DOCSLIB.ORG

Europa Regina: the Effect of World War II on European Female Labor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Europa Regina: the Effect of World War II on European Female Labor Europa Regina: The Effect of World War II on European Female Labor Helen Harris Advisor: Carol Shiue, Economics Honors Council Representative: Martin Boileau, Economics Committee Member: Lorraine Bayard de Volo, Women and Gender Studies April 7th, 2017 ________ Previous research suggests that WWII induced a lasting increase in American female labor force participation. This paper explores if WWII influenced European female labor force participation in a similar way from 1940 to 1960. The analysis regresses changes in female labor force participation after the war, on changes in military mobilization rates for 17 European countries. The results show that the European female labor force participation growth rate decreased during the decade 1940-1950 and increased from 1940-1960. While these results are statistically significant and female specific, they are relatively small in magnitude. Within these changes were sectoral changes, primarily a decrease in white-collar growth for both time frames. The mechanisms for these changes most likely stem from a post-war baby boom and an increase in national education levels. ________ 1. Introduction World War II caused political upheaval, transformations in foreign policy, and economic disruption for countries across the world. A less noticeable, but still important, change that the war sparked was a long-term increase in female labor force participation in the United States (Goldin and Olivetti, 2013). Goldin and others argue that the massive military personnel mobilization during the war created vacuums in the male dominated work force, which were filled by women. While the long-term impact varied depending on women’s socio-economic level, familial status, and education, this experience of drastic mobilization changes may have had a hand in transforming the American female labor supply into what is seen today (Goldin and Olivetti, 2013). Research about the war and female labor has predominantly focused on the United States. Arguably though, the United States had a unique war experience due to the high level of involvement, yet low levels of physical damage that it sustained. In contrast, many countries in Europe also faced large amounts of civilian casualties, obliteration of infrastructure, and economic crises in addition to the changes in mobilization rates. To quantitatively investigate the European war experience and compare it to that of the United States, this analysis examines how different experiences across countries during WWII affected short- and long-term changes in female labor force participation. This paper regresses the short- and long-term percent changes in female labor force participation on percent changes in national mobilization rates, while controlling for pre-war levels of education, marriage, and birth rates. To explain any variations in female labor force participation, alterations in sectoral participation and their relationships to changes in mobilization rates are also examined. The same analysis is then applied to male labor force participation to explore possible macroeconomic fluctuations that existed and would have affected the labor force in total. The analysis aims to determine if there was a war-induced change, which sectors were driving forces, and if this change was female specific. 2. Literature Review Recent research on WWII and European female labor can be divided into two categories: the influence of WWII and general motivators. The first of these focuses specifically on effects of WWII on female labor force participation. The second has a more general scope and explores the different general motivators of female labor. 2.1 Relationship of WWII and Female Labor Force Participation: This section of literature covers several of the general motivators, however one common feature is that the research focuses on changes in the American labor force. While Olivetti (2013) executes an analysis involving multiple countries with a time frame that saddles WWII, the specific conflict caused effects are analyzed with a focus on the American labor force. Acemoglu, Autor, and Lyle (2004) use mobilization rates during the war to examine women entering the labor force and the effect that this had on wages for both men and women. Similarly, Jaworski (2014) examines the war’s negative impact on female education which in turn lowered women’s wages in the short-run. Goldin and Olivetti (2013) published the research most similar to this paper. They also use the methodology of mobilization rates to reassess one of Goldin’s previous studies (Goldin 1991), which looked at the long-term impact of the war on American female labor force participation rates. This reassessment contradicts the original work’s conclusion, and finds that instead of the war having weak effects, as previously thought, it did alter the female labor supply. Furthermore, they compare their results to the revisionist and “watershed” theories outlined previously in Goldin’s other work (Goldin 1991). The “watershed” theory is the idea that the war caused significant changes in the ideological structure of the US, and because of this, the women who entered the workforce during the war remained in the work force later on. The revisionist theory contradicts this argument by noting the many women who were pushed out of the work force in the long-run because of gender norms. Goldin and Olivetti’s conclusion combines the two theories and supports the hypothesis that women with higher education experienced the “watershed” theory, while less educated women experienced the revisionist situation. More specifically, the authors find that higher mobilization rates impacted women with higher education, and that the short-term effects (1950) were felt primarily by married women without children during the war. In the long-run (1960), however, the