distribution to be at the level of 12 – 17 m3/sec.
2.4.2.1. Water Supply Network
Keeping in mind the hundred years of tradition it is necessary to use materials for the pipelines whose use will ensure longevity and functionality. The experience of foreign cities in the use of ductile pipes is stressed here, but not metal pipes (in zones of aggressive soil). It is assessed that the revitalization of old pipelines must begin immediately in order to secure the conducting power of “metal pipes”. The same holds true where improvement of sanitary conditions is concerned. Revitalization of the pipeline today is carried out with exterior cement lining or plastic lining inside a pipe.
Pipelines are grouped according to function into:
− main intakes − main pipelines and − secondary networks.
2.4.2.1.1. Main Intakes a) Connecting tunnel T1-T2 with connecting facilities on Banovo brdo and a chamber and reservoir on Julino brdo b) Reconstruction of tunnel T1, construction of a facility for protection against hydraulic shocks – reservoir “Topcider” (which permits pump stations to work at higher capacities at times of maximum consumption) c) Regional system “Makis-Mladenovac” d) Main tunnel outtake: analysis indicates that it is not necessary in the coming future period to build the entire T2 tunnel system. However, in order to satisfy the requirements of the area of consumption for tunnel T1 it is necessary to build a new section of the tunnel Banovo brdo – Topcider Valley with a length of 2000 m (phase one of the T2 system) with a diameter of 2.5 m; pipeline ∅1500 mm from the exit of the tunnel to the PS “Topcider”, around 1500 m; as well as a pipeline from PS “Topcider new” – “Dedinje” around 3 km, ∅1000 mm. e) Rebuilding of phase two of the tunnel in New Belgrade from PS “Studentski grad” to PS “Zemun”, ∅2000 mm, length 1100 m.
2.4.2.1.2. Main Pipelines a) Pipeline “Makis” purification plant: ∅1200mm, 5,2 km b) Pipeline PS “Topcider – new” – Dedinje: 3 km. ∅1000 mm, c) Intake for zone I from reservoir “Pionir” to reservoir “Visnjica 1”: ∅500 mm, 5,5 km, d) Intake for zone I from reservoir “Zeleznik” to Umka: ∅500 mm, 11,5 km, e) Connecting intake (left and right banks of Sava) Topcider – Ada Ciganlija – Tosin bunar: ∅800 mm, 4 km, f) Connecting intake (left and right banks of Sava) Bele vode – Ada Ciganlija – Upper Zemun: ∅700 mm, 13 km, g) Connecting intake (left and right bank) Zarkovo – Ostruznica – Surcin – Bezanija: ∅700mm, 20 km, h) Intake for zone II Mirjevo to Gradac reservoir: 2 ∅500 mm, 5,4 km, construction to begin in 2006, i) Pipeline PS “Vracar” – Slavija: ∅500 mm, 1,4 km, construction to begin in 2003, j) Pipeline for zone II through Mokri lug Valley: ∅900/800 mm, 2.4 + 1.4 km, completed, k) Pipeline PS “Bezanija” – area of consumption: ∅1200/1000 mm, 4.0 km, construction began in 2003, l) Pipeline for zone III PS “Dedinje” – “Torlak” reservoir: ∅800mm, 4.6 km, nearing completion, m) Pipeline New Belgrade – “Zvezda” reservoir: ∅800 mm, 1.5 km, planned for 2003-2005, n) Pipeline PS “Vracar – Main”: ∅500mm, 2.5 km, beginning of construction 2003, o) Pipeline PS “Zeleznik” – reservoir “Lipovica”, zone III, built in 2002, p) Pipeline PS “Lipovica” – “Guncati” reservoir, zone IV, completed,
46 q) Pipeline Vinca-Zuce-Suplja stena, completed, party operating. r) Pipeline over the old Sava bridge, ∅ 700 mm, planned for reconstruction in 2003-2004, s) Pipeline “Stojcino brdo” reservoir – Mirjevo, zone III, beginning of construction in 2006, t) Pipeline “Petlovo brdo” reservoir – Rusanj, beginning of construction in 2006.
2.4.2.1.3. Reconstruction of Network
Table 34 presents available data on frequency of cracked pipes in the cities of London, Vienna and Belgrade (excluding interventions on house installations). It provides a basis for assessing the non-functionality of the pipelines which are operating – and which need to be replaced.
Table 34. Network Disruptions Year Number of Disruption in an Average Year No. of Disrupt. City Lngth. of network (km) month. max. month. min. per year by km of ntwrk. 1978 January April London 2860 0,179 16.000 600 100 1987 September April Vienna 656 0,219 3.000 70 35 1987 January July Belgrade 2640 1,346 1.827 225 195
In Belgrade there are 615% more defects per kilometer of network than in Vienna, and as much as 753% more than in London.
Analysis of losses in the water supply system also indicate that the Belgrade Waterworks suffers from significant losses and that reconstruction of the network could significantly reduce losses (cases of Paris and Vienna).
A study of defects as a function of the materials used in the pipeline was conducted in Denmark and interesting information was arrived at: gray mould – 0.19 defects/km, modular mould – 0.04 defects/km, steel – 0.46 defects/km. The only drawback of this analysis is that the influence of the age of a pipeline was not taken into consideration.
Using the experiences outlined in the Distribution Committee (AQWA 1977) announcement presented in Table 35, the criteria for replacing – reconstructing existing pipelines can also be applied to the Belgrade Waterworks.
Table 35. Criteria for Replacing a Pipeline Criteria No. % Frequency of breakage 33 58 Condition of pipes 22 39 Age of pipes 20 35 Pipe diameter (increasing capacity) 16 28 Economic considerations 12 21 Position of pipe 11 19 Problem of water quality 6 11 Pipe materials 5 5
That is why established statistics which are collected for some time now and which are presented in Table 36 could present a basis for a water supply network for assessing conditions for reconstructing old outdated networks.
Table 36. Causes of Interventions on Pipeline Description of Meas. Years intervention Unit 1983. 1984. 1985. 1986. 1987. 1988. 1989. 1990. fixing pipeline unit 1041 1104 425 1343 2083 2093 1431 1806 fixing joints unit 1091 933 270 695 688 822 693 1183 fixing gate valves unit 834 352 713 877 1066 732 722 1408 fixing hydrants unit 759 787 531 494 654 441 587 954 fixing pipe joints unit 899 1205 690 660 1132 584 630 1060 fixing valves unit 6780 7523 390 362 649 936 1031 989
47 closing joints unit 490 371 333 229 349 240 263 393 chng. butterfly on valve unit 534 767 557 301 605 398 476 585 chng. gasket on joint unit 738 1058 587 948 960 506 472 733 change of valve unit 5543 4201 3920 3093 3500 2602 2300 3128 lifting cap on valve unit 946 1535 817 726 963 1172 322 605 lifting cap on joint unit 2006 2786 1421 806 896 992 553 804 cap on hydrant unit 734 1189 575 484 676 717 204 713 road excavation m3 4181 3738 3238 2201 4897 7241 5811 4489 soil excavation m3 5894 1059 7642 12741 15325 14658 14115 18488 filling trench with gravel m3 - 3634 3971 5114 7292 8345 6328 4569 filling soil from trench m3 - - - - 8913 7412 8175 7140 draining network km 725 1059 1186 858 455 2299 3071 2172 replacement of meter unit 21759 16277 12719 10620 17649 18326 13015 12371 fixing of meter unit 18696 15806 15977 11767 16783 16823 16001 12954 Total interventions: unit 40355 32033 28696 22387 34432 35185 29016 25325
According to rule, distribution systems are designed to last 30 to 50 years, with the note that in terms of investment costs a distribution systems amounts to at least 50-70% of total investments. However, where settlements grow at a rapid pace, a distribution system can become inadequate. As it is not economical to replace an existing distribution system with a new one, analyses are conducted for expanding or modifying the existing system. This is achieved in the following way: a) by securing new “joints” in the system with reconstruction of pump stations, b) by building new distribution pipelines or replacing existing ones (e.g. tunnel system of London and Belgrade, also).
In this sense data obtained from the city of Geneva is interesting where in the 60’s the effect of demographic explosion was met with the construction of new pipelines (2/3 new, 1/3 replaced), where since the 70’s the new network occupies only 1/3, while replacements represent 2/3 of the total of the newly constructed network.
Based on this it can be concluded that in the reconstruction of a facility in the distribution system of a waterworks (mainly network) the following parameters are of key importance:
− required quantities of water and − construction costs.
In this sense, it is economically justified to replace a pipeline (if there are problems with it) when reconstructing a street, because 50% of the costs go on reconstructing the street.
In the distribution system of the Belgrade Waterworks the following should be reconstructed: a) Raw water pipelines: − Right bank of Sava 2.0 km/year − left bank of Sava 2.5 km/year.
б) Water supply network − Based on specification and technical criteria with the objective of reducing water losses in the system. The Belgrade Waterworks has around 300 km of network which need to be replaced (“white pipes”), which amounts to 35 km per year, various diameters.
Table 37 presents technical information about waterworks systems of some European cities – compared with Belgrade.
Table 37. Technical Parameters of Distribution Systems Belgrade Vienna Budapest Hamburg Zurich Paris Sofia No. of residents/km 671.5 505.8 515.2 360.9 340 681.9 375.0 Capacity m3/km 288.8 184.5 293.5 78.4 75.5 246.9 181.9 No. of valves/km 5.62 31.90 5.83 9.80 37.80 No. of connect./km 43.7 31.46 40.32 38.34 23.94 28.90
48
The majority of IWSA member countries adopted their own standards for distribution systems, as well as technical rulebooks for drafting, construction and exploitation of the system. The Belgrade Waterworks, as the largest one in the country, should represent the base where such standards and rule books will be developed in our country, given its tradition and accumulated experience and potential.
The successful operation of a distribution system requires:
− automatic control of flow and pressure at various points in system, − constant measuring of consumption, − constant control of water levels in reservoirs.
2.4.2.2. Reservoirs
Reservoirs are hydro technical facilities which are used in a water supply system of a city as the basic elements of economic and exploitation rationalization and reliability. Today reservoir space in the Belgrade Waterworks System only covers 30% of daily consumption. Such a situation is unsatisfactory from all aspects.
