DOCSLIB.ORG

Bab Ini Kalian Mengetahui Bahwa Di Dalam Islam Dikenal Aliran Mazhab

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bab Ini Kalian Mengetahui Bahwa Di Dalam Islam Dikenal Aliran Mazhab KEMENTERIAN AGAMA KABUPATEN TEGAL SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM Untuk Siswa Kelas VIII MTs. KLS VIII MUJAYANAH, S.Ag.,M.Pd.I Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Kelas VIII MTs. | 1 SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM Untuk Siswa Kelas VIII MTs. Penulis : MUJAYANAH, S.Ag., M.Pd.I Editor : Drs. A Sholahuddin, M.M Perancang Kulit : Sustanto, M.Pd. Ilustrasi, Tata Letak : Islamudin Akbar, S.Kom Ukuran Buku : 21,59 x 29,74 cm MJY, Mujayanah, S.Ag., M.Pd.I SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM, Untuk siswa kelas VIII MTs./ Mujayanah, Editor: A. Sholahuddin, M.M. Tegal. 2017 ISBN-13: 978-2138457420 ISBN-10: 2138457420 Diterbitkan Oleh: FGP Press Tahun 2017 2 | Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Kelas VIII MTs. PENGANTAR PENULIS Puji syukur dihaturkan ke Hadirat Allah SWT Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas limpahan segala rahmat, taufik, hidayah-Nya kepada kita sekalian, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan buku ini. Buku ini disusun untuk membantu siswa Kelas VIII MTs dalam proses pembelajaran Sajarah Kebudayaan Islam (SKI). Buku pelajaran Sajarah Kebudayaan Islam (SKI) ini disusun berdasarkan KI/KD Kurikulum 2013 yang telah direvisi tahun 2016. Buku ini dilengkapi soal- soal latihan yang digunakan sebagai ajang latihan menghadapi penilaian tengah semester dan penilaian akhir semester. Semoga buku ini dapat dijadikan referensi mata kuliah tertentu. Tentu kekurangsempurnaan pada penulisan bisa ditemukan, sehingga saran-kritik yang membangun sangat kami harapkan. Semoga buku penunjang kegiatan pembelajaran ini dapat dipergunakan sebagaimana mestinya. Amin. Slawi 31, Agustus 2017 Penulis Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Kelas VIII MTs. | 3 DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI..................................................................................................................................... iii BAB 1 SEJARAH BERDIRINYA DINASTI ABBASIYAH A. Runtuhnya Dinasti Umayah ........................................................................................... 8 B. Proses Berdirinya Dinasti Abbasiyah ............................................................................. 9 C. Silsilah Khalifah Dinasti Abbasiyah ............................................................................ 13 D. Khalifah-khalifah yang Berprestasi .............................................................................. 17 Uji Kompetensi ............................................................................................................. 24 BAB 2 CEMERLANGNYA ILMUWAN MUSLIM DINASTI ABBASIYAH A. Perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Beserta Tokoh-tokohnya ........................................ 29 Uji Kompetensi ............................................................................................................. 40 B. Perkembangan Ilmu Agama Beserta Tokoh dan Karyanya .......................................... 43 Penlaian Tengah Semeter Gasal ................................................................................... 53 BAB 3 PERADABAN EMAS DINASTI ABBASIYAH A. Kemajuan Administrasi Pemerintahan, Militer Dan Kebijakan Politik ....................... 57 B. Kemajuan Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi Dan Budaya ......................................................... 58 C. Kemajuan Dibidang Ilmu Pengetahuan ........................................................................ 60 D. Perkembangan Sastra ................................................................................................... 