war also impacted married women with children during the war. 2.2 General Motivators of Female Labor Force Participation: Of the many incentives highlighted by researchers, theorists, and authors, the most prevalent influence on women’s labor decision is societal norms. Dao (2014) focuses on the impact of social norms pertaining to parenthood and housewives. Göksel (2013) also explores the role of norms but chooses instead to examine the role of conservatism and religion. While her research pertains to Turkey and traditional Islam, it would be possible to argue that the negative effects of conservative norms on female labor force participation that Göksel (2013) finds are influential to varying degrees in other societies too. The role of Islam and non-secular rule is further explored by Mehmood, Ahmad, and Imran (2015), but their findings, while including some norms, focus primarily on factors such as the cost of living, education, and women’s support systems, and finds that these other factors outweigh the effects of conservatism. The idea of norms is measured in various ways in the different analyses. Göksel (2013) creates dummy variables to represent conservatism which are based on survey questions about the role of religion, while Mehmood, Ahmad, and Imran (2015) calculate their female empowerment variable as equivalent to the prevalence of contraceptives. Education is the second most noted factor in an abundance of papers. Shah (1990), Mehmood, Ahmad, and Imran (2015), and Goldin (2006) all examine the role of education and find almost unanimously that as women’s education becomes more prominent in a society, women start to face higher opportunity costs for not working, so labor force participation increases. Several other cultural and political factors are outlined in various pieces such as government policy relating to child care subsidies or tax breaks, as outlined by the OECD Economics Department (2004). Continuing on the more national scale, Moghadam (1990) argues that a country’s economic status as a whole is relevant for female labor, and Olivetti (2013) expands on this idea, concluding that there is a U-shaped relationship between the two. Part of the economic status that Fernandez, Olivetti, and Fogli (2004) point to is a growth in the service sector, and a corresponding increase in availability of part-time positions. They also examine factors which act on the more individual level, including the availability of reliable birth control, domestic appliances decreasing the domestic workload, and familial norms. An interesting familial norm examined by both Fernandez, Olivetti, and Fogli (2004) and Morrill and Morrill (2013), is the relationship between women working and their mother’s and mother-in-law’s participation in the labor force. The two pieces together argue that while women are influenced by their own mothers, they are more influenced by their mother-in-law due to marriage preferences that men develop through their family norms. This type of individual level analysis can be very specific, and has a broad range. For example, Slakever (1990) finds a stronger negative impact of a disabled child on labor supply and earnings for mothers than for fathers. 2.3 Non-Economic Literature: Outside of the strictly economic scope, the relationship between war and women is well developed in qualitative analysis. This relationship can be examined through both historic and women’s studies lenses, with each area highlighting different aspects. Women’s studies researchers have emphasized the effects of war such as increased violence towards women through war time violence, such as rape, and domestic violence or stress induced incidents such as those caused by PTSD. Another aspect highlighted by this area is the push for gender equality leading to equality in the armed forces, which could normalize the effects of war between men and women, since both are affected in a more similar, direct manner (Bayard de Volo, 2016). Similar to the economic literature, there is a strand of historical literature which explores the changing of norms of women’s role in society and the household. A prevalent point of view is that war causes a disruption of norms, so after war societies try to return to “normality”, or the norms which were accepted before the war (Kent, 2016).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • España, Una Historia Global
    Entre finales del siglo XV y principios del XIX, la Luis Francisco Martínez Montes Monarquía Hispánica fue una de las mayores y más complejas construcciones políticas jamás LUIS FRANCISCO MARTÍNEZ conocidas en la historia. Desde la meseta castella- MONTES (Madrid, 1968) es diplomáti- na hasta las cimas andinas; desde ciudades cosmo- co, escritor y viajero constante por las politas como Sevilla, Nápoles, México o Manila ESPAÑA, rutas del conocimiento. Director y hasta los pueblos y misiones del sudoeste nortea- co-fundador de la revista The Global mericano o la remota base de Nutka, en la cana- Square Magazine. Es autor de dos ensayos diense isla de Vancouver; desde Bruselas a Buenos UNA HISTORIA GLOBAL Aires y desde Milán a Los Ángeles, España ha (Los Estados Unidos y el ascenso de China y Luis Francisco Martínez Montes Luis Francisco dejado su impronta a través de continentes y España, Eurasia y el nuevo teatro del océanos, contribuyendo, en no menor medida, a mundo), coautor del libro Apuntes sobre el la emergencia de la globalización. Una aportación ártico y ha publicado más de cuarenta que ha sido tanto material - el peso de plata hispa- artículos sobre geopolítica y diversos noamericano transportado a través del Atlántico y temas históricos y culturales en medios de del Pacífico fue la primera moneda global , lo que España, América Latina y Estados facilitó la creación de un sistema económico mundial-, como intelectual y artística. Los más Unidos. extraordinarios intercambios culturales tuvieron lugar en casi todos los rincones del Mundo Hispá- nico, no importa a qué distancia estuvieran de la metrópolis.
