Association ofofWUdlifeand Wildlife and Human Society
BiosphereConservation 2 (2) :83-90, 1999
Locals' perception of Himalayan brown bear conseryation and habitat management at Deosai, Northern Areas, Pakistan
Aleem Ahmed Khani, Umeed Khalid2, and Rafiq Ahmed Rajput3
iOrnithotogicalSociety "D " ofPtikistan, IVear C7zowk Flawara, Block RO, Bex Z3; Dera Ghazi Khan, 3220a Pakistan
2Ndtionat Councilfor Conservation of valdlije, Building # 79-E; At-Rehman Chambe4 3rd,Floony BlueArea, Islamabad; Pakistan
3Sindh PPitdlijle Dqpartmen4 Stretchen Roa4 Kbrachi, Pakistan
Abstract 11ne Himalnyan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabeUinus), Tibetan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) and snow leopaTd (U}!cia uncia) are rncdium and large carnivores living in Deosai Plains, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Formerly,
Hima]ayan brown bears could be comparatively, easily watched by visitors at a c]ose distance in the natural habital.
During the three study years of 1993-95, however, it was revealed that the bear population had decreased in number from quite common in the past to only 24. Thus, the Deosai bear population has c]ear]y been endangered. In order to conserve the animais within thc habitat, a Rapid Rura] Appraisal (RRA) with a participatory approach was con-
ducted in 1O strategic villuges around Deosai Plains. [[1ie rcsults reyealed the symbiotic relationship of the bears with
locals. People realized the importance of wildlife and promised to be further involved in conseryation of fauna,
especia]]y the brown bears.
Key words: Himalayan brown bear, tfrsus arctos isabeUinus, habitat rnanagemcnt, ]ocals, Deosai, Pakistan
INTRODUCTION The aims of this study were to involve all stake- holders, especially locals, in planning and monitor-
Deosai Plains, Northern Areas, Pakistan, have been ing processes, as their perceptions are the most inci-
traditiona]ly used as ]ivestock grazing fields and as a sive for long-term sustainability of the area. The con-
market route for carrying livestock to Astorians and fiicts and compromises of ]ocal communities with re-
Baltis by herdsmen (Gujjars) who migrate up from spect to the natural resources of Deosai, with particu- the lowlands. Further, Deosai was an important route lar reference to the Himalayan brown bear (Ursus
connecting Kashmir, Gilgit and Skardu in undivided arctos isabellinus), may affect the long-term imple-
India and an arca of confiict between warriors such as mcntation of conservation process. Dogras and ]ecai tribes (Khan 1962). Thus, Deosai has remained as an irnportant place to man as well as STUDY AREA
wildlife (Khan et al. 1996). tcn strategic vil]ages with 13,910 people in total Thc Deosai Plains (latitude 340 45' to 350 10' N, are located in close proximity to Deosai Plains, These longitude 75e 15Z50' E) are located in Baltistan people have easy access to exploit the resources of the (16,190 km2), Northern Areas, Pakistan. In Northern
area and may even overexploit the rcsources of Deosai Areas three mountain ranges, the Himalayas,
Plain, These same communities, however, may p]ay a Karakoram, and Hindu Kush, converge. Skardu is the
constructive role in the conservation and development headquarters of Baltistan, bounded by Gilgit and China
ofbio-wealth, provided they are trained and we11 aware in the north, by Ladakh in the east, by the state of Kash-
of the significance of wi]dlife and habitat preserva- mir in the south, and in the west by Diamir and Gilgit
tion. reglons.
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The Deosai Plains are located approximately 30 km ber and early October, making the area irnpassable by south ef Skardu, and are divided into Bara (big) Deosai the end of November. The entire area remains within and Chota (srnall) Deosai, Bara Deosai is a plateau of snow bound till ]ate May and early June. The access about 32 km (east-west) by 24 km (north-south), rang- road from Skardu is usually open for traffic by the
ing from 3,636 m to 4,242 m in elevation. Chota Deosai middle of July. The weather throughout the months of
forms a narrow va]ley of about 40 km in length and July and August is pleasant, with warm days and chi]ly
O.5-2,O km in width, located on south ofBara Deosai, nights. The high mountains of the east block most of
and has been used as apublic thoroughfare due to the the monsoon clouds, resulting in relatively meager
presence of vi]lages located theTein. Since 1995 most amounts of rainfall, Minirnum temperatures approach of the plains have been designated as Deosai National freezing point during the evenings in August, By the to Park (DNP) encompassing 2,240 km2 area (Fig. 1). end of September, however, temperatures plunge -10eC Central Deosai is the main stronghold of the brown sub-zeTo levels, avcraging at night. Sudden bear population and a key area from a conservation changes in temperature caused by turbulent cloud cover Maximum mean temperature stand point (Fig. 2). Chota Deosai starts beyond patterns are frequent,
Chillam, at the Burzil Pass and, like a crescent, curves (8eC to 120C) was recorded in July 1993, and mini- -20eC) south and eastward at Gultari and Shakma, The el- mum mean temperature (-16eC to in January,
evation of Cheta Deosai is comparatively low, rang- 1995. There are pronounced local variations and cli- The annual ing from about 3,030 m to 3,939 rn (Khan and Zakria matic conditions vary from year to year. 1995). precipitation in the Deosai aTea is 501-750mm.