Data from large European cities indicates the following:
− the degree of securing the reliability of the system through reservoir space differs (from 322% in Vienna to 32% in Belgrade), − the average value of the volume of reservoir space in technically good systems, expressed in terms of maximum daily consumption, should amount to 77.3%, or 346 liters per resident.
Table 38. Volume of Reservoir Space Belgrad Vienna Budapest Hamburg Zurich Paris Sofia e Volume (l/res.) 148,4 939,5 132,7 176,4 389,1 521,7 275,0 % of max.daily consum. 32 322 24 65 34 120 45
The degree of security is defined as the proportion of “coverage” by the volume of a reservoir in a given zone (expressed in %) of maximum daily consumption in a year (e.g. in 1996 on October 12 maximum daily production was 683,728 m3/day). Table 39 presents the degree of security according to elevation zones for that characteristic day.
Table 39. Degree of Security According to Zones Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV Volume of reservoirs in m3 95.131 79.908 25.881 5.758 Consumption in zone in % 59 21 17 3 Consum. in zone on day of max. consum. m3 403.852 145.409 120.069 14.398 Degree of system security by zones in % 23 55 21 40
The previous table indicates that zones I and II have the “calculated” smallest degree of system security and that is why all volumes need to be increased as a function of consumption.
That is why volume increase of 128,000 m3 is planned, and around 60,000 m3 in the tunnel. a) “Rakovica” reservoir (in tunnel T2) 20,000 m3 b) “Topcider” reservoir (in tunnel T1) 20,000 m3 c) “Studentski grad” reservoir (in Bezanija tunnel) 20,000 m3 d) “Topciderska zvezda” (I) 20,000 m3 phase one 8,000 m3 e) “Principal” reservoir (I) 20,000 m3 phase one 10,000 m3 f) “Studentski grad” water tower (I) 8,000 m3 g) “Visnjisca” reservoir (I) 10,000 m3 phase one 5,000 m3 h) “Mokri lug hill” (II) 10,000 m3
49 i) “Gradac” reservoir (II) 10,000 m3 j) “Torlak” reservoir (III) 20,000 m3
The functioning conditions of the existing reservoirs need to be improved (reconstruction of intakes and outtakes for improvement of hydraulic flow of water).
2.4.2.3. Pump Stations
2.4.2.3.1. A special program of reconstruction of existing pump stations is planned: a) PS “Dedinje”, reconstruction planned until 2006. b) PS “Topcider”, reconstruction planned until 2006. c) PS “Bele Vode”, reconstruction planned until 2006. d) PS “Pionir”, reconstruction partially complete, rest until 2006. e) PS “Ripanj”, reconstruction completed 2000-2001. f) PS “Surcin” raw, reconstruction planned until 2006. g) PS “Principal” reconstruction completed 2000-2001. h) PS “Vracar” reconstruction partially complete 2001. i) PS “Studentski trg” reconstruction planned until 2006. j) PS “Sabacka” reconstruction partially complete 2001. k) PS “Bezanija A” (reconstruction under way)
50 2.4.2.3.2. Program of Construction of New Pump Stations
а) PS “Bezanija B " reconstruction under way, b) PS “Zemun” (in “Bezanija” tunnel, completion after construction of tunnel) c) PS “Topcider valley” (new in tunnel T2, after construction of tunnel T2) d) “Staro Sajmiste” buster e) “Vracar” – new until 2006.
51 2.5. WATER LOSSES AND THEIR REDUCTION IN THE BWS
One of the significant problems in the development of the distribution system in recent years is the reduction of water losses in the system.
The problem of every waterworks system is the loss of water in the system, for this is a regular occurrence in every waterworks system. This is also the case with Belgrade’s system.
Analysis of the extent of water loss in waterworks systems indicates that it is possible to establish criteria for assessing operational rationality of a system as a function of the extent of losses.
Modern world practice indicates that the extent of losses can be reduced to 5% from a technical perspective, while economically there is no justification for losses greater than 15%.
Table 40 presents an overview of losses over time, based on the statistical-technical information from the Belgrade Waterworks.
Table 40. Water Losses in the BWS Year Water Quantity Parameters 1960. 1970. 1980. 1990. 1994. 2001. Production in millions m3/year 49.57 104.03 178.40 203.8 222.40 242.8 Consumption in millions m3/year 37.94 79.80 141.15 161.78 164.05 233.0 Loss in system % 23.47 23.29 20.87 20.62 26.22 System consumption % 4.06 4.41 3.51 2.83 4.03
The previous data indicates that there is considerable “room for improvement” in this area.
Drafting of a proper Program for Reducing Losses could postpone investments in construction of new capacities for water production (example of the city of Vienna – total production is constantly dropping since 1978 because of reduction in losses).
There are three aspects to water losses in waterworks systems:
− technical - sanitary − economic and − social – political.
Water losses represent a significant technical problem. It is assessed that the technical limit of magnitude of losses is 3-5%, while from a sanitary perspective it would be best to reduce losses to 0%.
The loss of water fundamentally represents an economic factor (the greater the loss, the less economical the system). Some studies (Petersin) indicate that investment in new capacities of 1 l/s are 10-40 times greater than investment necessary for reducing losses for the same quantity of water.
Water losses in waterworks systems in terms of cause and category are divided into:
− technical and − administrative.
Only technical losses will be considered here.
Table 41 presents comparative data on water losses in waterworks systems of some characteristic cities.
Table 41. Water Losses in Certain Cities
52 Number of Water Consum. Length of Netw. Losses (%) Special Loss City residents m3/day km 1985. 1990. m3/hr km Amsterdam 1,100,000 230,000 1,480 22 22 1.4 Vienna 1,500,000 441,000 3,072 12 9 0.6 Budapest 2,300,000 875,000 4,464 12 11 0.9 Belgrade 1,350,000 559,000 2,128 24 20 2.3 Brazilia 900,000 328,000 3,000 40 40 4.6 Zurich 400,000 202,000 1,085 10 3 0.6 Denver 1,005,000 712,000 3,200 15 15 1.4 Hamburg 1,950,000 430,000 5,402 4 3 0.1 London 6,000,000 2,020,000 16,000 19 19 1.0 Paris 2,100,000 800,000 3,373 20 12 1.2 Rio de Janeiro 4,200,000 2,365,000 6,400 30 30 4.6 Rome 3,000,000 1,534,000 3,700 25 25 4.3 Stockholm 1,930,000 385,000 1,710 21 21 2.0 Sao Paulo 9,000,000 1,975,000 2,300 30 30 10.7 Sofia 1,200,000 582,000 3,200 27 30 2.3 Tokyo 10,500,000 4,943,000 17,600 21 21 2.5
It is a foregone conclusion that if losses in the system are higher, the requirements of water treatment plants, pump stations and all other hydro technical facilities are higher. Hence the need for expanding the network appears earlier, which leads to greater costs of water production from an economic perspective, and hence to an increase in the price of water.
Furthermore, by reducing water losses, the necessity for new investments is also reduced, depreciation costs are reduced, as well as the costs of water production and distribution. In short, the selling price is lower.
Table 42 presents basic parameters of production and losses for seven waterworks systems on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, with the effects of a reduction in the dissipation of water of only 1% annually (for 1987).
Table 42. Effects of Reduction in Water Losses Production Loss Prod.-Sales Price of Water Value in din. Cities m3/day % m3/year din./м3 for 1% loss Belgrade 540.841 20,07 54.644.000 134,6 73.577.744 Zagreb 329.904 23,19 26.902.000 161,5 43.446.730 Ljubljana 132.757 30,90 15.009.000 328,5 49.304.560 Sarajevo 199.831 31,60 33.501.000 216,7 72.613.417 Skolje 220.852 20,57 38.451.000 202,5 77.863.275 Podgorica 56.690 51,00 3.919.000 120,0 4.702.800 Novi Sad 30.462 36,30 6.931.000 160,0 11.089.600
The investment costs for the production and delivery of 1 l/s of water (which is sufficient for supplying 200-250 residents) amount to around 20,000-25,000 US$.
Thorough analysis of investment programs and practical measures for reducing losses can lead to significant savings in business operations. The example of Belgrade indicates that it is more rational to reconstruct the water supply network than to invest in the construction of new facilities.
The saving of 100 l/s represents a reduction in investments of 2,000,000 – 2,500,000 US$, which permits the investment of funds into reconstruction of the water supply network, and that can certainly guarantee a reduction in losses of more than 2%.
Based on comparative indicators of water losses in the country and the world it is clear that the differences do not speak in favor of waterworks systems in the country. Losses are especially significant in large cities which points to the need (both economic and technical) for initiating extensive work on their reduction. Admittedly, these types of activities are already unfolding in many cities, which could be observed at many conferences and in publications, but they need to have the character of wider and more continuous action – in keeping with the significance of effects achieved in this way.
53 On the basis of data gathered in a survey of 81 cities in 15 countries, members of IWSA (International Waterworks Systems Association), Table 43 presents factors which influence the extent of losses.
43. Causes of Losses Factor No. % Ground mov’t – settling 34 61 Pipe corrosion 25 45 Overload due to traffic 14 25 High pressure 12 21 Road construct., digging for other infrastructure 9 16 Age of pipes 9 16 Low temperatures 9 16 Pipe defects 6 11 Pipe joint damage 5 9 Ground conditions 4 7 Technical installation (incorrect) 2 4
Each of the listed factors can influence total technical loss of water in a waterworks system. For each of the factors modern science established certain technical measures for reducing this influence to a minimum.
Methods for reducing water losses in waterworks systems can be technical, financial, legislative and disciplinary. They are mutually connected.
In terms of locating and reducing losses there are two groups of methods for approaching this problem:
− Passive methods which include the reduction of losses, without control and − Active methods such as − acoustic measurements − measurements of losses − water supply network analysis (hydraulic calculations)
In terms of measures taken in locating and reducing losses methods can be divided into direct and indirect methods:
− Direct − survey of water supply network − measuring of minimal consumption − lowering pressure in network − network reconstruction − Indirect − water supply network analysis (hydraulic calculations)
In recent years domestic companies have appeared which manufacture equipment for regulating pressure. Pressure regulators operate on the principle of exploiting the potential energy of the water itself.