    [Show full text]
  • Europa Regina. 16Th Century Maps of Europe in the Form of a Queen Europa Regina
    Belgeo Revue belge de géographie 3-4 | 2008 Formatting Europe – Mapping a Continent Europa Regina. 16th century maps of Europe in the form of a queen Europa Regina. Cartes d’Europe du XVIe siècle en forme de reine Peter Meurer Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/7711 DOI: 10.4000/belgeo.7711 ISSN: 2294-9135 Publisher: National Committee of Geography of Belgium, Société Royale Belge de Géographie Printed version Date of publication: 31 December 2008 Number of pages: 355-370 ISSN: 1377-2368 Electronic reference Peter Meurer, “Europa Regina. 16th century maps of Europe in the form of a queen”, Belgeo [Online], 3-4 | 2008, Online since 22 May 2013, connection on 05 February 2021. URL: http:// journals.openedition.org/belgeo/7711 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.7711 This text was automatically generated on 5 February 2021. Belgeo est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Europa Regina. 16th century maps of Europe in the form of a queen 1 Europa Regina. 16th century maps of Europe in the form of a queen Europa Regina. Cartes d’Europe du XVIe siècle en forme de reine Peter Meurer 1 The most common version of the antique myth around the female figure Europa is that which is told in book II of the Metamorphoses (“Transformations”, written around 8 BC) by the Roman poet Ovid : Europa was a Phoenician princess who was abducted by the enamoured Zeus in the form of a white bull and carried away to Crete, where she became the first queen of that island and the mother of the legendary king Minos.
    [Show full text]
  • Jahresbericht 2013
    2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Impressum Jahresbericht 2013 Die Stiftungsgremien 2009 2008 2007 Kuratorium 2006 Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, April 2014 2005 Werner Wenning, vorsitzender Apostelnkloster 13-15, 50672 Köln 2004 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Utz-Hellmuth Felcht, stellv. vorsitzender Tel. + 49 . 221 . 277 496 - 0, Fax + 49 . 221 . 277 496 - 196 2003 Dipl.-Vw. Erwin Staudt, stellv. vorsitzender 2002 fts@fritz - thyssen - stiftung.de 2001 Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Barner www.fritz - thyssen - stiftung.de 2000 Dr. Karl-Ludwig Kley Christopher Freiherr von Oppenheim ISSN: 0930-4592 1999 Georg Thyssen 1998 1997 PROJEKTKOORDINATION: Orca van Loon Communications, Hamburg 1996 Wissenschaftlicher Beirat 1995 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Wolf Lepenies, vorsitzender REDAKTION: Hendrikje Gröpler, Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, Köln 1994 GESTALTUNG: André und Krogel Design, Hamburg 1993 Prof. Dr. Dres. h.c. Christoph Markschies, stellv. vorsitzender 2013 1992 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Hubert E. Blum HERSTELLUNG: Georg Olms Verlag AG, Hildesheim 1991 Prof. Dr. Gottfried Boehm 1990 Prof. Dr. Georg Braungart 1989 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Wolfgang Franz Apostelnkloster 13-15 50672 Köln Tel. + 49 . 221 . 277 496 - 0 Fax + 49 . 221 . 277 496 - 196 1988 Prof. Dr. Norbert Frei fts@fritz - thyssen - stiftung.de www.fritz - thyssen - stiftung.de 1987 Prof. Dr. Dr. Stefan Grundmann 1986 Prof. Dr. Peter Gruss 1985 1984 Prof. Dr. Henner von Hesberg Jahresbericht 1983 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otfried Höff e 1982 Prof. Dr. Thomas Hünig 1981 Prof. Dr. Andreas Kablitz 1980 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Matthias Kleiner 1979 Prof. Dr. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPE WITHOUT ORGANS? Opicinus De Canistris and the New Anomos of the Earth Łukasz Moll Michał Pospiszyl Abstract
    EUROPE WITHOUT ORGANS? Opicinus de Canistris and the New Anomos of the Earth Łukasz Moll Instytut Socjologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego / the Institute of Sociology, University of Wrocław, Poland Michał Pospiszyl Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie / Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Abstract The on-going crisis of identity of Europe is related to deep transformations of European borders. Today’s borders no longer lie at the limits of territorial order. We live in turbulent times of shifting and metamorphosing of the European borders. In this critical context new geopolitical imaginaries of Europe are much needed. We argue that in our situation analogous representational crisis of Europe which arose at the end of the Middle Ages is worth examining. The collapse of medieval vision of the world, in which “res publica christiana” played the crucial part, was followed by the revolution in mapping of space with portolans, scientific cartography and secularization of knowledge. One of the most imaginative and confusing cartographer of the passage from political theology of papacy and empire to modern territorial state system was the 14th century priest, Opicinus de Canistris. Our theoretical attempt is a part of renewed interest in Opicinus’ work (K. Whittington, V. Morse). We propose the analysis of his maps in the light of medieval theories of political body. Rapid social changes enabled Opicinus to combine theological and secular arguments in order to represent deterritorialization of Europe (as understood by Deleuze and Guattari). Opicinus experienced new possibilities of mapping space before Eurocentric reterritorialization of the globe took place (as described by Carl Schmitt in The Nomos of the Earth).