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Home , Chum (tent), Valery Chkalov, Yaranga

Category 12-14 years Dwelling and life of

A () is the main sign of life in the tundra. The Nenets riddle «In the middle of the tundra, a pointed heap covered with skins» (the answer is chum) describes this sign of habitable space. Pointedness is one of the aesthetic canons expressed in the Nenets ornament, as well as in descriptions of the robes and dwellings of gods and heroes. In the plain tundra the chum is visible from afar and always “looks like a chum,” since both its entire silhouette and one crown of its head look like a triangle. As the traveler come closer, he sees that the top of the triangle has begun to smoke, which means that the hosts have noticed the guest, and now they are boiling tea by his arrival. Despite its temporary nature, the chum serves as a reliable not only for its owners, but also for the wanderer. According to the old custom, a guest could stay and live in the chum as long as he wanted without explanation, apology or payment. Nowadays, due to the rapid development of ethnotourism, this is remembered as a golden age. Different peoples or residents of modern megacities have different ideas about comfort. For the EXPEDITION Nenets nomads, the chum is considered as a standard ARCTIC EXPEDITION into theuppersmokewindow,itisraining,force of The chumremainsapartofthetundra:starslookout in thedialoguewithnature. only toapersonwholives advantages thatareavailable has special of tentalso design project of minimalist aesthetics. Life in this type stuff. Chumcanbeconsidereda«simplevariant»of everywhere. Everything is at hand here, there is no luxury of comfort. It ismobileandcanbetaken with you claustrophobia. for the «deaf andblind»housesometimesissimilarto of thenomad just lounginginthesnow.«Thedislike spent thenight,somehuddledon a sled,andsome after anotherthehut,remainedoutsideand leaving guides andwatchtheminthemiddleofnight, «one houses withhisSamoyed spend thenightinRussian had achanceto in 1847, and PublicLife»,published V. Islavin, the author of the book «Samoyeds in Home hooves outside notifies about the arrival of deer. Once of crackling the skins, flapping the by felt is blizzard a Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION The chum-cone resists all sorts of external influences like to theground. the chumnevertopples,butpressed along the perimeter. Therefore, during strong winds, flows, bending around the cone, press it to the ground shape givesthe dwelling exceptional stability: the air mountains and hillsareendowed with thisform. The conical nature, tundra the in figures; all of stable tapping on the skins with a special “yangach” beater. tapping ontheskinswithaspecial and itcanbecleared without removing the tires by steep andsmooth surface ofthe cone-shaped chum, rolls offthe it isnevercoveredwithsnow.Snoweasily Another value oftheconicalshapechumisthat installation). incorrect or wood in flaws to due (usually poles ofthechumbroke wind, although individual °) turnedoverorcrumbledinastrong more than50 was no case that a correctly placed chum (the angle wind, snow or attempts to move itor turn it over. There The geometric shapeofthechumisacone, the most Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION engineers, ecologists and designers have begun to lifestyle of the Arctic peoples. Nowadays,architects, find many drawings and sketches of the dwellings and others. In reports on ethnographic research one can features: chum,,vezha,kot,kuwaxaand nationalities hasitsownvariantsofnamesanddesign the indigenouspeoplesofNorth. Each ofthe47 illustration. can become the subject of visual research – scientific Any of the dwellings of nomadic breeders to develop environmentallyfriendlytechnologies. due totheneed show interestintraditionaldwellings Ethnographers show great interest in the dwellings of Category 12-14years Category 12-14 years Valery Chkalov

