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Download The Europa(s): el ensayo político español e italiano en el siglo XIX. Europe(s): The Spanish and Italian 19th Century Political Essay. by Gianluca Oluić Laurea. Università degli Studi di Bergamo, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Hispanic Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2020 © Gianluca Oluić, 2020 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Europa(s): el ensayo político español e italiano en el siglo XIX. submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements by Gianluca Oluic for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Studies Examining Committee: María Soledad Fernández Utrera, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC Supervisor Raúl Álvarez-Moreno, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Carlo Testa, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC Supervisory Committee Member Jon Beasley-Murray, Department of French, Hispanic and Italian Studies, UBC University Examiner Miguel Mota, Department of English, UBC. University Examiner Robert A. Davidson, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of Toronto External Examiner Additional Supervisory Committee Members: Jes ús Torrecilla, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California Los Angeles Supervisory Committee Member ii Abstract My dissertation Europe(s): The Spanish and Italian 19th Century Political Essay studies the archetypes of an imagined European community posited by four nineteenth-century authors. More precisely, I analyse political essays written by Juan Donoso Cortés, Jaime Balmes, Carlo Cattaneo and Giuseppe Mazzini. While the first two belong to the Spanish Catholic tradition, the latter two are anchored in Italian Liberalism and Republicanism. Once I ascertained that there exists a precise and profound awareness on the part of these authors regarding the necessity to build a broader and stronger connection among the European nation-states, I started to search for the reasons and aims that surround their “proposed community”. Therefore, in my dissertation I inquire into the connection between the interests of the nation itself and the potential supranational entity, exploring contacts and boundaries that define the political struggle of the aforementioned authors in their historical contexts. In order to shed light into the argument, I analyse selected texts through close reading, demonstrating how the socio-political identity of each thinker emerges from the topic they choose to broach, and the strategies they adopt to convince the readers. The epistemology of their discourses is associated to different projects of Europeanism, pinpointing the essential characters of their ideal Europe. The imagined communities that emerge when exploring these texts are often diverse and diachronically opposed to each other, but nonetheless they coincide in subverting the existing hegemonic powers that ruled a good deal of the European nineteenth-century economic and diplomatic spheres. Because of this, I aim to demonstrate that issues that concern contemporary European sovereignty were already present and broached in the Southern European nineteenth-century essay. The use of a comparative research applied in my work offers a novel way to revisit the Spanish traditional discourse as well as the Italian Risorgimento canon. Furthermore, my interpretation of Donoso, Balmes, Cattaneo and Mazzini offers a broader and improved comprehension of these authors, whose theories emerge as being more complex and multifaceted than was previously believed. iii Lay Summary My dissertation focuses on the creation of an imagined European community in the nineteenth century as posited by four thinkers and essayists: Juan Donoso Cortés and Jaime Balmes from Spain, and Carlo Cattaneo and Giuseppe Mazzini from Italy. I dedicate one chapter to each author, in order to understand the core ideas and the goals of their work, and the reasons why they conceived a supranational association between the various states of Europe in a time when much of the attention was focused on promoting national identities. This dissertation is the first to summarize the main ideas of the aforementioned authors, and to put them in dialogue with each other. Furthermore, my research aims to elaborate a link between nineteenth century Europeanism and the present, exploring the relations that define national and supranational sovereignty. iv Preface This dissertation is an original, unpublished, and independent work conducted by Gianluca Oluić. v Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Lay Summary ............................................................................................................................... iv Preface .............................................................................................................................................v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... ix Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... xi Introducción ...................................................................................................................................1 Capítulo 1: El europeísmo de Juan Donoso Cortés ..................................................................28 1.1 Una Europa que avanza hacia atrás .............................................................................. 28 1.2 Una Europa elitista ........................................................................................................ 35 1.3 Una Europa occidental y guerrera ................................................................................. 39 1.4 Sables frente a puñales: un sable para defender España y Europa ............................... 42 1.5 España: oasis en un desierto ......................................................................................... 45 1.6 España/Magdalena enseña el camino a la Europa/Marta .............................................. 48 1.7 La ideología socialista, o la multitud escogiendo a Barrabás ....................................... 51 1.8 La Iglesia como pilar y puente entre lo nacional y lo europeo ..................................... 58 1.9 La lucha por Europa ...................................................................................................... 64 1.10 La supremacía de la ética sobre la economía ................................................................ 69 1.11 A modo de conclusión: cómo escapar de los leviatanes ............................................... 73 Capítulo 2: El europeísmo de Jaime Balmes .............................................................................83 2.1 ¿Por qué Europa? ............................................................................................................ 83 vi 2.2 El protestantismo comparado con el catolicismo en sus relaciones con la civilización europea (1842-1844): manifiesto apologético en defensa de España. ..................................... 89 2.3 Europa, lo que pudo y lo que debería ser: la unión sincrética de pueblos católicos ..... 93 2.4 Un desarrollo sostenible para Europa ........................................................................... 99 2.5 Las sociedades revolucionarias ................................................................................... 103 2.6 El poder del Estado y de la Iglesia .............................................................................. 108 2.7 Sobre cómo Balmes se opuso a la orientalización de España ..................................... 117 2.8 A modo de conclusión ................................................................................................ 123 Capítulo 3: El europeísmo de Carlo Cattaneo .......................................................................127 3.1 Hacia los Estados Unidos de Europa .......................................................................... 127 3.2 Importancia del entorno domiciliar de Cattaneo en su pensamiento .......................... 132 3.3 El liberalismo de Cattaneo: el plan para una Europa laica ......................................... 138 3.4 Autonomía y milicia: por qué armar a los pueblos europeo ....................................... 144 3.5 Cattaneo y la educación: un instrumento global de emancipación y progreso ........... 149 3.6 La Arcadia según Cattaneo (primera parte): una república democrática antrópica de hombres cultivados ................................................................................................................. 154 3.7 La Arcadia según Cattaneo (segunda parte): una Italia federal en una Europa federal 159 3.8 Buscando identidad en el pasado: la historia leída a través del federalismo burgués ....... 164 3.9 A modo de conclusión ................................................................................................ 170 Capítulo 4: El europeísmo de Giuseppe
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