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    1 Introduction Pavel Dr á bek and M. A. Katritzky Remember thee? Ay, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat In this distracted globe. Remember thee? (Shakespeare, Hamlet , 1.5.100– 2) Th is volume is an outcome of intensive long-term academic and practice- based collaborations between members of the international research initiative Th eater Without Borders (TWB), a global collective exploring transnational and intercultural aspects of early modern theatre, drama and perform- ance. 1 Arranged as a map of sorts, it presents twelve chapters, newly invited, researched and written to create this collection, divided into three sections, loosely cosmographically grouped into three parts: (I) West, (II) North and (III) South. A major focus of previous TWB collections is Venice and Italy (Henke and Nicholson 2008 , 2014). While Italy also features strongly here, our omission of East maps a conscious decision to celebrate less familiar aspects of the broad geographical remit of the TWB collective, most par- ticularly with a vigorous westward expansion into the Iberian peninsula. In an anthropomorphic conceit reminiscent of the head-to- foot arrangement of early modern medical treatises, and refl ected in the map of Sebastian M ü nster discussed below (Figure 2), the chapters are both literally and metaphorically arranged, as it were, from foot to head. Maps and theories During the early modern period, engaging with and comprehending evolving perceptions of the world was greatly facilitated for those privileged elites and classes whose education or means granted them exclusive access to strategic material objects, such as atlases, maps or globes. As Brotton perceptively notes, ‘It was through both the image of the map and the globe and their existence as valued material objects that the astronomers, historians, lawyers, grammarians, travellers, diplomats and merchants… made sense of the shifting shape of their world’ (1997: 21).
    [Show full text]
  • Diversions of Empire Thesis
    ABSTRACT DIVERSIONS OF EMPIRE: GEOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BRITISH ATLANTIC, 1589-1700 by Melissa Nicole Morris This thesis discusses the history of English colonization and print culture over the course of the seventeenth century, showing how they came together in geographies, a type of non-fiction that was very popular during this period. Geography books were a uniquely English genre that led readers on a country-by-country journey around the world, describing both the landscape and the peoples. Focusing specifically on representations of four English colonies in the Americas, this thesis will show how geography writers helped enlarge English readers’ sense of their homeland and how these writers promoted notions of Englishness during a period when that concept was in flux. DIVERSIONS OF EMPIRE: GEOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BRITISH ATLANTIC, 1589-1700 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Melissa Nicole Morris Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2010 Advisor________________________________________ Carla Gardina Pestana Reader________________________________________ Andrew R. L. Cayton Reader________________________________________ Steven M. Norris © Melissa N. Morris 2010 Table of Contents Introduction: The Geographical Imagination of Early Modern England........................... 1 Part I: Geographic Knowledge in Early Modern England ....................................................... 4 Updating Process ..........................................................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • A Descrição Camoniana Da Europa E A
    A descrição camoniana da europa e a cartografia ginecomórfica Autor(es): Pinho, Sebastião Tavares de Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/31469 DOI: DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-0569-2_18 Accessed : 10-Oct-2021 20:29:32 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. pombalina.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt Sebastião Tavares de Pinho Universidade de Coimbra A DESCRIÇÃO CAMONIANA DA EUROPA E A CARTOGRAFIA GINECOMÓRFICA1 Eis aqui, quási cume da cabeça De Europa toda, o Reino Lusitano. (Camões, Lus. III, 20, 1-2) Uma das marcas de maior evidência no estilo da epopeia camoniana é o carácter visualista de grande parte do seu discurso narrativo e, em particular, de algumas das suas frequentes e amplas descrições.