Snowfal] in the plains begins around ]ate Septem- [[bn strategic villages arc distributed around Deosai,
Shlgartheng 26KA fo ASTOR x DU 5301 4365 i 52DT . 3P22 .
Bobind 3el {452 Kharpitoo "?o /[srop?SE 4.156 i 4B20 l( 3649tr GUDAI x Das
SAI
B
GultariShakma
Fig. 1. Map of Deosai Plains showing park boundaty and study area. Numbers show elevations in melre,
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T
ela XDgr
pa
ll
Fig. 2. Map of Deosai National Purk $howing distribution of grnzing ureus ewned by different communitygroups,
where 13,910 people and 38,489 livestock live ([fable(2)What are your basic problems? (3)Will you partici- 1). People cultivate various crops around the villages. pate in conservation of wildlife, including thc Hima-
Forests of.iuniper, birch, willow, pop]ar, and bluc pine, layan brown bear at Deosai, and welfare development
are sparsely distributed in sma]1 patches, and no for- works? csts werc found around somc villages, like Dappa, Forrnal and inforrna] rneetings were arranged to Kharpitoo, and Sadpara, People formerly ce]lected discuss thc issucs. In order to gain a gender percep-
firewood from those forests. tion in planning, Balti speaking fema]e coordinators
from Aga Khan RuTa] Support Programme (AKRSP) METHODS were included in the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
tcam. However, in the Shina speaking area, due to non-
A cornprehensive study was carried out during the availability of native speaking women coordinators, summers of 1993-1995. The present fauna was re- it was impossib]e to obtain the female perception. The
corded mostly by physical sightings and interviews RRA was preferred due to the fact that life remains
with locals, hunters and herdsmen (Gejjars). Tbn stra- dormant in the area for almost eigbt months and thc
tegic vi]lages were surveyed in order to know the lo- people are extremely busy during summer in their
cals' peTception about the significance of Deosai, [Ib routine work, such as harvesting, grazing their live- this end, no preset questionnaires were formulated but stock, collecting grass, wood, grain, and other neces-
basicandopenquestionswereputtothepeop]etogleansities for the coming winter season. Keeping in view
their very frank opinion. The questions were: (1)What the importance of time availab]e to the communities,
is your perception about the significance of Deosai? it was decided to adopt the RRA instead ofParticipa-
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kble 1.Generul information about the ten strategic vil]ages surveyed at Deosui, 1993-1995.
Fuel wood Villagessurveyed lbtalpopulation conslyrlfumily Forest cover Livestock Main crops (in maund)
Shigarthang 3,280 140 Good patch ofjuniper, 11,73S Barley, mustard, peu. po{uto. birch, willow, poplar with a turnip t'ew blue pines
Dappu 2.000 93*120 Almostnegligible s.ooo Burley, pea, potato, turnip. wheat
Kharpitoo 2,ooe Almostnegligible 500 App]e, apricot. barley. cabbage, caulifiower, mulberry, rne[ons, pea,peach,potato,spinach,wheat
cabbage, Sadpara{BaruGaoon)1,420 175 Alrnost neg}igiblc 4,282 Apple, barley, brow, mulberry,onion,potato,sugar-
beat, tomato, wheat
Gultari(Khar)Das1,070 150 Extremelydegradedpatches 637 Bar]ey, mustald, pca, potato, ofjuniperandbirchforest turnfipBarlcy,
Bala{Chillam)Bobind(Gudai)Sherku]]i(Chillam)Shee]a500 13S Sorne good und small 7eo rnusturd, pea, potuto, putches of blue pine forest wheatBarley,
1,400 120 Some good patches of blue 14,065 potato, turnip, wheat pine forest
