DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of Pharyngeal Gland Development and Function in Caenorhabditis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of Pharyngeal Gland Development and Function in Caenorhabditis UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Characterization of pharyngeal gland development and function in Caenorhabditis elegans by Ryan B. Smit A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER 2010 © RYAN SMIT 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-69500-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-69500-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Abstract The present thesis is an investigation into the specification, development and function of the pharyngeal gland cells in C. elegans. Although the role of PHA-4 in the specification of pharyngeal identity has been well established (Gaudet and Mango, 2002; Horner et al., 1998; Kalb et al., 1998; Mango et al., 1994a), little is known about how the cell types within the pharynx are specified. I therefore sought to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for specification of the gland cells. I have thus explored three novel aspects of gland development. The first is the characterization of the only known gland-specific transcription factor. Through bioinformatic analysis, I was able to identify a biologically active cis- regulatory element (called PGM1 for pharyngeal gland motif 1) in the promoters of fourteen gland specific genes. I found that this site is likely a site for the binding of at least two transcription factors and one of those is the gland specific basic-Helix-Loop- Helix transcription factor HLH-6. All PGM1 dependent genes are also HLH-6 dependent, but at least two genes are partially independent of HLH-6 and gland cells are still present in hlh-6 mutants, suggesting HLH-6 does not specify gland fate. Second, I not only characterize the role of HLH-6 in activating gland gene expression, I also investigate its role in the function of the glands. hlh-6 mutants occasionally arrest as larvae, are slow growing and have small brood sizes suggestive of a defect in the ability of the animals to feed properly. hlh-6 mutants are rescued by feeding on bacteria that are less sticky, suggesting the glands may play a role in lubricating the pharyngeal lumen. In support of this model I show that an HLH-6 dependent gene product is normally found lining the pharyngeal lumen. ii Lastly, I identify gland genes whose expression does not require HLH-6. Analysis of two such genes identified a promoter element originally described in the hlh-6 promoter (HRL3 for hlh-6 regulatory element 3) as necessary for HLH-6-independent gland expression. From these studies I propose a model of gland development and compared it to known regulatory networks in the specification of other C. elegans cell types. iii Acknowledgements Some of the plasmids used in this dissertation were created by Dr. Jeb Gaudet, Indra Raharjo, Leanne Sayles and Shoubin Wen (see Appendix B for details). The initial runs of the Improbizer program were completed by Dr. Jeb Gaudet. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures and Illustrations ....................................................................................... viii List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature .............................................................x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 1.1 Transcriptional Control of Cell Type Specification ..................................................1 1.2 The Pharynx of C. elegans .........................................................................................3 1.2.1 The Pharyngeal Glands ......................................................................................8 1.3 Pharyngeal Specification .........................................................................................12 1.3.1 Maternal Contributions ....................................................................................12 1.3.2 Zygotic Control of Specification .....................................................................16 1.3.3 The Role of PHA-4 ..........................................................................................18 1.3.4 Cell Type Specification ...................................................................................19 1.4 Experimental Objectives ..........................................................................................21 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................23 2.1 Nematode Handling Conditions ...............................................................................23 2.2 Construction of Plasmids and Reporters ..................................................................24 