Given that losses are approximately proportional to the amount of pressure, there is a tendency for resolving the problem of water losses by maintaining minimal acceptable pressures. Of course, this is possible, but is not correct. It is more rational to invest the money which would be used for the purchase and subsequent, very expensive maintenance of this equipment, to invest it in fixing defects and network reconstruction. This is a permanent and certain way for reducing losses.
Experiences in Belgrade indicate that the previous criteria are correct. Concretely speaking, if the cost of pipeline maintenance per 1 km exceeds 7-10% of the value of the pipeline, with losses exceeding 0.8-1.0 m3/hr., analysis of the technical-economic aspects of such reconstruction needs to be conducted.
While acknowledging all the criteria of rationalization, economic and technological-sanitary development, all modern methods for reducing technical water losses must be applied in the Belgrade Waterworks.
54 2.6. SYSTEM MODERNIZATION AND AUTOMATIZATION
The Belgrade water supply is very complex. This complexity consists of the following:
− facilities are removed from one another and spread out, but act as independent units, − for optimum operation of the system it is necessary to have insight into the operation of all facilities.
The City’s water supply system consists of the following facilities: a) Capturing facilities – wells with raw water pipelines b) Purification facilities c) Pump stations d) Water supply network e) Reservoirs
In order to ensure a regular water supply for the City it is necessary to control the operation of these facilities, through remote control with optimizing of the operation of the entire system. The Belgrade Waterworks created the conception for its system control in the 60’s, which means that more than 30 years have passed since “modernization and automatization”.
The condition of the equipment for system control, signalization and automatic operation requires analysis of causes which have led to the current bad state:
− overly ambitious project, burdened with unnecessary protection and equipment which is “created for institutes” (sensitive but not sufficiently robust for operational use), − complicated automatization process, − poor equipment maintenance.
In the past 30 years of “BWS automatization” it has been established that the project needs to be modernized, but the concept should be retained.
Besides the use of modern technologies, modernization and automatization of the system should also strive for standardization of facilities in this technical area, with the objective of improving exploitation and maintenance of the system. Uniform automatization equipment for BWS facilities (wells, pump stations, reservoirs) should be as simple as possible, while being functional, reliable, easy to use and maintain.
Communications equipment evidently should be retained: telephone cables and UHF radio connections.
System modernization requires the drafting of projects which will solve the following problems: a) Command-control center with local automatization equipment in facilities b) Radio connections for verbal communication c) Distributional regulation of equipment for closing and opening of valves from command center d) Measuring technology intended for controlling the system e) Providing facilities and services with modern equipment
55 3. PLAN OF PROJECTED COSTS OF WATERWORKS FACILITIES UP TO 2005
3.1. Introductory Explanation
Section 1.1.3 presented an overview of investments in waterworks facilities with a view to understanding investment activities in the previous period (1971-1995).
Since this is an initial version of the prospective program, the economic part does not include costs and the production price of water. After the list of necessary facilities is established, it is necessary to prepare an economic costs section with appropriate elements (operating power, production plan, energy, cost plan and price of water).
Here we present a summary of the economic analysis of variants prepared by the “Jaroslav Cerni” Waterworks Institute (with prices at the end of 1986).
1. Surface water - Makis capacity 160 × 106 m3/year price 1.17 €/m3 1 m3 installed capacity 0.17 × 109 €
2. Surface water - Arilje - 160 km. capacity 150 × 106 m3/year price 1.35 €/m3 1 m3 installed capacity 0.35 × 109 €
3. Groundwater – riverfront of Drina - Macva - 110 km capacity 100 × 106 m3/year price 1.35 €/m3 1 m3 installed capacity 0.35 × 109 €.
4. Groundwater – Godomin (Smederevo) - 60 km capacity 65 × 106 m3/year
1 m3 installed capacity 0.25 × 109 €.
The 1963 Decree on the Municipal Waterworks (Waterworks Monograph 1892-1975, p.76) for the first time defined the price of water according to the m3 of consumed water. Together with the contribution for water meter maintenance it amounts to:
up to 50 m3 2.0 din/m3 50 - 100 m3 2.5 din/m3 over 100 m3 3.5 din/m3 river water 2.5 din/m3
The following is an overview of prices according to type of work carried out on waterworks facilities and is used for approximate cost estimates (which will be carried out here).
56 3.1.1. WELL WITH HORIZONTAL DRAINS (PROISAG)
3.1.1.1 Well opening R = 2.5 m; H = 25 m a) Preparation 32,500 € b) Excavation of opening 2350 x 25 = 58,750 € Concrete 143,750 € c) Steel Cutter 31,000 €
3.1.1.2. Drains ∅ 500 - 3 x 50 m 150 x 5,700 = 855,000 €
Total for well with horizontal drains 1.088,500 €
3.1.2. WATER PURIFICATION - FACILITIES
3.1.2.1. Construction part 225 €/м3
3.1.2.2. Equipment Capacity l/s 100 500 Aeration, € 15,000 60,000 Fast filter, € 150,000 500,000 Ozonation, € 100,000 450,000 Chlorination, € 10,000 15,000 Mud treatment, € 25,000 125,000
3.1.2.3. Filter materials: -quartz sand 120 €/м3 -anthracite 210 €/м3 -active carbon 600 €/м3 -slag 130 €/м3 -dolomite 225 €/м3
3.1.3. RE-PUMPING OF WATER – PUMP STATIONS
3.1.3.1. Construction Part of Work Capacity l/s 50 100 500 Constructed area €/m3 750 1000 3750 Area costs €/m3 250 225 200
3.1.3.2. Machine Technical Equipment Capacity l/s 50 100 500 Aggregate, H = 50 m, € 5,500 10,500 16,500 Aggregate, H = 100 m, € 10,000 20,000 30,000 Installation, € 2,500 5,000 10,000
3.1.3.3. Hydraulic Equipment Capacity l/s 50 100 500 Per aggregate, €/aggr. 5,000 25,000100,000
3.1.3.4. Electrical Equipment Capacity l/s 50 100 500 High, low voltage power substation €/unit 5.000 25.000 50.000 Command center, meter, regulator, €/unit 30.000 50.000 100.000 Diesel fuel aggregate, €/unit 40.000 60.000 120.000 Low voltage intake, €/m 28 47.5 750 High voltage intake (2000 V), €/m 30 30 30
3.1.4. WATER SUPPLY NETWORK
57 3.1.4.1. Excavation (15-20%) of the Price of Pipeline Type of ground topsoil I k light II k soft rock III k heavy rock IV k a) with machinery €/m3 25 15 25 40 b) hand finishing €/m3 25 35 35 70
3.1.4.2. Road braking 15 €/m2
3.1.4.3. Road fixing - asphalt surface 15 €/m2 - cobble stones: purchasing 25 €/m2 installation 15 €/m2
3.1.4.4. Purchase, Transport, Laying of Pipes (€/m) Type of ∅ 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 Duct 24 27.5 53 79 117.5 165 200 Steel, imported 28 40 48 62 75 87.5 Steel, domestic 158 237.5 305.5 381.5 414 465 514 Asbest. cement 11.5 29 50 62.5 71 PVC 8.5 10.5 28.546.5
3.1.4.5. Accessories and fittings for main pipelines upper price per meter increased by 5 - 10%
3.1.4.6. Tunnel with diameter 2.5 m with concrete covering 2,750 €/m
3.1.5. RESERVOIR (DUG IN)
3.1.5.1. Reservoir up to 5000 m3 175 €/m3 а) Valve chamber 200 €/ м3 b) Hydro-machine equipment 100,000 €
3.1.5.2. Reservoir up to 10,000 m3 150 €/m3 а) Valve chamber 200 €/m3 b) Hydro-machine equipment 200,000 €
58 APPROXIMATE COST ESTIMATE
3.2. SOURCE AND PRODUCTION FACILITIES
Name of Facility Value in € x 103
3.2.1. Increasing the capacities of existing water sources
3.2.1.1. Construction of 7 wells on the “Progar” location, 7 pcs. x 1,100,000 €/unit 7,700.- 3.2.1.2. Replenishing the waters sources with construction of pipeline 5 pcs. x 55 €/m x 1 km 275.-
Total 79,750.-
3.2.2. Construction of well on the Great War Island
3.2.2.1. Construction of 7 wells on location “Progar” 7 pcs. x 1,100,000 €/unit 7,700.- 3.2.2.2. Construction of raw water pipeline (10km) which passes beneath the Danube 10 km x 600 €/m 6,000.- 3.2.2.3. Equipment at wells with energy installations - purchase of 7 aggregates 350,000 € - installation 35,000 € - machine equipment 175,000 € - electrical equipment 175,000 € - cables 750,000 € 1,500.-
Total 15,200.-
3.2.3. Artificial infiltration
3.2.3.1. Construction of an infiltration test pool 3.2.3.2. Construction of system for getting water - tapping facility 2.5 m3/sec. from river with pipeline 5,000.- - pretreatment facility with 2.5 m3/sec. 6,000.- - infiltration pool with land expropriation 25,000.- - construction of well 12 × 1.25 106 € 15,000.-
Total 51,000.-
3.2.4. Kupinski kut water source