37S l15 A small patch of b]ue pine 820 Barley, pea. petalo, turnip with degruded birch forest
500 40** Almost negligible with very 375 Burley, cabbage, potHto, turnip degradedjuniper 22250
cabbage, Kurabos 1,365 Sorne good putches of birch, 375 Burlcy, peu.potulo, bluepincandjuniperforest tumip ktal 13,910 38,489
' " Ke[osene oil in titrcs; Dry eow dung manurc in maund {one maund = 37.5 kg)
or ]ong-tailed tory Rural Appraisal (PRA) (Feuerstein 1992). Addi- mon otter (Lutra lutra kutab), goldcn Tibetan red-toothed tionaHy, most of the RRA team members weTc from marmot (Marmota caudata),
shrew minutus), beach the same community structure and were well ac- shrew or lcsserpigmy (Sorex stout or errnine or quainted with customs and traditions in the study area. or stone marten (IVfartes foina), black-tai]ed weasel (Mustela erminea), alpine or pale
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION weasel (Mustela altaica), wood or field mouse (Apodemus sytvaticus), Turkcstan rat (Rattus
1) Thc mammalian fauna and the status of Himalayan turkestanicus), True's or burrowing vole (Llyperacrius
brown bear fortilis), Royal's high mountain vole Q41ticota rQylei), Chinese birch mousc (Sicista concotor), house mouse
Deosai is of prime importance due to the presence (Miis musculus), large eared pika (Ochotona macrotis),
capensis) and leopard cat of a vu}neTable population of Hirnalayan brown beaT. cape hare(Lepus (Fetis
It also includes the snow ]eopard (Uhcia uncia), Ti- bengalensis). Over 108 species ofbird are found in betan wolf(Canis tapus chanco), musk dear (ltfoschusthe area. These include a variety of waterfowl and rap- long moschderus), Himalayan ibex or Siberian ibex (Capra tor, likc that of ]arnmergeier ((lypaetus barbatus), ibexsibirica),Tibctanredfox(lriiipesvuipesmontana),legged buzzard (Buteo rwflnus), golden eagle Qlquila Ladakh uTial or shapu (Ovis orientatis vignei), com- chrysaetos), hobby (I Zilco subbuteo) and pheasants
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1lable2.EstimatesoftheHima]uyunbrownbearpopuLationinDeosai, such as Himalayan snowcock (Tletraogallus 1995,Age himalayensis), snow partridge (Lervea lerwa), chukar class Size und sex Q4lectoris chukar) and waders, besides which a great Adults Large males 43622724 variety of breed in thc area making the passeriformes Mediummulcslfernales diverse, Also, over 340 specics of habitatbiologically MothersSmallmales/females plants, with morc than 33 species of medicinal and economic importance, have bcen identified frorn Cubs Cubsof1vear
Deosai Plateau, Due to its high alpine richness, the Cubsof1to3years
LLsky Tbta] habitat is ranked island" (XA/bods et al. 1997, Khan population
and Rajput 1995, Khan and Zakria 1995, Khan et al. 1996).
Astore area, inc]uding Dcosai, known as Devasi the foTcsted s]opes of Nanga Parbat, Chitra!, and the
Plateau,wasconsidered"thesportsman'sparadise"and Karakoram Range east of Skardu. However, the sta-
"vulner- high dignitaries used to come to the area fOr hunting. tus of Himalayan brown bear in Pakistan is
In addition to other big gamc animals and birds, therc able" with rapid decline. There are also unconfiTmed rnigTating Giijjarnomads who were red (brown) bears (U)'sus arctos isabellinus) reports of seasona]ly pTesent in the area (Khan 1962), sell cubs to the Qalandars (gypsies). This would ac- The Hirnalayan bTown bear occurs in very small celerate the brown bear decline.