2.3 Strain Constructions .................................................................................................26 2.4 Motif Searches using Improbizer .............................................................................28 2.5 Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ......................................................................28 2.6 Ectopic Expression of HLH-6 ..................................................................................30 2.7 Lifespan Assays .......................................................................................................30 2.8 Growth Assays .........................................................................................................31 2.9 Pharyngeal Cell Counts in WT vs. HLH-6 ..............................................................32 CHAPTER THREE: IDENTIFICATION OF THE GLAND SPECIFIC CIS- REGULATORY ELEMENT PGM1 AND THE TRANS-ACTING FACTOR HLH-6 .......................................................................................................................33 3.1 Identification of Gland Specific Genes ....................................................................33 3.2 Identification of Pharyngeal Gland Motif 1 .............................................................38 3.3 PGM1 is Necessary for Gland Expression ..............................................................42 3.4 PGM1 is Sufficient for Gland Expression ...............................................................52 3.5 PGM1 Contains Two Important Regulatory Sequences ..........................................52 3.6 HLH-6 is a Gland Specific Transcription Factor .....................................................60 3.7 HLH-6 Acts Through PGM1 ...................................................................................61 3.8 Summary ..................................................................................................................76 CHAPTER FOUR: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HLH-6 MUTANT PHENOTYPE ...........................................................................................................79 4.1 Characterization of a Lethality Closely Linked to hlh-6 .........................................79 v 4.2 The g2 Gland Cells are Missing in hlh-6 Mutants ...................................................85 4.3 hlh-6 Mutants are Feeding Defective .......................................................................93 4.4 Ablation of the Gland Cells Phenocopies the hlh-6 Mutant ..................................101
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shk Toxin: History, Structure and Therapeutic Applications for Autoimmune Diseases
    ShK toxin: history, structure and therapeutic applications for autoimmune diseases WikiJournal of Science Search this Journal Search Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review Submit Authors Reviewers Editors About Journal Issues Resources CURRENT Editorial In preparation guidelines Upcoming This is an unpublished pre-print. It is undergoing peer review. articles Authors: Shih Chieh Chang, Saumya Bajaj, K. George Chandy Ethics statement This pre-print is undergoing public peer review Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Infection Immunity Theme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological Bylaws University, Singapore First submitted: 04 January 2018 Financials Author correspondence: [email protected] Last updated: 05 January 2018 Contact Reviewer comments Last reviewed version Abstract Stichodactyla toxin (ShK) is a 35-residue basic peptide from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus that blocks a number of potassium channels. An analogue of ShK called ShK-186 or Dalazatide is in human trials as Licensing: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases. Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original author and source are credited. Key words: ShK peptide, autoimmune diseases, T cells, Kv1.3, ShK domains History Contents Stichodactyla helianthus is a sea anemone of the family Stichodactylidae. Abstract Helianthus comes from the Greek words Helios meaning sun, and anthos meaning History flower. S. helianthus is also referred to as the 'sun anemone'. It is sessile and uses potent neurotoxins for defense against its primary predator, the spiny lobster. The Structure venom contains, among other components, numerous ion channel-blocking Phylogenetic relationships of ShK and ShK domains peptides.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Truncated Cardiotoxin‑I Analogue with Potent Insulinotropic