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    Europa(s): el ensayo político español e italiano en el siglo XIX. Europe(s): The Spanish and Italian 19th Century Political Essay. by Gianluca Oluić Laurea. Università degli Studi di Bergamo, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Hispanic Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2020 © Gianluca Oluić, 2020 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Europa(s): el ensayo político español e italiano en el siglo XIX. submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements by Gianluca Oluic for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Studies Examining Committee: María Soledad Fernández Utrera, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC Supervisor Raúl Álvarez-Moreno, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Carlo Testa, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Jon Beasley-Murray, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC University Examiner Miguel Mota, Department of English, UBC. University Examiner Robert A. Davidson, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of Toronto External Examiner Additional Supervisory Committee Members: Jes ús Torrecilla, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California Los Angeles Supervisory Committee Member ii Abstract My dissertation Europe(s): The Spanish and Italian 19th Century Political Essay studies the archetypes of an imagined European community posited by four nineteenth-century authors. More precisely, I analyse political essays written by Juan Donoso Cortés, Jaime Balmes, Carlo Cattaneo and Giuseppe Mazzini.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial: Formatting Europe –Mapping a Continent
    Belgeo Revue belge de géographie 3-4 | 2008 Formatting Europe – Mapping a Continent Editorial: Formatting Europe –Mapping a Continent Wulf Bodenstein Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/7653 DOI: 10.4000/belgeo.7653 ISSN: 2294-9135 Publisher: National Committee of Geography of Belgium, Société Royale Belge de Géographie Printed version Date of publication: 31 December 2008 Number of pages: 241-244 ISSN: 1377-2368 Electronic reference Wulf Bodenstein, “Editorial: Formatting Europe –Mapping a Continent”, Belgeo [Online], 3-4 | 2008, Online since 22 May 2013, connection on 05 February 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ belgeo/7653 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.7653 This text was automatically generated on 5 February 2021. Belgeo est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. Editorial: Formatting Europe –Mapping a Continent 1 Editorial: Formatting Europe – Mapping a Continent Wulf Bodenstein The BIMCC gratefully acknowledges the support received from its usual Sponsors and Benefactors (see www.bimcc.org) and, in particular, the special effort made by: Antiquariaat Plantijn, Chaam (NL), www.plantijnmaps.com Antiquariaat Sanderus, Gent (B), www.sanderusmaps.com Dieter Bohrmann, Hasselt (B) Henri Godts, Brussels (B), www.godts.com Puilaetco Dewaay Private Bankers, Brussels (B), www.puilaetcodewaay.be The Romantic Agony Book Auctions, Brussels (B), www.romaticagony.com Paulus Swaen Internet Auctions, Paris (F), www.swaen.com The organization of the conference benefited from a financial aid by the Belgian science policy (F7835/0700066/058) Europalia, the largest cultural festival in Europe, is staged every two years in Brussels and in Belgium to celebrate the cultural heritage of one invited country.