3.2.4.1. Construction of raw water pipeline, phase one, 5 km x 0.6 106 € 3.000.- 3.2.4.2. Energy installations **** 3.2.4.3. Construction of well, 40 pcs. x 1.25 106 € 50.000.- 3.2.4.4. Expropriation, forest protection and access roads ****
3.2.5. Source on the left bank of the Danube
3.2.5.1. Construction of raw water pipeline, 15 km x 0.6 106 € 9,000.- 3.2.5.2. Energy installations 10,000.- 3.2.5.3. Construction of well, 25 pcs. x 1.25 106 € 31,250.- 3.2.5.4. Pure water pipeline, expropriation, road with land development… 5,000.-
Total 74,500.-
59 Name of Facility Value in € x 103
3.2.6. Godomin water source
3.2.6.1. Construction of well with expropriation, 30 pcs. x 1.0 106 € 30,000.- 3.2.6.2. Construction of raw water pipeline, 15 pcs. x 0.6 106 €/km 9,000.- 3.2.6.3. Construction of Godomin-Belgrade pipeline, 65 km x 0.6 106 €/km 39,000.- 3.2.6.4. Purification station, pump station, reservoir,... 21,000.-
Total 99,000.-
3.2.7. Macva water source
3.2.7.1. Construction of well with expropriation with raw water pipeline, 50 pcs. x 1.0 106 € 50,000.- 3.2.7.2. Purification station, pump station, energy installations, expropriation,.... 32,500.- 3.2.7.3. Construction of intake pipeline, 110 km x 0.6 106 €/km 66,000.-
Total 148,500.-
3.2.8. Surface water sources on the territory of Belgrade
3.2.8.1. Tapping facility 2,500.- 3.2.7.2. Purification facility, capacity 2 m3/sec. 37,500.- 3.2.7.3. Construction of pipeline for delivering water 1,500.-
Total 41,500.-
3.2.9. Sumadija water source
3.2.9.1. Construction of accumulation with expropriation 35,000.- 3.2.9.2. Purification facility, capacity 4-5 m3/sec. 35,000.- 3.2.9.3. Construction of pipeline to Belgrade, 160 km x 0.75 106 €/km 120,000.-
Total 190,000.-
3.2.10. Reconstruction of existing water purification facilities
3.2.10.1. Makis (ozonation, clearing, sedimentation) 5,500.- 3.2.10.2. Bele vode 5,000.- 3.2.10.3. Banovo brdo 10,000.- 3.2.10.4. Bezanija 5,000.- 3.2.10.5. Central - chlorification 3,250.-
Total 28,500.-
60 3.3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Name of Facility Value in € x 103
3.3.1. Principal intakes
3.3.1.1. Connecting tunnel Т1 - Т2 with facilities 10,000.- 3.3.1.2. Reconstruction of Т1 tunnel 3,750.- 3.3.1.3. Regional system Makis-Mladenovac 60,000.- 3.3.1.4. Main tunnel Т2 with pipeline 10,000.- 3.3.1.5. Bezanija tunnel, phase two 5,000.-
Total 88,750.-
3.3.2. Main intakes 3.3.2.1. Pipeline PS Topcider (new) – Dedinje reservoir 750.- 3.3.2.2. Zone one intake Pionir - Visnjica 800.- 3.3.2.3. Intake Zeleznik - Umka 2,250.- 3.3.2.4. Connecting intake for left and right banks of the Sava 1,600.- 3.3.2.5. Connecting intake for Upper Zemun 5,500.- 3.3.2.6. Connecting intake Zarkovo - Bezanija 8,500.- 3.3.2.7. Zone two intake for Mirjevo 2,250.- 3.3.2.8. Pipeline Vracar-Slavija 350.- 3.3.2.9. Zone two pipeline Vracar – Makis 1,900.- 3.3.2.10. Pipeline Bezanija to area of consumption 2,400.- 3.3.2.11. Zone tree pipeline Dedinje-Torlak 1,850.- 3.3.2.12. Pipeline New Belgrade - Zvezdara 550.- 3.3.2.13. Pipeline Vracar - Principal 750.-
Total 29,450.-
3.3.3. Network reconstruction 3.3.3.1. Chlorination station (10 pcs.) 2,500.- 3.3.3.2. Reconstruction of rundown water supply network, 30 km/year 5,000.-/year 3.3.3.3. Reconstruction of raw water pipeline, 5 km/year 2,000.-/year 3.3.3.4. Installation of new valves with rubber stoppers 2,500.-/year
3.3.4. Reservoirs 3.3.4.1. Rakovica (on Т2 ) 3,500.- 3.3.4.2. Topcider (on Т1 ) 4,000.- 3.3.4.3. Studentski grad (Bezanija tunnel) 3,500.- 3.3.4.4. Zvezdara 3,500.- 3.3.4.5. Principal 5,000.- 3.3.4.6. Studentski grad water tower 10,000.- 3.3.4.7. Visnjica 1,750.- 3.3.4.8. Mokri lug hill (II) 3,500.- 3.3.4.9. Gradac (II) 1,750.- 3.3.4.10. Torlak (III) 3,500.-
Total 43,500.-
61 Name of Facility Value in € x 103
3.3.5. Pump stations 3.3.5.1. Reconstruction of existing PS 1,000.- 3.3.5.2. Bezanija 2,500.- 3.3.5.3. Zemun (on the Bezanija tunnel) 5,000.- 3.3.5.4. Topcider A (new Т2 ) 7,500.- 3.3.5.5. Vracar – new 7,500.- 3.3.5.6. “Staro sajmiste” buster 500.-
Total 23,750.-
62 3.4. MODERNIZATION AND AUTOMATIZATION OF THE BWS
Name of Facility Value in € x 103
3.4.1. Modernization and automatization
3.4.1.1. Command-control center with KKM 100.- 3.4.1.2. Software support with network 100.- 3.4.1.3. Distribution regulation equipment with commands in center (network fittings) (15 pcs./year=150 pcs., price 7,500 €/pc. 1,125.- 3.4.1.4. Local automatization equipment for facilities, (PS: 5,000 €/pc.; RB: 2,500 €/pc.) (20x5,000=100,000)+(100x2,500=250,000) 350.- 3.4.1.5. Radio equipment for verbal communication - 370 pcs. x 1,250 €/pc. 462,500 - infrastructure 250,000 - data transfer 180,000 892.5-
Total 767.5-
3.4.2. Modernization of water supply network plants
3.4.2.1. Regulation valves, 250 pcs/year 250 x 2,500 625- 3.4.2.2. Air valves, 300 x 500 150.- 3.4.2.3. Valves (various), 600 x 500 300.- 3.4.2.4. Measuring equipment - 2 electromagnets 50.- - 20 portable measuring units on wheels 20x5,000 100.- - Mechanization (10 new machines) 500.-
Total 1,750.-
3.4.3. Production
Total 1,750.-
3.4.4. Maintenance
Total 1,250.-
63 4. SCHEDULE OF REALIZATION OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES
The plan of construction of facilities in the prospective period until 2005 is conceived as more ambitious for two basic reasons: a) investments for fulfilling current requirements, with minimal reserves, that is to say resolution of “currently inadequate capacities” and b) investments into new capacities with the objective of fulfilling the development of the city for the period in question.
The construction of all basic facilities of the waterworks system, from the water sources to the distribution system, is within the plan.
The interpretation of the schedule of investments presented in the tables takes into consideration the requirements and technical possibilities for construction.
Financial sources are a necessity for a successful water supply in the city, but there is no space for considering their availability.
4.1. SOURCE AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES
An assessment of the required water quantities – source balance of requirements for water production for the period until 2050 was made on the basis of available technical documentation presented in section 2.2
However, the subject of this report is the prospective plan until 2005, so that offered estimates are in the service of meeting current requirements (covering “inadequate capacities”) and fulfilling the development plan for the City.
Today Belgrade is supplied 70% from groundwater sources along the riverfront area of the Sava river. In the past there was a constant battle to build the necessary number of wells, but no reserves have been secured in the water source capacities because of the drop in the source capacities of these capturing facilities. This quantity is limited to 30% of total water production in the Belgrade Waterworks System. Because of the untimely realization of groundwater sources in the period before 2000, surface water capacities will have to be increased.
Table 44 presents the balancing of required quantities with potential water sources.
Table 44. Balancing of Required Quantities of Water Type of well (l/sec) Period Total groundwater surface water 1995 ( I-VI) 4,958 l/s (70 % ) 2,137 l/s (30 % ) 7,096 Existing sources 1,000 Jezero Purif.Plant 1,000 1996-2000 Infiltration 500 Makis II Purif.Plant 1,000 Progar 7 well 4,500 Total: 6,000 Total: 4,000 10,000 Existing sources 800 Makis II Purif.Plant 1,000 Great War Island 1,500 Existing sources 4,000 2001-2005 Left bank of Danube 1,500 Kupinski kut 5,000 Total: 8,800 Total: 5,000 13,800
The previous table presents potential groundwater sources, even though technological-economic analysis has not provided unequivocal answers as to whether the offered solutions are optimal. However, the potential exists and is presented in section 2.4. Groundwater capacities range start with 15.3 m3/sec.
64 4.2. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
It is necessary to construct a system of transport and distribution to users in order for the water supply of the City to be successful. The schedule of realization of facilities is in the service of delivering specific quantities of water.
Construction and rebuilding is also planned: main intakes, main pipelines, distribution network, reservoir space and pump stations in the distribution system.
4.3. MODERNIZATION AND AUTOMATIZATION OF THE BWS
A modern waterworks system of Belgrade must be modernized according to the following programming requirements:
− automatization of facilities with possibility of control from center − development of radio system for the purpose of verbal communication − enable control over the basic waterworks network system through distributional regulatory equipment.