numbers usually above the trcc line in the Gilgit
Agency. Its population is locally reported to be declin- 2) Land use of Deosai
ing. It also occurs in Chitral, Ba]tistan and Kashmir habitationof human beings (Mountfort and Poore 1968). Thc brown bear was Thcre is no permanent
reported to be uncommon in Pakistan, except in a few on the Deosai Plains because the high altitude, rar-
mountains areas of the northwest along the Chinese efied atmosphere, and extremes of temperature will
villagers on the border (Roberts 1977). The surveys of 1991 discov- not al]ow it,In the summer rnonths, ered tracks and excavations of5 animals in Khuajerab surTounding slopes take advantage of the vegetation
National Park (KNP). They were also found in of Deosai Plain to graze their animals, This grazing Shirnshal (Ahmad 1993). The brown bear has also been is restricted by weather from appToximately mid-July
"as listed, expected to live in the KNP" (Blumsteinto end-August. Adjacent vil]ages have an unwritten
1993). Hussair Wa]i Khan informed M. Junkov, IUCN understanding on grazing areas. The livcstock of ForestryOfficcr,Gilgit,Pakistan(peTs.comm.),quoted Sadpara vi]lage graze in the north-east, Dappa and
in a letter from Aban Marker Kabraji, IUCN Paki- Sheela exploit in the eastern and some southern fringes,
stan, dated SeptembeT 8, 1988, that perhaps 200 brown Chillam and Das villages utilize the western edge, and
bears exist in Deosai Plains between Astorc and Skardu the Karabos village has the southeTn fiank. The cen-
western flanks are utilized by the (Servheen 1990). How ¢ ver, we do not agree with this tralDeosaiand its
assessment, since after a comprehensive field survey, nomadic Gujjars who travel up mainly from the Plains
over a period of three years (the Himalayan Wildlife of the Purijab and NWFP. Prejectof1993-1995),only24Hima}ayanbTownbears These Gujjars mostly dominate the Chota Deosai
were estimated to remain in Deosai Plain (Table 2). but never cross to the eastern side of the line nullah,
Among six mothers spotted in the area, three had two due to a long unwritten understanding of the rights of cubs each and thc othcr three had one cub each. people in thc Gultari area. Because of its 1arge expanse, This is nearly the sum total of Pakistan's largest there is little overlap in grazing area. The nomadic carnivore. A pair or two may still remain in the KNP, Gujjars are the only graziers whe he]p thernse]ves to
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Tlable3.lkjculsconcernsofthetenstratcgicyillagcs*aroundDeosaL the entire Deosai Plain. There is very little grazing in obtained by the interview survey 1993-1995,Number(%) the proposed core area of the national park frequented by the bears. Only the southeastern part of the core Male Female area has been regular]y visited in summer by the GruzelandEcotourism 61 (27) 29 (S2) GLijjars. Division of grazing areas in Deosai Plain is 26 (11) 4 (7)15 shown in Fig. 2. Sourceofwater 47 {21) (27) A considerablc number of afflicted people have to MedicinulPlants 18 (8) 3 {5) be rescued from the and sevcrc winter ev- - prolonged Picnicspot 6 (3) <.) ery year. The demands for their survival in such harsh Passagehandscupe 44 (19) 1 (Z}
conditions are rather intensc and they are bound to 22 (10) 1 (2)
Ferti]iierTbta] 3 (1)227 ] (5)56 abuse the immediate resources, which in some cases (100) (leO) are their own livestock, on which their who]e suste- 'Malc: Shigarthang, Dappa, Khurpiloo, Sadpara (Bu[u Guoon), Khur nance depends(Table1). (Gul±ari),DusBula{Chillam),Bobind(Gvdui),Sherku]li(Chitlum),Shecta, Kurubes.Femulc/ Interviews regarding the local peoples' perception Shigurthung, Dappa, Khurpitoe, Sadpara (Buru Gaoen), about the significance of Deosai P]ain revealed that
the communities and women belonging to the ]ocal
villages have a prime interest in using the PIains as a
grazing field for their livestock in su.mmer, water 3) bocals' attitude toward the Himalayan brown bear
source for irrigation, and as a passage (Table 3). Dif-
ficulties faced by the communities wcre lack of elec- In rcsponse to the question, the people of a]] vil-
tricity, cducation, hea]th faci]ities, and year-round road ]ages unanimously agreed to lcnd their fu]] support and access to nearby towns ([[lable 4). Life remains dor- cooperationforcommunitydevelopmentworks,aswel1
mant for almost halfa year in thcse villages, and as for Himalayan black bear and natural resource con-
throughout most of this period, people, particularly servation of Deosai National Park. In this regard, all
women and chi]dren, have to face the worst conse- vi1lages put forward their written and du]y signed wi1]-
quences in thcir struggle for life. However, in Gultari ingness certificates for furthcr ncccssary action.
arca, the army has provided rescue facilities to civil- A few livestock, shccp, goats, and cows, are taken
lans ln ralny tlmes.
People who ]ived in close vicinity to Deosai said
that when they fee] awfu] and depressed the environ- Tlable 4. Constraints on Loca]s of the ten strategic villagcs around
Deosai, obtained by the questionnaire survey 1993-1995. mcnt at Deosai helps in changing their mood and hence
increases their quality of life. This may be due to the Number(%)
natural beauty of Deosai, which brings an esthetic Ma]e' Femate'"
HeulthEducutionRoudorbridge 47 20 change to people's attitude. The herdsmcn be]ieve (19) {23)16 46 {19) (18) Deosai p]ants include extra vigor, and hence increase 39 (l6) 5 (6)19 livestock milk producing capacity. Some wild plants ElectricityWliterChanne] 63 (26) (22)12 arc preferred for their unique taste as vegetables. Also, 19 (8) (14) some mobile Hakirns and old co]lect (doctors) peoplc Fue]requirement IS {6) 9 (9)
the medicinal plants while passing through the area Landavatanchc 1 (+) 7 {8) - and subsequent]y scll them in the rnarket or use them NurservWheatTbtal 6 (2) (-} - le (4)246 (-)88 as a curativc for vaTious diseases. Thus, somc plants (1oo) (100) are being exploitcd as socioeconomic indicators, ' Thc Dthcr conslrainls on fiia]es/ post ernce, po]o ground. "Thcothercanstraintsonfemutcs:familyplunning.