62 E. Perkembangan Seni Musik ........................................................................................... 65 F. Perkembangan Seni Bangunan Dan Arsitektur............................................................. 65 G Kemajuan Bidang Pendidikan Dan Perpustakaan ......................................................... 67 Uji Kompetensi ............................................................................................................. 69 Penilaian Akhir Semester Gasal ................................................................................... 71 BAB 4 SEJARAH BERDIRINYA DAULAH AL AYYUBIYAH A. Latar Belakang Berdirinya Dinasti Ayyubiyah ............................................................ 78 B. Masa Pemerintahan Dinasti Ayyubiyah ....................................................................... 78 Tugas 1 ......................................................................................................................... 79 Tugas 2 ......................................................................................................................... 86 C. Runtuhnya Dinasti Ayyubiyah ..................................................................................... 88 Uji Kompetensi ............................................................................................................. 88 Penilaian Tengah Semester Genap ............................................................................... 91 BAB 5 PERKEMBANGAN PERADABAN ISLAM MASA DINASTI AYYUBIYAH A. Kemajuan Di Pelbagai Bidang Pada Masa Dinasti Ayyubiyah .................................... 95 B. Al Azhar : Pusat Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Ilmu-Ilmu Ke-Islaman ........ 96 C. Ulama Termasyhur Pada Masa Dinasti Al Ayyubiyah Dan Hasil Karyanya ............. 100 Uji Kompetensi ........................................................................................................... 101 Penilaian Akhir Semester Genap ................................................................................ 103 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN 4 | Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Kelas VIII MTs. KOMPETENSI INTI (KI) DAN KOMPETENSI DASAR (KD) SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM (SKI) KELAS VIII SEMESTER GASAL KOMPETENSI INTI KOMPETENSI DASAR 1. Menghargai dan menghayati ajaran 1.1. Menghayatiibrah atau nilai-nilai dari agama yang dianutnya proses berdirinya dinasti bani Abbasiyah. 2.1. Menunjukkan sikap bijaksana sebagai implementasi dari pemahamanmengenai sejarah berdirinya dinasti Abbasiyah 3.1 Memahamisejarah berdirinya dinasti Abbasiyah 4.1. Menceritakan silsilah kekhalifahan dinasti bani Abbasiyah 2. Menghargai dan menghayati 1.2. Menghayati nilai-nilai positif dari para perilaku jujur, disiplin, tanggung khalifah pilihan dari dinasti Abbasiyah. jawab, peduli (toleransi, gotong 2.2. Meneladani perilaku istikamah seperti royong), santun, percaya diri dalam yang dicontohkan oleh para khalifah berinteraksi secara efektif dengan dari dinasti Abbasiyah lingkungan sosial dan alam dalam 3.2 Memahami perkembangan kebudayaan/ jangkauan pergaulan dan peradaban Islam pada masa dinasti keberadaannya Abbasiyah 4.2. Menceritakan perkembangan kebudayaan/ peradaban Islam pada masa Dinasti Abbasiyah 3 Memahami dan menerapkan 1.3. Menghayati nilai semangat menuntut ilmu pengetahuan (faktual, konseptual yang dicontohkan oleh ilmuwan muslim dan prosedural) berdasarkan rasa dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan umum ingin tahunya tentang ilmu pada masa dinasti Abbasiyah. pengetahuan, teknologi, seni 2.3. Menunjukkan perilaku semangat belajar budaya terkait fenomena dan sebagai implementasi dari pemahaman kejadian tampak mata mengenai tokoh ilmuwan