    Design of a Truncated Cardiotoxin‑I Analogue with Potent Insulinotropic Activity Thi Tuyet Nhung Nguyen, Benjamin Folch, Myriam Letourneau, Nam Hai Truong, Nicolas Doucet, Alain Fournier, David Chatenet To cite this version: Thi Tuyet Nhung Nguyen, Benjamin Folch, Myriam Letourneau, Nam Hai Truong, Nicolas Doucet, et al.. Design of a Truncated Cardiotoxin‑I Analogue with Potent Insulinotropic Activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2014, 57 (6), pp.2623-33. 10.1021/jm401904q. hal-01177382 HAL Id: hal-01177382 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01177382 Submitted on 14 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Design of a Truncated Cardiotoxin-I Analogue with Potent Insulinotropic Activity Thi Tuyet Nhung Nguyen†‡§, Benjamin Folch†∥⊥, Myriam Létourneau†§, Nam Hai Truong‡, Nicolas Doucet†∥⊥, Alain Fournier*†§, and David Chatenet*†§ † INRS−Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies Ville de Laval, Québec H7 V 1B7, QuébecCanada ‡ Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Bioactive Mimetics of Conotoxins and Other Venom Peptides
    Toxins 2015, 7, 4175-4198; doi:10.3390/toxins7104175 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Review Bioactive Mimetics of Conotoxins and other Venom Peptides Peter J. Duggan 1,2,* and Kellie L. Tuck 3,* 1 CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia 2 School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia 3 School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (P.J.D.); [email protected] (K.L.T.); Tel.: +61-3-9545-2560 (P.J.D.); +61-3-9905-4510 (K.L.T.); Fax: +61-3-9905-4597 (K.L.T.). Academic Editors: Macdonald Christie and Luis M. Botana Received: 2 September 2015 / Accepted: 8 October 2015 / Published: 16 October 2015 Abstract: Ziconotide (Prialt®), a synthetic version of the peptide ω-conotoxin MVIIA found in the venom of a fish-hunting marine cone snail Conus magnus, is one of very few drugs effective in the treatment of intractable chronic pain. However, its intrathecal mode of delivery and narrow therapeutic window cause complications for patients. This review will summarize progress in the development of small molecule, non-peptidic mimics of Conotoxins and a small number of other venom peptides. This will include a description of how some of the initially designed mimics have been modified to improve their drug-like properties. Keywords: venom peptides; toxins; conotoxins; peptidomimetics; N-type calcium channel; Cav2.2 1. Introduction A wide range of species from the animal kingdom produce venom for use in capturing prey or for self-defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Simulations of Disulfide-Rich Venom Peptides With
    molecules Review Review Molecular SimulationsSimulations ofof Disulfide-RichDisulfide-Rich VenomVenom Peptides withwith IonIon ChannelsChannels andand MembranesMembranes Evelyne Deplazes 1,2 Evelyne Deplazes 1,2 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, WA 6102, Australia; [email protected] Perth, WA 6102, Australia; [email protected] 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, 2 School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia QLD 4072, Australia Academic Editor: Roberta Galeazzi Academic Editor: Roberta Galeazzi Received: 8 February 2017; Accepted: 24 February 2017; Published: date Received: 8 February 2017; Accepted: 24 February 2017; Published: 27 February 2017 Abstract:Abstract: Disulfide-richDisulfide-rich peptides isolated isolated from from the the venom venom of of arthropods arthropods and and marine marine animals animals are are a arich rich source source of of potent potent and and selective selective modulators modulators of of ion ion channels. channels. This This makes these peptides valuable leadlead moleculesmolecules forfor thethe developmentdevelopment ofof newnew drugsdrugs toto treattreat neurologicalneurological disorders.disorders. Consequently,Consequently, much effort goes into understanding understanding their their mechanis mechanismm
    [Show full text]
  • Siemens J and Hanack C Modulation of TRP Ion Channels by Venomous
    Modulation of TRP Ion Channels by Venomous Toxins Jan Siemens and Christina Hanack Contents 1 Introduction: Venom Biology .............................................................. 1120 2 Toxins of Venomous Organisms in Ion Channel Research and Medical Therapy ...... 1122 3 Toxins: Mode of Action ................................................................... 1124 4 Toxins Modulating TRPV1 Activity ...................................................... 1125 4.1 Vanillotoxins ......................................................................... 1125 4.2 Double-Knot Toxin .................................................................. 1127 5 Additional TRPV1-Mediated Toxin Effects .............................................. 