Valery Pavlovich Chkalov was born on February 2, 1904 in the village of Vasilevo (now Chkalovsk), province in the family of a craftsman and a housewife. The boy’s mother died when he was 6 years old. Having successfully graduated from school, he continued his education at the Cherepovets Technical School. Due to the lack of funds, it was soon closed. Valery returned home and got a job in a river shipping company. At the age of 15 Chkalov volunteered for the Red Army and began working as an apprentice airplane assembly fitter. In 1921-1922, Chkalov studied at the military theoretical school of the Air Force, and then at the Borisoglebsk Aviation School, where he made his first independent flight in his life on the British biplane Avro 504. Until 1924 Valery Pavlovich studied at various aviation schools, including the and Serpukhov ones, mastering various types of aircraft - from Junkers to ARCTIC EXPEDITION ARCTIC EXPEDITION June 18,1937. (Moscow - - Vancouver), which started on flight in1936. having madethis to copewiththistasksuccessfully, route». managed named «Stalin’s The pilots was itself became in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and the route USSR totheUSA. Belyakov, offered him a risky adventure: to fly from the institute. research the for flights 800 over made he tester a as able to show his potential as apilot. For 2 yearsof work Institute oftheRedArmyAirForce,wherehewastruly after thefirstfamousRussianpilotP.Nesterov. referral to the Leningrad Red Banner Squadron named kinds oftrainingcoursesandschools,hereceiveda Martinside. Finally,after graduating from all existed By planeANT-25, thecrewreachedAmerican USA the to fly to permission obtained Chkalov Soon, However, theroute was corrected: theendpoint In 1935 Chkalov’sfriends, pilots G. Baidukov andA. Chkalov wassentto the In 1930 Moscow Research Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION on December 15, 1938,the brave test engineer Valery desperately with demands to postpone flight tests, but test of the latest I-180 fighter. Designer N. wrote reports a well-deservedvacationandwasappointedto the was awardedthetitleofHeroSovietUnion. returned. North The entirecrew Pole andsuccessfully city ofVancouver (Washington state) through the the BotkinhospitalinMoscow... hours later, he died without regaining consciousness in power lines and hit his head during a hard landing. Two Unfortunately, while planning,ValeryPavlovichcaught into theair. Chkalov madeuphismindandtook the newest I 180 During the flight the airplane engine failed. engine airplane the flight the During In 1938 ValeryChkalovwasurgently recalled from Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION people”, derivedfrom the name ofthe station chief went downinhistoryunderthename“Papanin’s floe by aviation. 4 people worked at the station. They moving withthemovement(drift)ofice. station «North Pole-1» appeared. Drifting means scientific drifting first world’s the Pole, North the from the heroicChelyuskin,buriedinice. of team the – floe ice an on wintered even people of Arctic sea tripswere held, and a large group of serious experience had beenaccumulated:number warmly shared by O. Schmidt and V. Vize. By that time it was found thisideaworthwhile.InSovietRussia this projectwasnot implemented, butalotofpeople to theNorth Pole region by airship.For many reasons Nansen. Heintendedtodeliverateamofscientists by thefamousNorwegian suggested in1925Fridtjof People andequipmentweredeliveredtotheice In 1937 on the ice of the , 20 kilometers first was ice drifting on people landing of idea The Drifting station«NorthPole-1» Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION cabin andatheodolite have beeninstalledto observe antenna isstretchedbetweenthem. A meteorological have grown, two radio station masts risen, an their stationatthebeginningofdrift: floating ice floe for 9 months. This is how they described on a Papanin. 4employeesofthestationlived Ivan blow out heat. The floor was inflatable, the thickness the inflatable, was floor The heat. out blow without it, when the door was opened, the wind could were laid. A vestibule wasattached to the tent, since two layersofthicktarpaulin,eiderdown made the tent very warm, with four layers: between - 2.5meters,length3.7height2meters.We 53 kilogramsand had the following dimensions: width The tenttogether possible. with thebedsweighedonly the basic rulethatthe equipment should beaslight and experimentation. And here we proceeded from where thedriftistakingouricefloe.« our drifting station. We must constantly be aware of the heightofsun,todeterminelocation “Our camp has got an imposing appearance: five appearance: imposing an got has camp “Our “The type ofhousing wasestablishedafterlong debate Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION “Murman” and “Taimyr” picked up polarexplorers made ofduraluminpipes.« compartment of a railway carriage. Tent frame was sheets plywood and reindeerskins.Thebedswereintwotiers,likea with covered centimeters; 15 was of the air cushion, which separated it from the ice, n h suy f h Aci Oen cletd a the collected assessing later, years Ten floe. ice Ocean, «Papanin» the Arctic the of comprehensive material on the study of the drift of study the on discovered. Spitsbergen was confirmed and its western slope was of an underwater ridge between and thick. F. Nansen’shypothesisabout the existence the pole andformed there a layerabout 500 meters station showed that warm Atlantic waters reached covered 1134miles(2100km). «NP-1» days 274 For work. scientific the of results the including valuable, everything and floe ice the from Polar explorers received a set of scientific results scientific of set a received explorers Polar the at out carried observations Oceanographic steamers icebreaking the 1938 19, February On Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION the Earththathadremainedpreviouslyunexplored». gaze apartof science. Theyopenedtothescientist’s station drifting Soviet made a major contribution to the treasury of world first the of observations «The contribution of SP-1 to Arctic science, V. Vize wrote: Category 12-14years ARCTIC EXPEDITION is about1.1meters, and theweightreaches300 feature. The height at the withers of these animals An exceptionally long fur is another characteristic successfully tookroot. brought was toTaimyrandWrangelIsland,whereit it Also found inNorth to Alaska. America. Inthe1970s islands such as Svalbard, Nunivak, Nelson, and also the musk ox has been delivered to some Arctic of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago; in recent years, arctic tundraandpolardeserts. ago. The musk oxisatypicalinhabitantofthe hilly oxen on lived our planet more than a millionyears Island. Scientistsbelievethat the ancestors of musk on the musk oxlives Taimyr PeninsulaandWrangel North America, aswellinGreenland. In Russia,the indigenous population of this specieshassurvivedin adapted totheharshconditionsofNorth. The The musk ox is one of the few mammals perfectly The musk ox combines the features of bulls and sheep. The muskoxcombinesthefeaturesofbulls The musk ox is common in Greenland and the islands Category 12-14years Musk-ox ARCTIC EXPEDITION heads, sotheanimalsareunderstrictprotection. number of muskoxen in the world is onlyabout25,000 predators andprotecttheiroffspring.Nowadays,the with fight to animals enough strong are oxen Musk herds of20-0heads,verydexterouslyclimbsthe rocks. From September to May, the musk ox wanders, living in and thereforethereisnohighsnowcover. They live in regions where precipitation is negligible without migrating. the Arctic winterintheirhabitats over ayear. they are very sensitive to dampness. It drinks milkfor to one cub. Calvesare not afraid of the cold, but late MayorearlyJuneafemalemuskoxgivesbirth cereals. kilograms. The musk oxfeedson moss, lichens,grass, Pregnancy 8.5months.In of femalemuskoxlasts The lifestyleofthisanimalresemblesthesheepone. Musk oxenaretheonlylargeherbivoresthatspend Category 12-14years