65 Table 45. Investments for the Prospective Plan Until Year 2005 (in million €) Pos. Name of facility and capacity Total Schedule 1995-2000 2000-2005 1 WATER SOURCE AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES 520.4 395.0 125.0 1.1. Maintenance of existing capacities (regeneration and reconstruction) 90.0 80 10 1.2. Construction of 7 wells (Progar) 20.0 20 - 1.3. Artificial infiltration at Makis (2.4 m3/sec.) 120.0 60 60 1.4. Artificial infiltration of existing sources (1.0-1.5 m3/sec.) 10.0 10 - 1.5. Great War Island ( 800 l/s) 30.4 - 30.4 1.6. Left bank of Danube, phase 1 (1.5 m3/sec.) 80.0 80 - 1.7. Kupinski kut, phase 1 (1.5 m3/sec.) 100.0 100 - 1.8. Jezero purification facility (1 m3/sec.) 20.0 20 - 1.9. Makis II purification facility (2 m3/sec.) 50.0 25.0 25.0 2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 2.A. PRINCIPAL INTAKES 177.5 147.5 30 2.1. Connecting tunnel Т1 - Т2 with facilities 20.0 20 - 2.2. Reconstruction of Т1 7.5 7.500 - 2.3. Regional system Makis-Mladenovac 120.0 120 - 2.4. Main tunnel Т2 (phase 1) with pipelines 20.0 - 20 2.5. Bezanija tunnel phase 2 10.0 - 10 2.B. MAIN INTAKES 62.4 27.4 35.0 2.6. Pipeline PS Topcider - Dedinje 1.5 - 1.5 2.7. Zone 1 intake Pionir-Visnjica 1.6 - 1.6 2.8. Intake Zeleznik-Umka 4.5 4.500 - 2.9. Connecting intake left-right bank of the Sava 3.2 - 3.2 2.10. Connecting intake for Upper Zemun-Zarkovo 11.0 5.0 6.0 2.11. Connecting intake Bezanija 17.0 3.0 14.0 2.12. Zone 2 intake for Mirjevo 4.5 4.500 - 2.13. Pipeline Vracar-Slavija 0.7 0.7 - 2.14. Zone 2 pipeline Mokri lug valley 3.8 3.8 - 2.15. Pipeline Bezanija to area of consumption 4.8 4.8 - 2.16. Zone 3 pipeline Dedinje-Torlak 3.7 - 3.7 2.17. Pipeline New Belgrade – Topciderska zvezda reservoir 1.1 1.1 - 2.18. Pipeline Vracar – Brace Jerkovica reservoir 3.5 - 3.5 2.19 Pipeline Vracar - Principal 1.5 - 1.5 2.C. NETWORK RECONSTRUCTION 130 67.5 62.5 2.20. Chlorination station 15 km 5.0 5.0 - 2.21. Reconstruction of water supply network 30 km/year 0.1 0.05 0.05 2.22. Installation of fittings 25.0 12.5 12.5 2.D. RESERVOIRS 87.0 39.0 48.0 2.23. Rakovica (on Т2) 7.0 - 7.0 2.24. Topcider (on Т1) 8.0 8.0 - 2.25. Studentski grad (New Belgrade tunnel) 7.0 - 7.0 2.26. Zvezdara 7.0 7.0 - 2.27. Mokri lug 1. 7.0 - 7.0 2.28. Principal – new 10 10 - 2.29. Studentski grad water tower 20 - 20 2.30. Visnjica 3.5 - 3.5 2.31. Mokri lug hill 2 7.0 7.0 - 2.32. Gradac 2 3.5 - 3.5 2.33. Torlak 3 7.0 7.0 - 2.E. PUMP STATIONS 49.5 23.5 26.0 2.34. Reconstruction of existing PS 2.0 2.0 - 2.35. Tasmajdan 1.500 1.5 - 2.36. Bezanija 5.0 5.0 - 2.37. Zemun (at the Bezanijska kosa tunnel) 10 - 10 2.38. Topcider A (new on Т2) 15.0 - 15.0 2.39. Vracar – new 15.0 15.0 - 2.40. “Staro Sajmiste” buster 1.0 - 1.0 3 MODERNIZATION 13.7 6.8 6.8
66 Table 46. Recapitulation of Investments in Waterworks Facilities Until 2005 Total 1995-2000 2000-2005 Pos. Name of facility € X106 € X106 € X106 1 Source and production capacities 260.2 197.5 62.7 2 Distribution system 253.2 152.5 100.8 2.A. Principal intakes 88.8 73.8 15.0 2.B. Main intakes 31.2 13.7 17.5 2.C. Network reconstruction 65.0 33.8 31.3 2.D. Reservoirs 43.5 19.5 24.0 2.E. Pump stations 24.8 11.8 13.0 3 Modernization of facilities 6.9 3.4 3.4 TOTAL : 520.3 353.4 166.9
67
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! Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______Four groups of activities – legislative, institutional, economic and technical 6.2 Integrated Water Management – are planned as part of the introduction of the concept of integrated water management in the City of Belgrade. The notion of integrated water management is used in establishing the basic strategy of water use, water protection and protection from water, with its Legislative activities imply the gradual adjustment of our laws, regulations fundamental document being The Basis of Water Resource Management in and procedures to the single package of European Union legal documents the Republic of Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, no. known under the name Acquis Communautaire. In Europe the issue of 11/2002). water falls under the domain of protection of the environment, where the Acquis include all directives, provisions and decisions adopted by the EU in The fundamental strategic goal of the basis of water resource management is the area of protection of the environment based on various agreements, laws, defined in the Law on Waters (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, no. legal principles, legal interpretations and international agreements signed by 46/91, 53/93, 67/93, 48/94 and 54/96) as: “Maintenance and development of the European Commission. the water supply which insures the most effective and efficient technical, economic and environmental solutions for unified water management, Institutional activities include preparations for transforming community protection from detrimental effects of water, water protection and water enterprises in the city, as well as continued support for the development of use.” an already established municipal institution with the objective of granting it a new mandate for urban water management. This change of mandate will Water management must be integrated, unified, complex and rational as part permit the activation of certain, already existing but unused mechanisms for of integrated management, use and protection of all resources and potentials. charging these new services. To begin with it is necessary to recognize the existence of connections between various types of waters in cities and to accept the term urban waters Economic activities include the development and presence of economically from European practice as the basis for further work. sustainable mechanisms for financing services related to urban waters. Urban water management is not a social activity, but a service which costs. Urban waters consist of: drinking water (surface or groundwater sources, manufactured water, spent water); industrial-technical water (process water, Technical activities in the coming period include four basic types of actions: cooling water, service water); used water (sanitary, industrial or agricultural rebuilding of existing infrastructure, conclusion of initiated capital origin); atmospheric water (channeled or freely moving on ground surface); investments from the previous period, preparation of planning waste water (used water mixed with atmospheric water); surface water in documentation for all areas of municipal waters in accordance with the waterways (floods, water collectors); groundwater (seepage waters from integrated management concept, realization of plans within the realistic water supply and sewage networks, alluvial, arterial waters from deep and possibilities of the city. deeper sources); water which is an element of the city environment or is used for recreation and sports. 6.2.1 Supplying the City With Drinking Water Integrated management of urban waters in a city implies temporal and spatial management of elements of the water balance at the level of the It is estimated that today the Belgrade municipal water supply system corresponding sources, taking into account the interaction which exists supplies around 1,350,000 citizens, the majority of industrial companies and between them. In the most general sense this represents water management all municipal institutions. Total annual water production is approaching 250 3 in interaction with other elements of the living environment, where the million m . The Belgrade Water System (BWS) extends over an area of living environment includes, besides the infrastructure of the city and the around 21,000 hectares, including, besides the central city zone, peripheral natural environment, also the entire social, economic and institutional sections of suburban municipalities and is divided geographically into six environment. subsystems: Srem, Zarkovo, Mladenovac, Central, Bolec and Banat Subsystems. Organizationally the municipal water supply system consists of five water production plants where water is purified – “Makis”, “Bele
1 2 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______vode”, “Banovo brdo”, “Bezanija” and “Vinca – prior to entering the indicators for the Belgrade water system for year 2000 are presented in the distribution system. following table.
The source of the Belgrade water system extends along the river bank of the Table 76: Basic Indicators for the Belgrade Water System for Year 2000 Sava River, on the right bank from its mouth to Ostruznica (Ada Ciganlija Average charged daily consumption per consumer (l/s/day) 233 3 and Makis, and to Kupinovo on the left bank of the Sava River). Today the Average charged monthly consumption per (m /hse./mnth.) 22.8 water balance of the BWS draws on 60% groundwater from 47 pipe and 99 household well sources with horizontal draining and 40% on the Sava and Danube Length of network per consumer (m/consumer) 1.7 Rivers. The water supply for the city is mainly based on one waterway – the Length of network per connection (m/connection) 20 3 Sava River. The source for the city of Pancevo is located on the territory of Volume of reservoir space per consumer (m /consumer) 0.17 the Municipality of Palilula within city limits at the following locations: “Sibnica” source with capacity of around 70 l/s, “Filter” source with The Belgrade water system (BWS) can be characterized as a system that up capacity of around 100 l/s, “Gradska Suma” source with capacity of around to now reliably supplied up to 95% of its users with drinking water. The 200 l/s, “OB” wells with capacity of around 70 l/s, whose current condition following problems are currently recognized in planning the further and expansions are respected. development of the BWS:
The available capacities of sources of the Belgrade water system are: around - in recent years 5% of BWS consumers located in the highest and in 5,000 l/s groundwater and 3,500 l/s river water, yielding a total of 8,500 l/s. suburban areas of the city regularly experience water supply problems in the summer months; The total capacities of the water purifying plants for groundwater (Bele - the reliability of the water supply of the greater majority of consumers vode, Banovo brdo and Bezanija) are adequate, which cannot be said for is steadily decreasing because of overexploitation of groundwater their technical conditions, nor for their level of applied technologies. The sources, loss of water in old pipes, inadequate capacities of main total projected capacity for these three plants is 8,000 l/s, working capacity distribution directions, pump stations lack reserve aggregates during 6,800 l/s, with real capacities being only 5,300 l/s. The total capacities of regular operation, the delay in expanding the volume of reservoirs, the water purifying plants for river water (Bele vode, Makis, Jezero and problems associated with the existence of illegal connections and Vinca) amount to 3,580 l/s, which is equal to their total working capacities. improper use of water, as well as problems associated with disrespect for sanitary protection of sources; Because of ground configurations the distribution system of the Belgrade - the equipment in the water purifying plants “Banovo brdo”, “Bele water system is divided into five elevation zones which are distributed vode” and “Vinca” is outdated and inadequate. It is necessary to between elevation levels 70.00 and 325.00 m above sea level. The whole of reconstruct and modernize the water purifying plant “Banovo brdo” zone one is a unified ring network extending from Batajnica to Kaludjerica, as soon as possible through installation of modern equipment. By from Umka to Ovca and from Surcin to Visnjica. Zone two is for the building the new plant “Makis 2” conditions will be met for closing biggest part connected into a single whole, excluding parts of the Barajevo down the “Bele vode” and “Vinca” plants; system and upper parts of Umka. The third, fourth and fifth zones together - the list is long of planned, but unrealized capital facilities of the BWS make up around 15% of the total system and serve to supply the highest whose role and size is significant in the coming period. points in the city. Zone three consists of three subsystems: Kosutnjak subsystem (Kanarevo brdo, Petlovo brdo and Kosutnjak); Dedinje (Dedinje, Topcider); Zvezdara subsystem (Zvezdara, Kaludjerica, Mirjevo), while 6.2.1.1 Objectives zone four developed in two directions: part of the southern Kumodraz system and zone five of Kumodraz. The Belgrade water systems has at its It is necessary in one sweeping move to bring the Belgrade water system up disposal 20 pump stations, another 99 pump stations for the Reni Well, 7 to the level of the actual demands of managing the basic production process, pump station facilities and 20 reservoirs of pure water. A list of basic as well as to take account of the entire water supply system in terms of management. The intention is to establish the system in such a way that it