1129 6 Toxins Affecting Other TRPs .............................................................. 1131 6.1 TRPV6 ................................................................................ 1132 6.2 TRPA1 ................................................................................ 1132 6.3 TRPCs ................................................................................ 1133 7 Discussion and Outlook .................................................................... 1133 References ..........................................................................................1136 Abstract Venoms are evolutionarily fine-tuned mixtures of small molecules, peptides, and proteins—referred to as toxins—that have evolved to specifically modulate and interfere with the function of diverse molecular targets
    [Show full text]
  • Characterisation of a Niche-Specific Excretory–Secretory Peroxiredoxin
    Price et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:339 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3593-6 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Characterisation of a niche-specifc excretory–secretory peroxiredoxin from the parasitic nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta Daniel R. G. Price* , Alasdair J. Nisbet, David Frew, Yvonne Bartley, E. Margaret Oliver, Kevin McLean, Neil F. Inglis, Eleanor Watson, Yolanda Corripio‑Miyar and Tom N. McNeilly Abstract Background: The primary cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in small ruminants in temperate regions is the brown stomach worm, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Host immunity to this parasite is slow to develop, consistent with the ability of T. circumcincta to suppress the host immune response. Previous studies have shown that infective fourth‑stage T. circumcincta larvae produce excretory–secretory products that are able to modulate the host immune response. The objective of this study was to identify immune modulatory excretory–secretory proteins from populations of fourth‑ stage T. circumcincta larvae present in two diferent host‑niches: those associated with the gastric glands (mucosal‑ dwelling larvae) and those either loosely associated with the mucosa or free‑living in the lumen (lumen‑dwelling larvae). Results: In this study excretory–secretory proteins from mucosal‑dwelling and lumen‑dwelling T. circumcincta fourth stage larvae were analysed using comparative 2‑dimensional gel electrophoresis. A total of 17 proteins were identifed as diferentially expressed, with 14 proteins unique to, or enriched in, the excretory–secretory proteins of mucosal‑dwelling larvae. One of the identifed proteins, unique to mucosal‑dwelling larvae, was a putative peroxire‑ doxin (T. circumcincta peroxiredoxin 1, Tci‑Prx1). Peroxiredoxin orthologs from the trematode parasites Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica have previously been shown to alternatively activate macrophages and play a key role in promoting parasite induced Th2 type immunity.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0018530 A1 Miao Et Al
    US 201500 18530A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2015/0018530 A1 Miao et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 15, 2015 (54) NOVEL PRODRUG CONTAINING Related U.S. Application Data MOLECULE COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR (60) Provisional application No. 61/605,072, filed on Feb. USES 29, 2012, provisional application No. 61/656,981, (71) Applicant: Ambrx, Inc., La Jolla, CA (US) filed on Jun. 7, 2012. (72) Inventors: Zhenwei Miao, San Diego, CA (US); Publication Classification Ho Sung Cho, San Diego, CA (US); Bruce E. Kimmel, Leesburg, VA (US) (51) Int. Cl. A647/48 (2006.01) (73) Assignee: AMBRX, INC., La Jolla, CA (US) C07K 6/28 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (21) Appl. No.: 14/381,196 CPC ....... A6IK 47/48715 (2013.01); C07K 16/2896 (2013.01); A61K 47/48215 (2013.01); A61 K (22) PCT Fled: Feb. 28, 2013 47/48284 (2013.01); A61K 47/48384 (2013.01) USPC ....................................................... 530/387.3 (86) PCT NO.: PCT/US2O13/028332 S371 (c)(1), (57) ABSTRACT (2) Date: Aug. 26, 2014 Novel prodrug compositions and uses thereof are provided. Patent Application Publication Jan. 15, 2015 Sheet 1 of 21 US 201S/0018530 A1 FIGURE 1. Antigen recognition site Hinge Peptide Patent Application Publication Jan. 15, 2015 Sheet 2 of 21 US 2015/0018530 A1 FIGURE 2 M C7 leader VH(108) (GGGGS)4 VL(108) Y96xs His A. ( +PEG ) His 144 Tyr190 Lys248 Ser136am (+PEG) Leu156 B. 6X His VH(108) (GGGGS)4 VL(108) H, is Leu156 g3 ST lear VL (108) Ck(hu) VH(108) CH1(hu) 6X His - SD L I (AA SP re A Lys 142 am Thr204 am Lys219 am Patent Application Publication Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Micotossine