muslim di bidang ilmu pengetahuan pada masa dinasti Abbasiyah 3.3 Mengidentifikasi tokoh ilmuwan muslim Ali bin Rabban at-Tabari, Ibnu Sina, ar- Razi (ahli kedokteran), Al-Kindi, Al- Gazali, Ibnu Maskawaih (ahli filsafat), Jabir bin Hayyan ahli kimia), Muhammad bin Musa al-Khawarizmi (ahli astronomi) dan perannya dalam kemajuan kebudayaan/ peradaban Islam 4.3. Menceritakan biografi dan karya para ilmuwan muslim pada masa Dinasti Abbasiyah Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Kelas VIII MTs. | 5 KOMPETENSI INTI KOMPETENSI DASAR 4. Mengolah, menyaji, dan menalar 1.4 Menghayati nilai-nilai positif yang dalam ranah konkret ditunjukkan oleh ilmuwan muslim dalam (menggunakan, mengurai, bidang agama pada masa dinasti merangkai, memodifikasi, dan Abbasiyah membuat) dan ranah abstrak 2.4 Menunjukkan perilaku sungguh- (menulis, membaca, menghitung, sungguh dalam menuntut ilmu seperti menggambar, dan mengarang) yang dicontohkan oleh ilmuwan muslim sesuai dengan yang dipelajari di di bidang ilmu-ilmu agama pada masa sekolah dan sumber lain yang dinasti Abbasiyah semua dalam sudut pandang/teori. 3.4 Mengidentifikasi para ulama’ penyusun kutubussittah (ahli hadis), empat imam mazhab (ahli fikih), Imam At-Tabari, Ibnu Katsir (ahli tafsir) dan perannya dalam kemajuan kebudayaan/peradaban Islam pada masa dinasti Abbasiyah. 4.4 Memaparkan peran ilmuwan muslim dalam bidang agama dalam memajukan kebudayaan / peradaban pada masa dinasti bani Abbasiyah 6 | Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Kelas VIII MTs. Sejarah Berdirinya Dinasti Abbasiyah SEJARAH BERDIRINYA DINASTI ABBASIYAH PROSES KHALIFAH- RUNTUHNYA TERBENTUKNYA SILSILAH DINASTI KHALIFAH BESAR DINASTI UMAYYAH DINASTI ABBASIYAH DINASTI ABBASIYAH ABBASIYAH ABU JA''FAR AL- ABDULLAH AL- HARUN AL-RASYID MANSUR MA'MUN (786-809M) (754-775M) (809-833M) 1. Menghayati perjuangan Shalahuddin Al Ayubi untuk menegakkan agama Allah Swt 2. Berkomitmen untuk berjuang dalam mensyiarkan kebenaran sesuai dengan kondisi sekarang yang lebih menitikberatkan aspek humanis (kemanusiaan) 3. Menjelaskan sejarah berdirinya Dinasti Al Ayyubiyah 4. Mengidentifikasi para pendiri Dinasti Al Ayyubiyah 5. Mengidentifikasi penguasa Dinasti Al Ayyubiyah 6. Menceritakan terjadinya peristiwa perang salib 7. Menceritakan kegigihan Shalahuddin Yusuf Al Ayyubi dalam merebut kembali Masjidil Aqsha Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Kelas VIII MTs. | 7 Dinasti Umayyah yang dirintis oleh Mu’awiyah bin Abi
Load more

Recommended publications
  • G.K. Mukanova IDENTIFICATION of AL-FARABI: PROBLEM TRENDS
    ISSN 1563-0242 еISSN 2617-7978 Хабаршы. Журналистика сериясы. №1 (59) 2021 https://bulletin-journalism.kaznu.kz IRSTI 03.61; 19.21 https://doi.org/10.26577/HJ.2021.v59.i1.04 G.K. Mukanova Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, Almaty, e-mail: [email protected] IDENTIFICATION OF AL-FARABI: PROBLEM TRENDS The article is devoted to the urgent problem of national identity, within the available information space. Monitoring of foreign publications revealed tendencies to unreasonably narrow or limit the impor- tance of the works of geniuses of scientific thought to ethnic boundaries. Using al-Farabi’s identification as an example, the author identifies and classifies system trends that demonstrate the duplication in time and space of “algorithms” that may contradict each other in the light of ideological concepts. Methods and materials relied on the basic principles of dialectics, logic and induction, comparative analysis and interdisciplinarity, in order to determine the subjective and objective factors of the forma- tion of national identity. The materials for the research were taken from sources obtained by means of digital technologies from the sites of foreign library funds and archival depositories of foreign research centers. We studied an array of thematic publications in English on Farabi studies in foreign countries. Digital copies of the publications of interest to us are indicated in the links. Scientific originality of the research lies in the detection of a complex of subjective and objective factors that influenced the external “design” of the identity of such an author of scientific treatises as al-Farabi in the context of different cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Process of Sedentarization of Volga Bulgars
    Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 8, No. 7; 2015 ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education On the Process of Sedentarization of Volga Bulgars Fayaz Sh. Khuzin1 1 Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia Correspondence: Fayaz Sh. Khuzin, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya 18, Kazan, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 15, 2015 Accepted: June 24, 2015 Online Published: June 30, 2015 doi:10.5539/jsd.v8n7p68 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n7p68 Abstract The relevance of the study is determined by the need to create a more complete picture of the conversion of the nomadic peoples of Eurasian steppes, namely, the Volga Bulgars living in VIII-X centuries, to a strict sedentarization while statehood was being formed and new religion – Islam was being spread. The objective of the article is to analyze the available sources, enabling to specify the chronological framework of sedentarization of Bulgars, which at the end of IX - beginning of X centuries resulted in the emergence of stationary settlements, including cities. The multidisciplinary approach to the problem is the leading one in this article. It involves synthesis of data provided by a number of sciences in order to obtain complete information. The article presents the results of the analysis of written sources contained in the works of Oriental authors dated back to X century, archaeological and numismatic materials. The article submissions may be worthwhile in studies conducted by scholars researching Bulgars and scientists involved in researching the general issues of the history of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of medieval Eurasia.
    [Show full text]
  • Prince Henry the Navigator, Who Brought This Move Ment of European Expansion Within Sight of Its Greatest Successes
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com PrinceHenrytheNavigator CharlesRaymondBeazley 1 - 1 1 J fteroes of tbe TRattong EDITED BY Sveltn Bbbott, flD.B. FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD PACTA DUOS VIVE NT, OPEROSAQUE OLMIA MHUM.— OVID, IN LI VI AM, f«». THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR GATEWAY AT BELEM. WITH STATUE, BETWEEN THE DOORS, OF PRINCE HENRY IN ARMOUR. Frontispiece. 1 1 l i "5 ' - "Hi:- li: ;, i'O * .1 ' II* FV -- .1/ i-.'..*. »' ... •S-v, r . • . '**wW' PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY I 394-1460 A.D. WITH AN ACCOUNr Of" GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS THROUGH OUT THE MIDDLE AGLi> AS THE PREPARATION FOR KIS WORlf' BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S. FELLOW OF MERTON 1 fr" ' RifrB | <lvFnwn ; GEOGRAPHICAL STUDEN^rf^fHB-SrraSR^tttpXFORD, 1894 ule. Seneca, Medea P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Cbe Knicftetbocftet press 1911 fe'47708A . A' ;D ,'! ~.*"< " AND TILDl.N' POL ' 3 -P. i-X's I_ • •VV: : • • •••••• Copyright, 1894 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Ube ftntcfeerbocfter press, Hew Iffotfc CONTENTS. PACK PREFACE Xvii INTRODUCTION. THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE . I CHAPTER I. EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) . 29 CHAPTER II. VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) .