    [Show full text]
  • Representing European Values Edited by Wiebke Keim and Alexandre Kostka Editorial Work by Ulrich Maximilian Schumann Bad Saulgau 2020
    Wiebke Keim & Alexandre Kostka (eds.) European Values European Representing with contributions by TUSCANY BELL MARTIN BOGDAN MATHILDE BOISSE-DESPIAUX TOBIAS HOFELICH KATHRINE DYBDAHL JENSEN NOÉMI KALOCSAY INGE MATIONSCHEK AURA SAXÉN MONA SEFEN STEFAN STANKOVIC VIRGINIA STUART-TAYLOR 1 2 Impressum Representing European Values Edited by Wiebke Keim and Alexandre Kostka Editorial work by Ulrich Maximilian Schumann Bad Saulgau 2020 All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a database or retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Volume Editors: Alexandre Kostka, Wiebke Keim Series Editors: Janny de Jong, C. M. Megens, and Margriet van der Waal Layout, cover, and design: Ulrich Maximilian Schumann, Triglyph Coordination of this volume: Euroculture Program, Université de Strasbourg Repository University Library Groningen: http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppnf printing and binding: Standartu Spaustuve, Vilnius image on front cover: “Europa Regina”, from Sebastian Münster‘s Cosmographia, Basel 1628; source: Piotr Greiner and Andrzej Złoty, Ruda Śląska w dawnej kartografi, (Ruda Śląska: Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna, 2006) image on back cover flap: Drawing by Zahra, 9 years, from Afghanistan [cf. Tuscany Bell, p. 21] Elliniko Workshop: Workshop organized at Elliniko (Greece) on Saturday, 18th of March 2017 and facilitated by the Afghan artist and teacher Azimi https://coloursofajourney.eu/gallery/elliniko/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ ISBN 978-3-944258-11-9 3 Representing European Values Selected Papers Presented at Cracow Euroculture Intensive Program 2017 triglyph 5 Introduction WIEBKE KEIM and ALEXANDRE KOSTKA If you open this book with a sense of irritation about its cover, your reaction might be justified.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Meurer, Europa Regina. 16Th Century Maps of Europe in the Form of a Queen, Belgeo [Online], 3-4 | 2008, Online Op 27 December 2012, Geraadpleegd Op 2 Juli 2014
    Peter Meurer, Europa Regina. 16th century maps of Europe in the form of a queen, Belgeo [Online], 3-4 | 2008, Online op 27 december 2012, geraadpleegd op 2 juli 2014. URL: http://belgeo.revues.org/7711 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENDERSTUDIES www.tijdschriftvoorgenderstudies.nl Uitgave: Amsterdam University Press Editorial Gendered Fortress Europe Sara de Jong, Sanne Koevoets & Fleur van Leeuwen Tvgend 17 (2): 105–113 DOI: 10.5117/TVGEND2014.2.EDIT In this special issue of Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies we examine the gendered implications of ‘Fortress Europe’, a metaphor for the closing of Europe’s borders in the context of European unification. The consequences of ‘Fortress Europe’ are not limited to those outside its borders who wish to enter Europe. Rather, the eu’s migration regime encompasses multiple forms of differential treatment, which produces and affects particular racialised and gendered subjects inside Europe´s boundaries. In 1985 and 1990, the European Union (eu) adopted two agreements in which it combined a reduction in internal frontiers with increased border control. Perhaps contrary to the public association with ‘Schengen’, the 1990 Agreement included only four Articles on freedom of movement; the other 138 articles of the Schengen document dealt with the control of external borders, the harmonisation of asylum law, exchange of information, and increased police cooperation (Stern 2010). While the terms ‘harmonisation’, ‘exchange’ and ‘cooperation’ have a pleasant ring to them, in this context they function to mask the political charge of these developments, such as integrated systems of surveillance, intensified information exchange, for example through a finger print database, and exchange of ‘best’ practices for border control.
    [Show full text]
  • Mother India: the Role of the Maternal Figure In
    This is the accepted version of an article published by Springer in Law and Critique Vol. 29 No.1, 1-29. Published version available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-017-9197-4 Accepted version downloaded from SOAS Research Online: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/24249/ MOTHER INDIA: THE ROLE OF THE MATERNAL FIGURE IN ESTABLISHING LEGAL SUBJECTIVITY1 Kanika Sharma, Birkbeck University of London / SOAS University of London ABSTRACT. Psychoanalytic jurisprudence attempts to understand the images used by law to attract and capture the subject. In keeping with the larger psychoanalytic tradition, such theories tend to overemphasise the paternal principle. The image of law is said to be the image of the paterfamilias – the biological father, the sovereign, or God. In contrast to such theories, I would like to introduce the image of the mother and analyse its impact on the subject’s relation to law. For this purpose, I examine the history and use of the figure of Bharat Mata or Mother India and how it influences the Indian subject’s relation to law. When the subject is torn between his loyalties to the lawmaker–as–father and the nation–as–mother, who does he side with? Eschewing Greek myths and the Oedipus complex, I focus instead on Hindu mythology and the notion of an oedipal alliance to understand legal subjectivity in India. Lastly, I analyse a defining Indian political trial, the Gandhi Murder Trial, in which all these notions come to play and the accused justifies his decision to murder the father of the nation in the name of the motherland.
    [Show full text]