    CNIDARIA • Radially symmetric • Dimorphic: two body forms (except for Anthozoa) – Polyp • Sessile, cylindrical body, ring of tentacles on oral surface – Medusa • Flattened, mouth-down version of polyp • Free-swimming • ~10,000 species • Marine animals • Only few freswater (Hydra) CNIDARIA • Basic body plan of ALL cnidarians – Sac with a central digestive compartment (GVC) – Single opening serving as both mouth and anus – Ring of tentacles on oral surface – Ectoderm and endoderm separated by acellular mesoglea CNIDARIA • All cnidarians are carnivores – Tentacles capture and push food into mouth – Tentacles are armed with stinging cells • Cnidoblasts / cnidocytes • Contain capsules (nematocysts) – The tentacle is stimulated (on “trigger”) – Nematocyst is discharged on the prey • Some species produce toxins (Injection of the toxin) CNIDARIA CNIDARIA • Different types of nematocystis: • Generic nematocyst (all) – Double-walled capsule with toxic mixture of phenols + proteins – Spines or barbs for penetration, anchor in victim • Spirocyst (Anthozoa) – Spring-like mechanism – Adhesive tubules wrap around and stick to victim • Ptychocyst (tube anemones) – Sticky nematocyst CNIDARIA • Prey is forced into the GVC • Extracellular digestion begins (coelenteron) – Enzymes secreted into GVC • Intracellular digestion completes process – Partially digested food engulfed by endoderm cells Phylum CNIDARIA • Anthozoa – Subclass Hexacorallia – Subclass Octocorallia • Cubozoa • Hydrozoa – Subclass Hydroidolina – Subclass Trachylina • Scyphozoa • Staurozoa
    [Show full text]
  • NOVEL BIS-QUINOLINIUM CYCLOPHANES AS Skca CHANNEL BLOCKERS
    NOVEL BIS-QUINOLINIUM CYCLOPHANES AS SKca CHANNEL BLOCKERS A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree of the University of London LEJLA ARIFHODZIC Department of Chemistry University College London September 2001 ProQuest Number: U153874 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U153874 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to my supervisor. Prof C.R. Ganellin, firstly, for giving me the opportunity to do this project and for all his support and invaluable advice thereafter. A very special thank you to Mr W. Tertuik for all his help and guidance during my time at UCL. Many thanks to Prof D.H. Jenkinson for performing the biological testing and for useful discussions and to Dr A. Vinter for his assistance in molecular modelling. My thanks go to many past and present members of UCL, in particular: T.Akinleminu, A.Alic, A.E.Aliev, J.E.Anderson, D.C.H.Benton, S.Corker, C.Escolano, J.Gonzales, K.J.Hale, J.Hill, F.Lerquin, J.Maxwell, F.L.Pearce, N.Penumarty, E.Power, S.Samad, A.Stones, S.Manaziar, M.Sachi, D.Yang, C.Yingiau and P.Zunszain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Skeletome of the Red Coral
    Le Roy et al. BMC Evol Biol (2021) 21:1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01734-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The skeletome of the red coral Corallium rubrum indicates an independent evolution of biomineralization process in octocorals Nathalie Le Roy1,3*† , Philippe Ganot1†, Manuel Aranda2 , Denis Allemand1 and Sylvie Tambutté1 Abstract Background: The process of calcium carbonate biomineralization has arisen multiple times during metazoan evolu- tion. In the phylum Cnidaria, biomineralization has mostly been studied in the subclass Hexacorallia (i.e. stony corals) in comparison to the subclass Octocorallia (i.e. red corals); the two diverged approximately 600 million years ago. The precious Mediterranean red coral, Corallium rubrum, is an octocorallian species, which produces two distinct high- magnesium calcite biominerals, the axial skeleton and the sclerites. In order to gain insight into the red coral biomin- eralization process and cnidarian biomineralization evolution, we studied the protein repertoire forming the organic matrix (OM) of its two biominerals. Results: We combined High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and transcriptome analysis to study the OM composi- tion of the axial skeleton and the sclerites. We identifed a total of 102 OM proteins, 52 are found in the two red coral biominerals with scleritin being the most abundant protein in each fraction. Contrary to reef building corals, the red coral organic matrix possesses a large number of collagen-like proteins. Agrin-like glycoproteins and proteins with sugar-binding domains are also predominant. Twenty-seven and 23 proteins were uniquely assigned to the axial skeleton and the sclerites, respectively. The inferred regulatory function of these OM proteins suggests that the difer- ence between the two biominerals is due to the modeling of the matrix network, rather than the presence of specifc structural components.