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Updated Version of Shorter Article Published in Russian In
    Updated version of shorter article published in Russian in : Geologiya v XXI veke. Materialy nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Satpaevskie chteniya”. Almaty 14-15 April 2011 (Geology in the XXI century. Proceedings of the scientific conference “Satpaev readings”, Almaty 14-15 April 2011). Almaty, 2011, p.425-430. THE MEDIEVAL URBANIZATION OF NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM Renato Sala Department of Geoarchaeology, SRI-Nomads, Almaty, Kazakhstan; [email protected] CONTENTS 1 – The Medieval urbanization of Northern Central Asia 2 – The Eurasian monopoly of silver production in Western Central Asia (560-1120 AD) 2.1 - Silver mining in Western Central Asia: four phases 2.2 - International circulation of Central Asian silver 3 – Chach and Talas: mines, mints and the urban park 4 – The Mongols and the dismantlement of the NW-Tienshan urban complex: military destruction or managerial and monetary incompetence? 1 – The Medieval urbanization of Northern Central Asia During the Early Middle Ages the Middle-Low Syrdarya (6 regions: Chach, Arys, Otrar, Turkestan, Syrdarya left bank, Syrdarya delta) and Northern Tienshan (4 regions: Talas, Chu, Semirechie, NE- Tienshan) have been the theatre of a magnificent integrated urban process, counting a total of 1334 fortified towns covering all together an area of 5000 ha (Fig 1). Half of it developed on the Syrdarya and half on the N-Tienshan piedmonts, but with different periodization (Figs 2, 3, 4). The Syrdarya urban complex starts as early as the VI BC and blossoms between the I and VIII AD, with a last building peak under Karakhanid rule (X AD). Until the V AD its development is based on irrigated agriculture, and then is accompanied by metallurgy and international trade.
    [Show full text]
  • A Source Book in Geography
    A Source Book in Geography Edited by GEORGE KISH HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England 1978 Contents The Beginnings 1 1. The Lord speaks to Job on man and his world 1 2. Ezekiel describes the commerce of Tyre 3 3. Hesiod on the seasons 5 4. Hesiod on the winds 8 Early Greek Geography 9 5. Thales' views of a floating earth 9 6. Anaximander considers the earth; he offers an explanation for wind and rain, thunder and lightning 11 7. Anaxagoras on the shape of the earth, eclipses, and atmo- spheric phenomena 16 8. The Pythagoreans: Philolaus and Parmenides 17 9. Xenophanes on the origin of fossils 20 Periplus and Periegesis: Greek Maritime Writings 21 10. Hanno reports on West Africa, Himilco on the Atlantic 21 11. A periplus of the Mediterranean: Greek sailing directions 24 12. A periegesis: Dionysius on Mediterranean 26 From the Geographical Writings of Plato and Aristotle 29 13. Socrates explains the nature of the earth 29 14. Plato on the fate of Atlantis 30 15. Aristotle on the cosmos and the oikumene 31 16. Aristotle considers the city-state 37 17. Aristotle discusses water and dry land, world views and maps, earthquakes and their causes 38 Hippocrates of Cos: An Early Environmentalist 45 18. Hippocrates on the effects of the environment 45 Greek Heliocentric Theory 51 19. Aristarchus of Samos: the first heliocentric theory 51 Greek Travelers' Reports 55 20. Herodotus describes the Royal Road of Persia, the Caspian Sea, Egypt, Libya, and the land of the Scythians 55 21. Xenophon on western Asia 63 22.
    [Show full text]
  • Portable Library of Liberty DVD Which Contains Over 1,000 Books and Quotes About Liberty and Power, and Is Available Free of Charge Upon Request
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 9 [1776] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Narrative and Iranian
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Narrative and Iranian Identity in the New Persian Renaissance and the Later Perso-Islamicate World DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History by Conrad Justin Harter Dissertation Committee: Professor Touraj Daryaee, Chair Professor Mark Andrew LeVine Professor Emeritus James Buchanan Given 2016 © 2016 Conrad Justin Harter DEDICATION To my friends and family, and most importantly, my wife Pamela ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v CURRICULUM VITAE vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: Persian Histories in the 9th-12th Centuries CE 47 CHAPTER 3: Universal History, Geography, and Literature 100 CHAPTER 4: Ideological Aims and Regime Legitimation 145 CHAPTER 5: Use of Shahnama Throughout Time and Space 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY 240 iii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Map of Central Asia 5 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all of the people who have made this possible, to those who have provided guidance both academic and personal, and to all those who have mentored me thus far in so many different ways. I would like to thank my advisor and dissertation chair, Professor Touraj Daryaee, for providing me with not only a place to study the Shahnama and Persianate culture and history at UC Irvine, but also with invaluable guidance while I was there. I would like to thank my other committee members, Professor Mark LeVine and Professor Emeritus James Given, for willing to sit on my committee and to read an entire dissertation focused on the history and literature of medieval Iran and Central Asia, even though their own interests and decades of academic research lay elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Course of Music in Iran After Islam
