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Investigations in Computer-Aided Design for Numerically Controlled Production

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Investigations in Computer-Aided Design for Numerically Controlled Production INVESTIGATIONS IN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN FOR NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED PRODUCTION Final Technical Report 1 December 1959 - 3 May 1967 D. T. Ross and J. E. Ward Electronic Systems Laboratory Electrical Engineering Department MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 C ontracts AF-33(600)-40604 AF -33(600)-42859 AF-33(657)- 10954 This document is subject to special export con- trol and each transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may be made only with prior ap- proval of the AFML, MATF, WP-AFB, Ohio, 45433. FOREWORD This Final Report (ESL-FR-351) submitted in May, 1968) summarizes the work performed from 1 December 1959 through 3 May 1967 under three successive United States Air Force Contracts: AF-33(600)-40604 from 1 December 1959 to 31 January 1961; AF-33(600)-42859 from 1 February 1961 to 31 May 1963; and AF-33(657)-10954 from 1 February 1963 to 3 May 1967. Details of the work have been previously recorded in a series of twelve Interim Engineering Progress Reports, plus a number of Technical Reports on specific topics. Contract AF-33(657)-10954 with the Electronic Systems Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts was initiated under Manufacturing Technology Division, Project 8-236, "Integration of Design Data into Numerical Control". It was accomplished under the technical direction of Mr. W. M. Webster of the Advanced Fabrication Techniques Branch, MATF, Manufacturing Technology Divi- sion, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. This project has been accomplished as a part of the Air Force Manufac- turing Methods Program, the primary objective of which is to develop, on a timely basis, manufacturing processes, techniques and equipment for use in economical production of USAF materials and components. This technical report has been reviewed and is approved. Ja K R. MARSH, Chief Ad nced Fabrication Techniques Branch Manufacturing Technology Division Air Force Materials Laboratory ABSTRACT This report summarizes the activities of the M. I. T. Computer-Aided Design Project from 1 December 1959 through 3 May 1967 in the de- velopment of a generalized "system of software systems" for generating specialized problem-oriented man-machine problem-solving systems using high-level language techniques and advanced computer graphics. Known as the AED Approach (for Automated Engineering Design) the Project results are applicable not only to mechanical design, as an extension of earlier development of the APT System for numerical con- trol, but to arbitrary scientific, engineering, management, and produc- tion system problems as well. All results have been programmed using machine-independent techniques in the Project's AED-0 Language, based on Algol-60, and are operational on several widely available computers. Advanced techniques for verbal and graphical language and generalized problem-modeling are based on the concept of a plex which combines data, structure, and algorithmic aspects to provide complete and elegant representation of arbitrary problems. Program developments are supported by hardware and software innovations in computer graphics. Various design applications and a general technique for three-dimensional shape description complement and illustrate the general approach. The unique AED Cooperative Program allows visiting staff from industry to learn Project results while contributing to their further development. A complete bibliography of 274 references to Project documents, talks, and thesis reports is included. This document is subject to special export control and each transmittal to foreign governments or foreign nationals may be made only with prior approval of the AFML, MATF, WP-AFB, Ohio, 45433. ------~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ill~~ PERSONNEL The developments covered in this report are the result of the efforts of many people over an extended period-- December 1, 1959 to May 31, 1967. Listed below are the 129 technical personnel (faculty, staff members, visiting staff, graduate and undergraduate students) who have participated directly in the work during this period, organized according to the subgroupings within the Computer-Aided Design Project. Mr. Douglas T. Ross has served as Project Engineer for the Computer-Aided Design Project for this entire period. The support and counsel of Professor J. Francis Reintjes, Director of the Elec- tronic Systems Laboratory, is gratefully acknowledged. From the Computer Applications Group, Electronic Systems Laboratory (December, 1, 1959 to May 31, 1967) Douglas T. Ross, Group Leader and Project Engineer Clarence G. Feldmann, Associate Leader Dr. Jorge E. Rodriguez, Assistant Leader Reuben J. Bigelow Panos Z. Marmarelis Nathan S. Bromberg David F. McAvinn Robert Bobrow Charles S. Meyer Leon M. Bousquet James D. Mills Leo 0. Craft Harrison R. Morse, III Dr. Ronald W. Cornew Robert C. Nelson David