3 4 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______can accommodate changes imposed by the development of the water system, 6.2.1.3 Sources as well as development of management technologies and techniques based on research, measurement and exchange of information within the BWS The required quantities of water necessary for keeping up with the itself. The maximum exploitation of groundwater and surface water sources development of the city up to year 2006 will be secured through the use of from the alluviums of the Sava and Danube rivers is a priority in supplying the following sources: the city with water, with a dependence on sources that are protected by law from pollution through legal, urban and water supply system regulations. a) Groundwater sources Additional required quantities will be supplied from large environmentally protected sources, as well as by using methods of artificial tapping. Table 77: Groundwater Sources Revitalization of existing sources at Makis, Ada Ciganlija and 200 l/s Future water consumption will be established by measuring and balancing the riverbank area of the Sava River (water sourcing facilities, real consumption, especially industrial consumption. Water for basin and riverbank); technological requirements in the industry will be tapped from waterways Revitalization of the Sava Bay as an infiltration bay; and wells and will be regulated for repeated use with multiple use in Building of the “Usce” well along the right bank of the Danube 100- technological processes. and the left bank of the Sava rivers, if it is established that the 150 l/s supply of water and the quality of the tapped water are satisfactory; 6.2.1.2 Conception of Development Testing work on a source at the Jarak-Klenek location on the 500- left bank of the Sava River (realization dependant on the 1500 l/s The solution to supplying the city with water is based on the construction of quality of the tapped water and the source volume) capital facilities for water supply, with securing of technological reserves of 10-20%, which will ensure a high degree of reliability in supplying the city The source potentials on the left bank of the Danube, the right bank of the with water in the long range. These facilities are above all else source Sava, the alluvium of Drina and systems listed in The Basis of Water facilities, revitalized facilities for groundwater purification, a second tunnel Resource Management in the Republic of Serbia will be reserved and duct with accompanying facilities, as well as rebuilding and reconstruction environmentally protected. of the distribution system. The areas of the Great War Island, Ada Ciganlija and the region of Makis Optimum solutions for the development of the water supply system must are areas with current use and future potential for water resource have a high degree of operational reliability and the option of connecting management. The areas currently used by the Belgrade water system are the suburban municipalities to the central city system with the construction of a left and right banks of the Sava River, Ada Ciganlija and Makis, while the regional system. The program for revitalizing and modernizing existing area of the Great War Island is yet to be activated. sources and purification plants, constructing a new network and revitalizing and rebuilding the existing network, facilities and equipment of the b) Surface Waters distribution system, rebuilding to correct water loss, rationalization of water Building of the second phase of the “Makis” plant 2000 l/s spending and construction of unrealized capital facilities of the BWS will be realized. The ratio of groundwater and river water sourcing will depend on c) Environmental protection and construction of an infiltration future water consumption and technological-economic criteria in decision system at the location “Zidine” on the left bank of the Danube making. with facilities and pipelines 500 l/s
The listed sources will be developed not only on the basis of their supply capacities, but also on the basis of technological-economic criteria which presume comparison with alternative solutions. The city will resolve its water requirements in its immediate surroundings. Prognostication of
5 6 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______required water quantities for the entire BWS (which extends beyond the city ranging from 1.200 mm to 800 mm. The beginning of this pipeline is in the 3 limits) indicates that the median annual requirement will be around 8.2 m /s “Petolovo brdo” reservoir, while its end is in the reservoir in Mladenovac. 3 in 2006 and 9.0 m /s in 2021. On the other side, the system on the left bank of the Sava River, in the western area beyond the limits of the City Plan, has been expanded to the settlements of Progar and Petrovcic. 6.2.1.4 Water Purification Plants The water supply system of the southern suburban direction which today The surface waters of the Sava and Danube rivers are purified at four supplies the municipalities of Cukarica and the entire municipalities of 3 locations whose production capacity has reached the volume of 3.5 m /s. Barajevo is scheduled for major reconstruction with connection of the 3 The location of Makis will have its purification capacities secured for 5 m /s remaining settlements in the municipality of Barajevo and expansion of the 3 3 of surface water from the Sava River (“Makis I”: 2 m /s, “Bay”: 1 m /s and pipeline further to the south, with connection of the system of peripheral 3 “Makis II”: 2 m /s). Besides the construction of the second phase of villages in the municipalities of Obrenovac and Lazarevac. Also planned is “Makis”, other plants will also be rebuilt and reconstructed using modern connection with the water supply system of Pancevo and connection and technologies. expansion toward the region of “Eastern Srem”. The municipal water system is getting a regional character which is the development strategy of the water supply according to The Basis of Water Resource Management in 6.2.1.5 Distribution System the Republic of Serbia.
In the previous twenty year period important hydrotechnical facilities have The development of the Belgrade water system in the period up to 2021 been built or their construction has begun. They are taken into account in includes: the opening of new sources (at the “Zidine” location on the left the definition of the future concept of development. The backbone of the bank of the Danube, establishment of the new source Jarak-Klenak and municipal distribution system will be constituted by the second tunnel duct. testing of potentials for a source on the Great War Island which will not According to this development concept water will depart from the “Makis” disturb the scenic environment), construction of new water purification complex in two direction. Part of the water will be channeled toward areas facilities for drinking water (phase three of “Makis”, Jarak-Klenak in the southern part of the city, toward the “Zarkovo” reservoir and beyond, purification plant) and development of the distribution network (second toward the regional system Petlovo brdo-Mladenovac. The second, larger tunnel duct, pipelines, pump stations and reservoirs). volume of water will be channeled for supplying the central part of the city, directed toward the second tunnel duct. The “Makis” and “Banovo brdo” plants will be brought up to the same hydraulic regimen which will create 6.2.2 Channeling of Atmospheric and Waste Waters conditions for connecting the “Bezanija” plant into that system. Today the Belgrade sewage system is developed over an area of more than The reservoir capacities of the Belgrade water system today represent only 11,500 hectares and covers the area of old Belgrade, New Belgrade, Zemun 30% of maximum daily consumption. Building of additional reservoir and some settlements on the left bank of the Danube River. The sewage space is necessary, so that the BWS should increase its reservoir space by system is used for evacuating atmospheric and waste sanitary water, waste 50% of maximum daily consumption. For this reason urgent rebuilding of industrial water, as well as drainage water and waterway water. The sewage existing and construction of new reservoirs is planned, along with system empties into municipal waterways – the Sava and Danube rivers and reconstruction and building of pump stations. other waterways – without any purification. The sewage system is of the mixed type – 40% is of the general type, while the newer portions of the city Besides the development of the distribution system in the central city zone, are channeled according to a separation system. The length of the network the supply of water for suburban municipalities is also planned through the today amounts to over 1,500 km. Around 30% of the users of the municipal construction of parts of the distribution system toward the suburbs. The water supply do not have access to the sewage system. The degree of construction of a regional pipeline in the direction of Mladenovac which canalization of the connected territory of Belgrade in the inner city limits will supply 23 settlements has begun, with a length of 52 km and diameters does not exceed 80% for used water and 65% for atmospheric water. The
7 8 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______sewage system is developed according to five independent systems of which the “central” system is most developed. Channeling of Atmospheric Water
A special problem are many unplanned urban settlements where there is no Former brooks such as, for example, Mokri lug, Kumodraz, Banjica, general solution for channeling waste water. The new General Project will Bulbuder and Cubura brooks are covered by wide roadways such as the provide solutions for these settlements, while settlements where the system Belgrade-Nis Highway, Bulevar JA, Cvijiceva Street and Juzni Bulevar, is already implemented require modification. which has changed the natural course of atmospheric water outflows. The channeling of atmospheric water is not fully realized because roadway Channeling of Waste Water construction was not accompanied by the realization of appropriate rainwater facilities. The most significant characteristic of the sewage system is that 25% of the population of Belgrade is still not connected to it. A certain number of Atmospheric surface waters which are not planned for evacuation through streets in the very fabric of the city (municipalities of Vracar, Savski venac, the underground sewage system (known as internal waters) move through Palilula, Vozdovac, Zvezdara, Cukarica, Zemun) are not connected to the streets in an uncontrolled manner and create flood zones at the lowest points sewage system. Suburban settlements such as Mali mokri lug, Kaludjerica, in the city. the majority of Kumodraz, Jajinci, the majority of Batajnica, Krnjaca, Ovca, Vinca, Lestane and the better part of settlements which were built according to no particular plan present a particular problem. 6.2.2.1 Objectives
The situation in the sewage system is exceptionally difficult and can be The fundamental strategic objective is to create a sewage system which will described in the following way: ensure long-range continuity in the operation of the system. Future - the Belgrade sewage system has 24 outlets into municipal waterways, development of the Belgrade sewage system needs to follow the direction of the Sava and Danube rivers, without any prior purification; adapting existing concepts of development to the realistic financial - the majority of the total of 37 pump stations of the sewage system are possibilities of the city and, in accordance with this, toward the finishing of dilapidated, while some of them operate according to the status initiated but not completed facilities. “provisional”; - in the Sava river there are 116 and in the Danube there are 136 direct With the objective of applying modern sewage system solutions it is outlets of waste water, along with a series of individual and grouped necessary to plan solutions for outflow surfaces, and hence treatment of sewage systems emptying into small waterways and melioration water prior to its release into receptors. Planned development of the sewage channels; system must continue within the framework of autonomous systems which - because the building of initiated capital sewage system facilities has should constitute a technical whole, concluding in a sewage treatment not been completed, the water source zone of “Makis” is not facility. This is why it is necessary to relocate the principal sewage protected from atmospheric waters; outflows outside the city and to relocate sewage outflows in the Sava river - no environmentally protected solution has been reached for a to the Danube. Environmental protection of the “Makis” source zone must dumping point for sewage cistern trucks carrying sewage; be carried out against atmospheric and surface waters, along with the - none of the five planned sewage treatment plants have been built; development of the network and facilities for the Ostruznica sewage system. - the maintenance of drainage shafts in city streets is inadequate because it is complicated by pronounced soil erosion and the way in In terms of establishing the volume of waste water it is necessary to which streets are cleaned; establish continual measurement of the hydrologic and hydraulic - there are no large collectors, tunnels and pump stations; characteristics of the sewage system, along with the measurement of the - there are no facilities for transferring waste water from the Sava river water quality at pump stations and at ejection points, balancing of volumes into the Danube river, nor are there collectors-interceptors for and of pollution, as well as mathematical modeling of the sewage system. channeling all municipal water for treatment.