    [Show full text]
  • Stichodactyla Toxin Shk - #08SHK001 - CAS : 165168-50-3
    Stichodactyla toxin ShK - #08SHK001 - CAS : 165168-50-3 Product information Animal toxins for life-sciences Selective blocker of Kv1.3 www.smartox-biotech.com ShK (Stichodactyla helianthus Neurotoxin) has been isolated from the venom of the Phone : +33(0) 456 520 869 Carribean sea anemone Stoichactis helianthus. ShK inhibits voltage-dependent potassium Fax : +33(0) 456 520 868 channels. It blocks Kv1.3 (KCNA3) potently and also Kv1.1 (KCNA1), Kv1.4 (KCNA4) and [email protected] Kv1.6 (KCNA6) respectively with a Kd of 11 pM, 16 pM, 312 pM and 165 pM. Interestingly, Smartox Biotechnology it was also demonstrated that ShK potently inhibits the hKv3.2b channel with an IC50 value of approximately 0.6 nM. 570 rue de la chimie 38400 Saint Martin d’Hères France Fluorescent ShK also available: TMR-ShK - #SAT001 Prices 5x10 µg – 100 € 100 µg – 120 € 500 µg – 375 € Technical information AA sequence: Arg-Ser-Cys3-Ile-Asp-Thr-Ile-Pro-Lys-Ser-Arg-Cys12-Thr-Ala-Phe-Gln-Cys17- 28 32 35 Related products Lys-His-Ser-Met-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Leu-Ser-Phe-Cys -Arg-Lys-Thr-Cys -Gly-Thr-Cys -OH 3 35 12 28 17 32 Disulfide bridges: Cys -Cys , Cys -Cys and Cys -Cys TMR-ShK - # SAT001 Length (aa): 35 Solubility: water and saline buffer Margatoxin - #08MAG001 Formula: C169H274N54O48S7 CAS number: 165168-50-3 HsTx1 - # 08NEU001 Molecular Weight: 4054.85 Da Source: Synthetic (Dap22)-ShK - # 13SHD001 Appearance: White lyophilized solid Purity rate: > 97 % ADWX-1 - # 13ADW001 Agitoxin-2 - # 13AGI002 References Tarcha EJ., et al.. - J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Putative Secreted and Transmembrane Proteins Encoded in the C
    Suh and Hutter BMC Genomics 2012, 13:333 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/13/333 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A survey of putative secreted and transmembrane proteins encoded in the C. elegans genome Jinkyo Suh and Harald Hutter* Abstract Background: Almost half of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes proteins with either a signal peptide or a transmembrane domain. Therefore a substantial fraction of the proteins are localized to membranes, reside in the secretory pathway or are secreted. While these proteins are of interest to a variety of different researchers ranging from developmental biologists to immunologists, most of secreted proteins have not been functionally characterized so far. Results: We grouped proteins containing a signal peptide or a transmembrane domain using various criteria including evolutionary origin, common domain organization and functional categories. We found that putative secreted proteins are enriched for small proteins and nematode-specific proteins. Many secreted proteins are predominantly expressed in specific life stages or in one of the two sexes suggesting stage- or sex-specific functions. More than a third of the putative secreted proteins are upregulated upon exposure to pathogens, indicating that a substantial fraction may have a role in immune response. Slightly more than half of the transmembrane proteins can be grouped into broad functional categories based on sequence similarity to proteins with known function. By far the largest groups are channels and transporters, various classes of enzymes and putative receptors with signaling function. Conclusion: Our analysis provides an overview of all putative secreted and transmembrane proteins in C. elegans. This can serve as a basis for selecting groups of proteins for large-scale functional analysis using reverse genetic approaches.
    [Show full text]