S. Evans Barbara R. Petree N. Dudley Fulton Robert B. Polansky Marcus C. Goodall Eugenia Rohrberg J. Martin Graetz John Reed Irene Greif Albert F. Smith Norman F. Hirst Daniel E. Thornhill Peter Johansen John F. Walsh Dr. Jacob Katzenelson Jerry D. Welch John C. Kotelly Thomas S. Weston Peter T. Ladd Barry L. Wolman Charles A. Lang Jackson S. Wright Robert B. Lapin Robert B. Zara Harold D. Levin Joel S. Zucker v Visiting Staff of the AED Cooperative Program (March 1, 1964 to May 31, 1967. See Chapter X for additional details.) Stephanie I. Ackley - System Development Donald Barovich - IBM Corporation Anton J. Berger - The Boeing Company Charles W. Bower - The Boeing Company Howard J. Cilke - Sandia Corporation Robert K. Coe - United Aircraft Corporation B. Thomas Fox - Sandia Corporation Leonard H. Haines - IBM Corporation Walter L. Johnson - Ford Motor Company Jack H. Jones - McDonnell Aircraft Corporation James R. Kennedy - Lockheed-Georgia Company Richard 0. Ladson - Univac Div. of Sperry Rand Corp. Fabrizio Luccio - Olivetti Richard S. Lynn - North American Aviation James J. Martyniak - North American Aviation Richard A. Meyer - IBM Corporation Arthur K. Mills - The Dow Chemical Company Arthur T. Nagai - The Boeing Company John V. Oldfield - University of Edinburgh James H. Porter - Chevron Research Company Henry W. Spencer - Grumman Aircraft Corporation June L. Walker - IBM Corporation Irwin Wenger - Raytheon Company Richard B. Wise - IIT Research Institute Stephan Zurnaciyan - Northrup Corporation From the Design Division of the Mechanical Engineering Department (December 1, 1959 to May 31, 1965) Prof. Steven A. Coons Harry E. Ladd Prof. Robert W. Mann Prof. Deane Lent W. A. Albertson Prof. Frank A. McClintock David M. Auslander Richard M. Merrill Prof. Dwight M. Baumann Philip F. Meyfarth Richard U. Bayles Harit M. Nanavati Peter T. Bennett Prof. Henry M. Paynter Prof. Charles Berg Richard P. Parmelee Prof. Ernesto B. Blanco George Piotrowski Lawrence L. Clarke, Jr. Joseph D. Purvis, Jr. Norman R. Cohler Romolo E. Raffo Larry M. Delfs Ronald C. Rosenberg Charles A. Garman Edgar H. Sibley Grover C. Gregory Robert Starzec Mark R. Haber Ivan E. Sutherland Wayne Hamann Coyette C. Tillman MacKenzie L. Hamilton Joseph A. Berderber Norman B. Heubeck Marc R. Weinberger Timothy E. Johnson Jerome I. Weiner Laird E. Johnston Abbott D. Weiss David Korenstein Paul A. Wieselmann Joseph P. Ku vi From the Display Group, Electronic Systems Laboratory (March 1, 1961 to May 31, 1967) John E. Ward, Group Leader and Deputy Director, Electronic Systems Laboratory Robert H. Stotz, Assistant Group Leader Linda J. Bernhardt Richard C. Larson Arthur R. Best Barry K. Levitt Abhay Bhushan George C. Ling Frederick T. Blount Yngvar G. Lundh Michael F. Brescia Glenn C. Randa Thomas B. Cheek William D. Stratton Jan W. Grondstra Eurique J. Tejara-R Dr. Uri F. Gronemann Edward R. Vassar Ednre G. Guttmann Albert Vezza Dr. Donald R. Haring Christopher R. Wylie vii li~~~~ ~ P ~~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~~~Vl _ CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION page 1 A. Introduction 1 B. Chapter Outline 2 CHAPTER II ACTIVITIES OF THE PROJECT 6 A. The Project Mandate 6 B. Associations with Other Groups 9 C. Efficacy of the Mandate 11 CHAPTER III PROBLEM MODELING 13 A. The Fundamental Plex Concept 13 B. Ideal Plexes 16 C. Plex Mechanization 18 D. Factored Plexes 20 E. Ope rato rs 21 F. Mouse Algorithms 23 G. Growth Algorithms 26 H. Summary 27 CHAPTER IV THE AED-0 LANGUAGE AND COMPILER SYSTEM 29 A. History 29 B. The "Bootstrap" Compiler System 31 C. The Algorithmic Theory of Language 32 D. Algol-60 as a Base 33 E. An Example 35 F. Additional Features 37 G. The Macro Preprocessor 40 H. Integrated Packages 42 CHAPTER V SYSTEM-BUILDING SYSTEMS 44 A. Introduction 44 B. The AED Approach 45 C. The General Processors 46 D. AED-1 Compiler Structure 49 E. Recapitulation 51 ix CONTENTS (Contd.) F. Parsing page 53 G. Nested Languages 54 H. Macro Preprocessing 55 I. The Cadet System 57 J. Generalized Modeling 59 CHAPTER VI APPLICATION OF THE AED APPROACH 62 A. The Three-Man Team 63 B. Joint Meetings 64 C. The Role of the Analyst 66 D. The Semantic Package 67 E. The Role of the Programmer 69 F. The First-Pass Structure 70 G. The Role of the Designer 75 CHAPTER VII DISPLAY HARDWARE 77 A. History 77 B. The ESL Display Console 79 1. Line Generation 82 2. Display Rotation 84 3. Automatic Edging 86 4. Automatic Light Pen Tracking 87 5. Character Generation 88 6. Manual Inputs 89 7. Command Summary 91 C. Display Buffer Computer 92 1. Background 92 2. Design Considerations 97 3. Status of the Buffer System 100 D. Development of Low-Cost Remote Display 100 1. Background 100 2. Desired Characteristics 101 3. Design Considerations 103 4. Description of ARDS-II 105 x CONTENTS (Contd.) CHAPTER VIII GRAPHIC SOFTWARE page 114 A. History 114 B. Sketchpad 117 C. The ESL Console in Time-Sharing 118 D. The Display Editor Package 120 E. The Display Interface System 123 CHAPTER IX DESIGN DIVISION STUDIES 127 A. Thesis Activity 127 B. Generalized Surfaces 127 1. Introduction 128 2. Notation 130 3. The Surface Equation 132 4.
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