9 10 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______6.2.2.2 Conception of Development zone is transferred into the Danube river through the already built pump station “Zeleznik” through the “Balkanska-Djure Djakovica” tunnel. The It is planned that the city sewage system will develop within five large waste waters of the Zemun-New Belgrade part of the central system are systems each of which will have one mechanical, biological and tertiary brought to the pump station “Usce” which needs to be rebuilt and expanded. purifications treatment plants for sewage, as prescribed by the directive The collected water would be transferred to the right bank of the Sava river principles of the European Union in the area of water policy, which also and further on to the future interceptor, from where waste water would be covers the unloading of sewage cistern trucks. The following sewage channeled to a sewage treatment facility. systems are planned: Bolec Subsystem Central Sewage System This system covers over 10,000 hectares of city territory. It covers the area The central sewage system covers a significant territory of old Belgrade of the settlement of Kaludjerica, Vinca, Lestane and the Bolec Valley, as between the Denube and Sava rivers, to the water division in Kumodraz, well as Beli potok, Zuce and Vinca. In phase one it would be a separate Mali mokri lug and the left bank of the Sava river, New Belgrade and sewage system with a sewage treatment facility “Vinca” which would be Zemun, all the way to the industrial zone. A key facility is an interceptor- built on the bank of the Bolecica river. In the final phase the possibility will collector which takes in water from the left and right banks of the Sava river be reviewed of conducting the more complex sewage treatment and sludge and the right bank of the Danube and channels it to a water purification treatment in another facility. The sewage system would follow a separation facility. Rainwater is released into the Sava and Danube rivers, that is to say system. Rainwater will be channeled to the Danube and waterways. into city waterways of the corresponding rivers. This system covers over Wastewater will be channeled to a collector which is planned in the valley 31,000 hectares of city territory. The central sewage system is a mixed of the Zavojnicka and Bolecica rivers, to the pump station “Vinca” and on to channeling system, partly a general system (old city core) and partly a the sewage treatment facility. separation system (New Belgrade, Zemun and all newer settlements in the Sumadia parts of Belgrade). Batajnica System
In the portions where the channeling system is based on general principles This system covers around 12,000 hectares of city territory. It covers the of channeling it is planned to continue separating rainwater from wastewater territory northwest of the settlement of “Galenika” with the settlements of using a system of overflowing facilities. In some parts of the city such as Dobanovci, Ugrinovci, Batajnica, Zemun polje, the working zone of Surcin- Dorcol and the old core of Zemun it is planned for the existing network of Dobanovci, and the industrial zones of Upper Zemun and Surcin. The channels to be used for rainwater, while a new network will be built for wastewaters of these settlements are brought to the collector pump stations wastewater. In some of the waterways planned retention facilities are “Batajnica” and “Zemun polje II” by a system of collectors and pump planned after regulation in the upstream portions of waterways for the stations, from where they are channeled to the common sewage treatment purpose of holding back a flood wave (Mirijevo, Mokri lug, Jelzovac, facility “Batajnica” on the right bank of the Danube. The sewage system Zarkovo brooks, Kumodraz brook, as well as the Zeleznik river). follows the separation system. Rainwater is channeled to the Danube and melioration channels. The release of rainwater which gravitates toward the The protection of the “Makis” complex is planned through the construction source location on the left bank of the Sava river must be planned for of the rain collector “Padinski Channel”, the “Zeleznik-Sava” collector and purification in order to protect the source location and the Galovica Channel. the “Peripheral Channel” along the new Belgrade-Obrenovac highway. It is necessary to provide environmental protection for the Galovica Channel which today represents a collector of the worst sewage from the territory of Reducing the pressure on the Sava river from waste waters from the city Surcin, the airport, etc. sewage system from the territory of the Mokri lug brook, the Topcider river and the territory of Sremcica-Zeleznik-Zarkovo-Senjak is planned with the construction of the sewage facility or tunnels “Emergency Aid – Djure Djakovica”, as one possible option. The territory of the lower Sava river
11 12 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______Ostruznica System of around 115 km. The Tamis river is a bordering waterway with a length of 2.5 km. This system covers around 6,500 hectares of city territory. It includes the territory south of Zeleznik with the settlements of Ostruznica, part of The left banks of the Save and the Danube rivers (Sumadija section) are Sremcica, Mostanica, Umka, with the sewage treatment facility particularly characteristic with elevations that range from 69 to 300 m above “Ostruznica”. This location is upstream from the water source at Makis sea level, for this part of the territory contains numerous flood flows of making sewage treatment and purification necessary. The sewage system varying size and significance. They represent natural recipients of the follows the separation system. Rainwater is released into the Sava river and surface waters of Belgrade: the Zeleznik river, the Topcider river, the other waterways. Mirijevo brook, the Manastirski brook, the Kumodraz brook, the Bolecica river, etc. In the central area of the city rainwater is drained through a Banat System system of collectors whose principal directions nearly completely correspond to the topographic waterways of former brooks. Hence the This system covers around 12,000 hectares of city territory. It covers the collectors also carry the names of these brooks: Mokri lug collector, territory with settlements on the left bank of the Danube river in the area of Kumodraz collector, Duboki potok collector, Cubura collector and Bulbuder Banat, with Padinska Skela, Borca, Ovca, the industrial zone “Pancevacki collector. rit”, Krnjaca and Kotez. The sewage system is a separation system. Rainwater is drained in two ways: with a system of channels in local On the territory covered by the General Plan, of the 115 km of riverbanks melioration channels and rainwater drains to the pump station “Reva”, from around 29 km include fortified riverbanks and quays, with primary emphasis where the water is emptied into the Danube. Sewage is brought to the on the central city area. On the left banks of the Sava, Danube and Tamis sewage treatment facility “Krnjaca” using a system of channels-collectors rivers the recipients are a network of melioration channels whose waters are and pump stations, and from there it is released into the Danube. This pumped to the Sava and the Danube via pump stations. The main system is partly realized. waterways are: Galovica, Petrac, Vizelj, Kalovit and Sibnica.
Because of the low elevation in the area of the left bank of the Danube In terms of regulative construction on small waterways the work done which is subject to high groundwater levels it is necessary to undertake includes modification of the riverbed of the Topcider river and its tributaries hydro-technical measures of uneven ground buttressing (minimal elevation (Kaljevo, Rakovica, Kijev, Pariguz, Bel reka and Banjica brooks), the Bolec, 72.5-76 m above sea level), construction of hydro-technical drainage Ostruznica and Zeleznica rivers with tributaries (Krusik and Manastirine) curtains, development of the “Reva” pond and reconstruction of the and the Mirijevo brook, with a length of around 55 km, with small melioration system for accepting atmospheric water. Regular maintenance accumulations in the Pariguz and Bela reka brooks. of operational functionality of the channel network is necessary, together with contact with the water carrying layer of ground until the final solution Over 40% of the territory of Belgrade (the New Belgrade-Zemun and old of buttressing is realized. Belgrade locker) is located in the lower riverbank areas of the Sava and Danube rivers, up to the elevation point of 77 m above sea level and are potentially exposed to the danger of flooding from catastrophically high 6.2.3 Development of Waterways flood flow levels of the Sava and the Danube. The City of Belgrade is not entirely protected against flooding. The old embankments which have not The territory covered by the General Plan includes the river waterways of been reconstructed to meet planned protection levels could give way to Sava and the Danube with the river banks with a total area of around 10,000 flood flows or could be overflowed and lead to catastrophic consequences ha, of which 6,800 ha are river banks and around 3,200 ha are water. The for the city. The lower parts of Zemun, New Belgrade, Stari grad and Makis Sava river flows around 24 km and on city territory accepts water from 8 would end up under several meters of water, including the entire Pancevo tributaries with very complex hydrographic networks, with a total length of Marsh. There is still no comprehensive solution for eliminating the negative around 160 km. The Danube river flows around 50 km and in this area of effects of flood flow levels on the riverbank areas (the lower plateaus of the its flow accepts water from 8 tributaries, with a total hydrographic network riverbank along the Zemun quay are flooded and cannot be used, as well as
13 14 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______parts of the right bank of the Sava river, nor are there systems in place for In the next planning period the existing criteria for protection facilities protection against groundwater, etc.). against floods on the Sava, Danube and Tamis rivers will be retained. The regulation lines defined for low water will be retained (with eventual 6.2.3.1 Objectives minimal corrections), keeping in mind that accompanying natural embankments have been formed, facilities have been built, as well as In the area of development of river basins, regulation of waterways and waterways, which does not exclude different urban solutions along melioration channels top priority will go to reconstruction and expansion of riverbank areas. existing systems, adaptation for use and construction of the most rational types of systems. The first regulation line for small waters which is appropriate for 290 days per year in terms of time is determined by the level of the outer edge of the Defense against flooding in small waterways will be realizable within footing of embankments at the elevation level of 70.5 m above sea level. integrated systems of active protection through retentions and accumulations, The second regulation line has been adopted as a level which is appropriate reducing flood flow waves and through passive protection in building linear for water levels that lasts for 20 days and prescribes the level of the first systems of protection. On the large waterways of the Sava, Danube and embankment of riverbank protection at the elevation of 73.5 m above sea Tisa rivers flood protection will take place through the reconstruction and level. The third regulation line, the line for flood flows and protection building of linear systems of protection. Protection measures will be carried against floods, is adapted to conditions in certain riverbank areas, with the out and water quality levels will be improved up to prescribed levels (II A establishment of continuity and functionality during protection against and II B), with quality of surface waters and protection of groundwater floods. In terms of elevation levels it ranges between 76.5 and 77.5 m quality. The priority in water management is rationalization of water above sea level. consumption and multiple use of water in technological processes. Anti- erosion construction will be undertaken in river basins prone to erosion with In the development of small waterways it is proposed that existing criteria the objective of protecting soil and water management facilities, with be retained for profiling dimensions for handling flood flows, depending on reconstruction and operational level rebuilding and revitalizing of facilities the riverbank areas which are being protected. The incidence period is most which are used for protection against erosion and flooding. frequently one hundred years for urban and industrial areas or smaller (probability 2% or 5%) for other areas. 