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every year by beaTs, wolves and snow lcopard, but the the habitat carrying capacity for thcm in rnaintaining
graziers have traditionally tended to respcct bears and the natural processes of Dcosai. avoid troubles with them. saying The general is that (5) Tb plant locally occurring trees and to introduce
whoeverhappenstoencounterbearsshouldnevermake modcrn agriculture, which may be launched through
noise or whistle, sincc animals outraged by this may AKRSP, to reduce wood fue] requirements from
attack man. In addition, in ]ate autumn aftcr October natural vegetatien and to generatc income that enables
locals do not usc Deesai as passage since they believe locals to build kerosene oil depots in different villages,
that frost bite may iTritate bears so that they attack like Chillam. When a loca] heating system, already
man. Locnls avoid femalc bears with cubs, which they testcd, is introduced into community areas around
be]ieye are dangerous. Deosai, this may reduce fuel weod harvest.
The Sadpara vil]agers regularly feed cheeses to a (6) Othcr development incentives such as emp]oyment large bear living in the vicinity of cattlc pcns; they may be offered to ]ocal people to uplift socioeconomic
cxpect thc bcar to take the cheese instead of attacking conditions. Ecotourism may provide locals with the llvestock. The graziers other than Gujjars carry no chance to be trained as guides. weapons, tend to ignore the bcars, and prefer to leave All of these practical programs should be imple-
them a]one in their environment. The locals have a mented to enhance the Himalayan brewn bear popu-
number of unique, traditiona] methods of hunting big lation. A]] should be integrated into the creation of a
game animals, and have hunted them in practice, how- Himalayan brown bear recovery plan on Deosai and
eyer,ki1]ingofbearswasneverwitnessed(Khan1962). suitable habitat in its vicinity, such as Shigar valley
where the bears potentially occur. A progTam for en-
4) Threats against the Deosai ecosystem and some vironmcntal education featuring the Himalayan brown
recommcndations for it bcar should be designed and presented to villagers and
city dwellers in the surrounding areas, as we]1 as in
Expectation of industrial mobilization development local schools, By cducating peop]e about the impor-
may potential]y thrcatcn thc integrity of biodiversity tance of saving the bears, other wildlife dependcnt on
of Deosai Plain in the long term, and may produce a the same habitat can be protected. The bears are an
risk of extinction of biological species that are not fu11y excellent species to focus on because they are ]aTge,
cxploited, because of budget deficiencies for the in- attractive and true symbols of the wild that people in
frastructure and system of nature conservation, and the area can easily Telate to.
sustainab]e development in the P]ain. Tb counter this For sustainable and long term conservation ofour
undesirable prospect, the fo]lowing urgent rccommen- alpine natural resources there is a necd to actively in-
dations arc suggcstcd: volvc the ]ocal people in evaluation, planning, imp]e-
menting and monitoring processes. One can come to
(1) To provide the full scope of sustainab]e land use Deosai and see thc on the ground realities of how
for thc area with native floTa (over 340 species people and wild beasts are living in full harmony and including medicinal plants) and fauna (over 140 respect.
spccies), including habitat improvement.
(2) Cooperation of thc stakeho]ders with each other ACKNOWLEDGMENTS in sustainable use and protection of the Deosai habitat
and resources. The authors are extremely thankfu] to the Hima- (3) [Ib rcduce grazing pressure in the arca by spreading layan Wildlife Project, AKRSR Skardu, and Ecosys-
livestock husbandry morc even]y. tern Conservation Socicty ofJapan for their support
(4) [Ib study feeding ecology of wild herbivores, and and help.
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Deosai Plateau, Baltistan, Northern Areas, Pakistan. on Bear Research and Management, New Series 2: In: Wegner, R, and Stellrecht, I. (eds.); Himalayas, 32pp. KaTakeram and Hindukush, Dynamics of Change. WOods, C. A., C. W. Kilpatrick, M, Rafique, M. Shah, Proceedings of International Syrnposium, Culture and W, Khan (1997) BiodiveTsity and Conserva-
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