    Journal of Fine Arts Volume 2, Issue 1, 2019, PP 5-9 ISSN 2637-5885 The Historical Course of Music in Iran after Islam Ali Salehi1, Mohammad Reza Afroogh., Ph.D2 1Master of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aligudarz branch, Islamic Azad University, Aligudarz, Iran 2Religions and Mysticism, Faculty of Engineering, Aligudarz branch, Islamic Azad University, Aligudarz, Iran *Corresponding Author: Ali Salehi, Master of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aligudarz branch, Islamic Azad University, Aligudarz, Iran ABSTRACT In the post-Islamic era, music lost its previous flourishing because of the opposition. But he continued to survive anyway. This continuity can be seen in the Safavid era at the Chehel sutun Palace and the Chapel's Palace of Music. Music of Iran, a collection of melodies and songs that over the centuries in this land there and alongside other aspects of Iranian life transformation and development results, and reflect the characteristics of ethical, political events, social and geographical nation It is a history that goes far too far. The subtlety and special consideration of Iranian music leads man to thought and reason and reach the nonmaterial world. Keywords: music, art, classic, tradition, musical instruments INTRODUCTION for this. Since artistic music is verbal, other arts are written later and less. We do not know the ancient Iranian music, but its works remain in ancient sculptures and The unstable conditions in Iran, due to the poems and books. The names of writers such as constant invasions of tribes and foreign Barbad and Nikis, and the names of the songs countries, as well as the internal disruptions, and tones of music that are seen in Persian have made it clear that enough documentation - poems and vocabularies, and old musical if it exists - disappears and remains.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Schools of Geography Throughout the History of Islamic Civilization
    International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) Vol. 10, No. 3, 2020 A Study on Schools of Geography throughout the History of Islamic Civilization Reza Ebadi Jam Khaneh1 Ph.D. in History, Department of History, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Sina Foroozesh Assistant Professor of History, Department of History, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Received 17 May 2020 Revised 11 July 2020 Accepted 24 August 2020 Abstract: The science of geography, also literally called in Arabic "faces and slices of earth", involves a kind of land survey which emerged into Islam. There were several factors contributing to geography such as command of Islam to learning, Quran geographical themes, pilgrimage routes and wide-range Muslim conquests. This article attempted to examine two major schools of geography in the Islamic world under the influence of Hindi and Iranshahri schools of geography, which include 1. Iraqi school (Baghdad worldview) 2. Balkh school given the centrality of Mecca and the Muslim. Unlike the former, the Balkhi school more attention to the Mulsim world, to the extent that thee followers of Balkhi school consider Mecca as the centre of the world, where the geography is religious. The Balkhi School of geography has been based on Islamic data plus adopting a more scientific perspective, whereas the Iraqi school entails a more widespread and more comprehensive geography. Keywords: schools of Islamic geography, Balkh and Iraq school, Yaghoubi's Albaladan, Moqadassi's Ahsan al-Taqasim. Introduction Geography is a branch of knowledge discussing the geographic coordinates of various places, the natural environment, climate, weather, mountains, rivers, seas, islands, deserts, forests, cities and lands, natural features and plant and animal life.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Foreign Aromatics Importation
