Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Slavistiky Ruský Jazyk

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Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Slavistiky Ruský Jazyk Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav slavistiky Ruský jazyk a literatura Eva Knotková Buddhismus v ruském jazykovém a kulturním prostředí Magisterská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Jiří Gazda, CSc. 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracoval/a samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. …………………………………………….. Podpis autora práce Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat vedoucímu práce doktorovi Jiřímu Gazdovi za pomoc a cenné rady a dále docentovi Lubošovi Bělkovi za poskytnutí cenných studijních materiálů. Obsah Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 1 I. TEORETICKÁ ČÁST…………………………………………………………………….… 3 1 Buddhistické učení ..................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Tibetský buddhismus .................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Základní buddhistické termíny ................................................................................... 6 1.3 Šíření buddhismu ........................................................................................................ 9 2 Buddhismus v Rusku ................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Počátky ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 20. století .................................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Současnost ................................................................................................................ 13 2.3.1 Význam Agvana Doržijeva .................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Význam Bidiji D. Dandarona ............................................................................... 17 2.4 Buddhismus v Burjatsku, Kalmycku a Tuvě ............................................................ 18 2.4.1 Burjatsko .............................................................................................................. 19 2.4.2 Kalmycko ............................................................................................................. 21 2.4.3 Tuva ...................................................................................................................... 22 2.5 Buddhistické kláštery, chrámy a centra v Rusku ...................................................... 23 2.5.1 Význam a funkce klášterů .................................................................................... 23 2.5.2 Kláštery v Burjatsku ............................................................................................. 24 2.5.3 Stúpy ..................................................................................................................... 26 2.5.4 Buddhistická sídla a centra mimo území Burjatska ............................................. 27 2.5.5 Diamantová cesta v Rusku ................................................................................... 28 II. SPECIÁLNÍ ČÁST………………………………………………………………….…. …29 3 Jazyková analýza shromážděného lexikálního materiálu ......................................... 30 3.1 Zdroje excerpce jazykových jednotek ...................................................................... 30 3.2 Tematické hledisko ................................................................................................... 30 3.2.1 Buddhistická symbolika ....................................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Filosofická pojmenování ...................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Meditační praxe .................................................................................................... 35 3.2.4 Geografické názvy ................................................................................................ 38 3.2.5 Nazývání buddhovských forem ............................................................................ 38 3.2.6 Jména osob ........................................................................................................... 40 3.2.7 Přívlastky spojené se jmény učitelů ..................................................................... 41 3.2.8 Obecné termíny .................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Formální a gramatické hledisko ............................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Jednoslovné jazykové jednotky ............................................................................ 44 3.3.2 Víceslovné jazykové jednotky ............................................................................. 44 3.3.3 Strukturní analýza víceslovných jazykových jednotek ........................................ 46 3.4 Jazykový původ nashromážděných lexikálních jednotek ........................................ 47 3.4.1 Jazykové jednotky tibetského původu .................................................................. 48 3.4.2 Jazykové jednotky sanskrtského původu ............................................................. 48 4 Abecední seznam excerpovaných lexikálních jednotek ........................................... 49 5 Závěr ......................................................................................................................... 71 6 Резюме ..................................................................................................................... 75 7 Seznam použité literatury a zdrojů ........................................................................... 80 Úvod Předkládaná diplomová práce se věnuje problematice tibetského buddhismu v rámci dnešní Ruské federace s přihlédnutím k jazykovému a kulturnímu hledisku dané oblasti. Buddhismus bývá v různých zdrojích považován například za náboženství, duchovní směr, filosofii či psychologii, avšak pro své vyznavače nebo praktikující buddhisty tento směr představuje spíše každodenní životní styl a praxi, která je nedílnou součástí jejich životů, nezávislou na zařazení v rámci vědních oborů. Buddhismus má své kořeny v Indii v době před přibližně 2500 lety, a v dnešní době již zdaleka není jen otázkou Východu. Své zastoupení má u příznivců po celém světě, včetně Ruska; a ani Česká republika není samozřejmě v tomto ohledu výjimkou. Tibetský buddhismus se u nás začal výrazněji rozrůstat až s pádem komunismu v devadesátých letech 20. století. V dnešní době se již v České republice můžeme setkat s činností velkého množství buddhistických škol a skupin 1. Na ruském území se tento duchovní směr začal poprvé výrazněji objevovat pravděpodobně již v 17. století. Jedním z aspektů, díky kterým byl buddhismus schopný rozšířit se tak daleko za hranice země svého vzniku, je jistě i jeho schopnost fungovat nezávisle na kulturním prostředí a přizpůsobit se konkrétním podmínkám. Své popularity v západních zemích také jistě dostál z toho důvodu, že základy své nauky nestaví na dogmatech ani slepé víře. Naopak, pracuje se silnými a kritickými lidmi. Téma tibetského buddhismu na pozadí ruského jazyka a kultury jsem si vybrala mj. z osobního zájmu o tibetský buddhismus. O tento myšlenkový proud a meditační praxe se zajímám již přibližně osm let. V diplomové práci se proto budu opírat i o osobní zkušenosti a poznatky. Svět buddhistického učení mě stále udivuje svou různorodostí a bohatstvím. Podobné pocity ve mně vždy vyvolával i ruský areál. Z tohoto důvodu mě také vždy zajímalo, jakým způsobem se buddhismus projevuje v ruském prostředí. V teoretické části práce se zpočátku zaměřím na obecné vymezení buddhismu. Dále se pokusím popsat postup šíření tohoto duchovního směru z indického subkontinentu do dalších částí světa a počátek jeho výskytu na území Ruska. Pro úplnost se v teoretické části dále zaměřím i na stěžejní pojmy filosofie tibetského buddhismu tak, aby čtenář mohl získat základní povědomí o tomto duchovním směru. V další kapitole teoretické části nastíním historii tibetského buddhismu v Rusku a to 1 Více například v publikaci HONZÍK, J.: Jednota v rozmanistosti: Buddhismus v České republice. DharmaGaia, Praha, 2010. 1 především ve třech částech Ruské federace, konkrétně v Burjatsku, Kalmycku a Tuvě, jelikož v těchto zemích má tibetský buddhismus nejvýraznější zastoupení a objevuje se zde i ve své monastické, tedy klášterní formě. V praktické části budu pracovat s lexikálními jednotkami, které jsem nashromáždila z rusky psaných textů používaných přímo praktikujícími buddhisty, jako jsou například texty meditací a dále rusky psaných textů o tibetském buddhismu. Zaměřím se také na konkrétní analýzu excerpovaných lexikálních jednotek s cílem objasnit, jaké typy jazykových jednotek se často objevují v rusky psaných buddhistických textech či textech o buddhismu. Jazyková analýza bude prováděna s přihlédnutím ke konkrétnímu tematickému zařazení jednotek a to např. na tematický okruh spojený se symboly tibetského buddhismu, geografickými názvy, názvy osob atd. Dále bude na tyto lexikální jednotky nahlíženo z hlediska jejich struktury, a jejich rozdělení na jednoslovné a víceslovné. Nakonec budou nahlíženy z hlediska jejich jazykového původu. Závěrem bych ráda upozornila na fakt, že práce si neklade za cíl objasnit učení tibetského buddhismu z religionistického hlediska či tento směr propagovat u čtenáře. 2 I. TEORETICKÁ ČÁST 3 1 Buddhistické
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