6.2.3.2 Conception of Development The protection, maintenance and development of the use of waters will The development and building of a system of protection is carried out with exclusively be planned according to natural wholes, i.e. according to river the objective of reconstructing and rebuilding facilities for protection basin areas or portions of waterways, keeping in mind nature and its against floods in the riverbank areas of the Sava, Danube and Tamis rivers tendencies. One of the priorities of urban policy is the maintenance of the from the influences of the thermoelectrical dam “Djerdap” under operating natural valleys of small waterways, that is to say their revitalization. In this conditions of elevations above 69.6 m above sea level in sections of the sense natural development of the river basins of waterways is an objective, riverbank area where the appropriate level of protection has not been with the use of appropriate biological-technical measures in river basin areas achieved. The established criteria for setting the dimensions of the and the formation of retention facilities and multi-purpose accumulation defensive facilities on the territory of Belgrade are functional for flood areas. flows whose probability of occurrence is once in a hundred years (1%), while additional elevations would secure protection for a period of 500 to 1000 years (0.2-0.1%). The indicative calculated level at the mouth is an 6.2.4 Maintenance and Development of Water Use elevation of 76 m above sea level. Exceeding of the indicative levels for flood flows in protective embankments on the Danube amounts to 1.5-1.7 m, The waters of the Sava and the Danube bring pollution to Belgrade from and for embankments along the Sava and Tamis rivers, 1.2-1.5 m. For quay settlements and industries located upstream, with the territory of the city walls the protective elevation ranges between 0.5 and 1.2 m. being an additional burden on them with technological, sanitary and waste waters, as well as atmospheric waters. The city waste water flows into
15 16 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______natural recipients, most frequently without prior treatment. In the waters of - Control should be established over balanced water stocks within the Sava and the Danube the most frequent difference in quality with respect which integrated consumption management would be exercised with to prescribed values relates to suspended matter and organic pollution, as protection of water resources, based on the concept of sustainable well as consequences of intensive erosion processes in river banks and large development. quantities of waste waters rich with organic materials. The water quality in - Rational use of water should be defined as the fulfilling of minimally the Topcider, Zelesnik and Bolec rivers is very poor because of the waste regulated hygienic-sanitary requirements of consumers in terms of waters which are ejected into them. The Galovica channel in southeastern quantity and quality, with reduction of losses. Srem which passes through Belgrade’s environmentally protected water - Public participation through raising of public awareness about the sources is burdened by high levels of organic and microbiological pollution need for rational water use and protection of water from pollution. for some time now. The channels in the Pancevo Swamp (Kalovita, Sibnica - Protection from water, both surface and groundwater, should be and Vizelj channels) are under the direct influence of the waste waters of the developed through the establishment of protection criteria by zoning BWS, with the ejection of sanitary used waters being on the rise also. potentially threatened areas and regulation of the conditions and manner of their use. The waters of the recreational and sourcing complex of Ada Ciganlija are not exceeding accepted values for chemical and microbiological pollution. The characteristics of the groundwater in the alluvial sediments of the Sava 6.2.5 Additional Water Supplies river are conditioned by the quality of surface water, given that there is direct hydraulic connection between the river basin and the riverbank area. The area west of the Sava and the Danube is characterized by a sandy Because of the overlap between the protection zone of wells in the riverbank plateau, as well as an alluvial construction which is dominated by the area and previously built roadways, very jagged condition of the sources and settlements of New Belgrade, Zemun, Bezanij, Surcin and Batajnica. From collision with the fabric of the city, there is increased risk of pollution of the perspective of groundwater presence this area is characterized by the groundwater, accompanied by the fact that required environmental first source level formed in alluvial sediments along the Sava and Danube protection measures for this type of terrain are not being respected. The riverbanks at the depths of 30-40 m, and less often even deeper. available measures for management of the quantity and quality of the urban Exploitation facilities which draw water from these source levels represent waters balance with a view to protecting and developing water use on the the backbone of the water supply of Belgrade. territory of Belgrade in the future are both structural (reconstruction and development) and organizational. As part of the deeper water carrying strata which have also been observed in this area, with numerous water supplying facilities captured at depths over The planned solutions of the principal strategy of maintenance and 150 m, significant quantities of quality water can be secured. Depending on development of water use are: location, the number and depth of water carrying strata which can be - Protection against pollution is implemented as a concept which captured, as well as the technical characteristics of the water supplying equally respects and demands maintenance of recipients, surface and facilities, it is possible to draw between 6-12 l/sec. The quality of drawn all groundwater and requires control of effluents. The first measure waters in this area is relatively good, while in the areas of alluvial sediments, would be the cleaning and protection of the area from illegal dumping, especially in the areas of deep well complexes in New Belgrade and Zemu, cleaning and development of natural waterways and open channel decrease in water quality has been observed. networks, construction of the sewage system network, primarily in areas where high groundwater levels result in the mixing of septic The terrain on the left bank of the Danube and the territory north from it, up tank contents with groundwater, and building of the rest of the to the city limits, represents the alluvial plateau of the Danube and Tamis sewage system network with sewage treatment and purification rivers. It is dominated by the settlements of Ovca, Borca and Krnjaca, as facilities and equipment for local treatment of sewage. well as by numerous agricultural and industrial centers. This terrain is - Water management should be conducted according to natural river characterized by “initial” source levels formed within gravelly-sandy basin territorial wholes – water territories. sediments at depths between 25-45 m. These sources are rich with water
17 18 Integrated Water Management Integrated Water Management ______and the facilities which tap them on the average, depending on location and depths of 100 m, while construction of wells would permit drawing of water type of well, yield 8-12 l/sec per facility. from 3 to 10 l/sec.
Between 40 and 120 meters there are several water containing strata of Along the Belgrade-Nis highway, in the Zavojnica river valley, downstream different thickness which can yield, depending on location and the number from the toll booth, the presence of sandy sediments has been established. of captured strata and type of well, water quantities between 5 to 8 l/sec. per They are located at depths in excess of 100 m. For this source individual facility. well facilities could be constructed with a capacity of 3-5 l/sec. The quality of this water makes it usable both in the water supply, as well as for Within the “initial source levels” tapped in this area the water quality is, as a technological purposes. rule, poor which is conditioned by the presence of numerous polluters in this area. With treatment these waters can be brought to a level of quality which The area on the right bank of the Danube, from the mouth of the Sava to would permit them to be used for water supplying, and also, with minimal Ada Huja and the alluvial strata of the area of Veliko selo are specific not treatment or even without it, they can be used as technological water for for their hydrologic conditions, but for the use of this area which constitutes industry or for irrigating large agricultural surfaces. the industrial city zone. In this area a water rich source was formed within alluvial sediments which is tapped for use by particular industrial facilities By contrast with the waters from this source level, the waters drawn from through exploitation facilities. These facilities yield between 5 to 10 l/sec., deeper water carrying strata are of a good quality and because of geological depending on location and technical characteristics. The alluvial sediments conditions are practically not in danger of being polluted, which means that in the Veliko selo area are at a depth of 20 m and are fitted for drawing with appropriate standard treatment they can be used for water supplying. groundwater which can be used as technical water. The estimated water supply of these sources could yield 5-10 l/sed. The area south of the Danube and the Sava is fairly complex from a hydrologic perspective and has not been sufficiently tested. 6.2.6 Presence of Mineral, Thermal and Thermomineral Waters The city core is mostly densely developed and populated, which represents the principal limiting factor which in this area practically makes it Besides water supplies special attention on the territory of Belgrade should impossible to draw water for different uses. The hydrogeological be given to the results of many years of geothermal testing which point to characteristics of this terrain permit the tapping of significant quantities of the geothermal potentials of the central and wider territory of Belgrade. It water, which has been practically achieved with several wells which draw should be pointed out that mineral and thermal waters in this area are still water from water sources formed within lime sediments for use by the BIP insufficiently tested. On the territory of the municipality of Zemun the breweries “Mostar” and Skadarlija, where the tapped water is bottled, which presence of thermal waters has been established, while in the municipality is a sufficient indicator of its quality. The capacities of these wells range of Stari Grad the presence of groundwater thermal waters has been between 2 to more than 10 l/sec. of drinking water. established, while in the municipality of Palilula there is a mineral water source in Visnjicka Banja, in Ovca thermomineral waters flow freely with South of the Danube and the Sava, in the area dominated by the settlements no organized use where only the local population exploit this, while in the of Vinca, Kaludjerica, the settlements at the foot of the Avala Mountain, municipality of Vozdovac the appearance of warm water was registered in Cremcica, Umka, etc., in certain areas significant quantities of water can be the settlement of “Brace Jerkovic”, with the water freely flowing with no drawn from deep sources which could be used for supplying this area with organized exploitation, while in the municipality of Grocka thermomineral water, as well as for technological purposes, for irrigating agricultural areas. water is present in Bolec, Ritopek, Lestani, Vinca, Vrcin, in the Zavojnicka river valley along the Belgrade-Nis highway, while in the eastern foothills The presence of lime has been established on the territory of Zeleznik with of the Avala mountain the presence of thermal waters has been registered. the territory of Cukarica and Kijev, the Kumodraz brook, and the zones of Visnjica and Lestani. In these locations these sediments have been drilled to
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