    CHINESE FOREIGN AROMATICS IMPORTATION FROM THE 2ND CENTURY BCE TO THE 10TH CENTURY CE Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University. by Shiyong Lu The Ohio State University April 2019 Project Advisor: Professor Scott Levi, Department of History 1 Introduction Trade served as a major form of communication between ancient civilizations. Goods as well as religions, art, technology and all kinds of knowledge were exchanged throughout trade routes. Chinese scholars traditionally attribute the beginning of foreign trade in China to Zhang Qian, the greatest second century Chinese diplomat who gave China access to Central Asia and the world. Trade routes on land between China and the West, later known as the Silk Road, have remained a popular topic among historians ever since. In recent years, new archaeological evidences show that merchants in Southern China started to trade with foreign countries through sea routes long before Zhang Qian’s mission, which raises scholars’ interests in Maritime Silk Road. Whether doing research on land trade or on maritime trade, few scholars concentrate on the role of imported aromatics in Chinese trade, which can be explained by several reasons. First, unlike porcelains or jewelry, aromatics are not durable. They were typically consumed by being burned or used in medicine, perfume, cooking, etc. They might have been buried in tombs, but as organic matters they are hard to preserve. Lack of physical evidence not only leads scholars to generally ignore aromatics, but also makes it difficult for those who want to do further research.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Saginayeva A
    ABSTRACT of thesis for a degree of philosophy doctor (PhD) majoring in «6D020300-History» «Ethno-historical ties of Koman-Kipchaks with neighboring peoples in VIII- XIII centuries» Saginayeva Ainagul Nurgaliyevna The relevance of the research topic. The significance of the topic is characterized by the fact that the Kipchak ethnic community played a significant role in the history of the formation of Turkic speaking peoples. The ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people and their ethnic ties originate from the era of antiquity. The Kipchak ethnic community, the collective name of which is worn by the Kazakhs, is one of the largest medieval tribal associations that determined the course of historical events of the great belt of the Eurasian steppes in the period spanning more than one and a half millennia. In this regard, the study of ethnic processes that took place among the Koman-Kipchaks, the determination of their ethnohistorical contacts, their role in the history of neighboring peoples continue to remain the focus of the interests of scientists and young researchers. This topic is also of interest in terms of studying the features of the formation of a nomadic civilization, the prominent representatives of which are the Koman-Kipchak tribes that have entered the historical arena far beyond the Great Steppe. It is no coincidence that they received their name in various historical sources. This fact reflects the high degree of penetration into the history of not only the nomadic but also the settled agricultural worlds. However, the specifics of the study of the historical period studied in this research leaves many questions unresolved, including the topic of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomers and Astrologers[Edit] Main Article: List of Muslim Astronomers Sind Ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khan
    Astronomers and astrologers[edit] Main article: List of Muslim astronomers Sind ibn Ali (-864) Ali Qushji (1403-1474) Ahmad Khani (1650-1707) Ibrahim al-Fazari (-777) Muhammad al-Fazari (-796 or 806) Al-Khwarizmi, Mathematician (780-850 CE) Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) (787-886 CE) Al-Farghani (800/805-870) Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa) (9th century) Dīnawarī (815-896) Al-Majriti (d. 1008 or 1007 CE) Al-Battani (858-929 CE) (Albatenius) Al-Farabi (872-950 CE) (Abunaser) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi (903-986) Abu Sa'id Gorgani (9th century) Kushyar ibn Labban (971-1029) Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900-971) Al-Mahani (8th century) Al-Marwazi (9th century) Al-Nayrizi (865-922) Al-Saghani (-990) Al-Farghani (9th century) Abu Nasr Mansur (970-1036) Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (10th century) (Kuhi) Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (940-1000) Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī (940-998) Ibn Yunus (950-1009) Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040) (Alhacen) Bīrūnī (973-1048) Avicenna (980-1037) (Ibn Sīnā) Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (1029-1087) (Arzachel) Omar Khayyám (1048-1131) Al-Khazini (fl. 1115-1130) Ibn Bajjah (1095-1138) (Avempace) Ibn Tufail (1105-1185) (Abubacer) Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (-1204) (Alpetragius) Averroes (1126-1198) Al-Jazari (1136-1206) Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135-1213) Anvari (1126-1189) Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (-1266) Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274) Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311) Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (1250-1310) Ibn al-Shatir (1304-1375) Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī (1320-80) Jamshīd al-Kāshī (1380-1429) Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526-1585)
    [Show full text]