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Active Strike-Slip Faulting in the Chablais Area (NW Alps) from Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Relative Locations

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Active Strike-Slip Faulting in the Chablais Area (NW Alps) from Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Relative Locations CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by RERO DOC Digital Library 0012-9402/05/020189-11 Eclogae geol. Helv. 98 (2005) 189–199 DOI 10.1007/s00015-005-1159-4 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2005 Active strike-slip faulting in the Chablais area (NW Alps) from earthquake focal mechanisms and relative locations BASTIEN DELACOU1,NICHOLAS DEICHMANN2,CHRISTIAN SUE1,FRANÇOIS THOUVENOT3, JEAN-DANIEL CHAMPAGNAC1 & MARTIN BURKHARD1 Key words: Western Alps, Chablais, Prealpes, seismotectonics, relative location, active faulting ABSTRACT d’identifié des failles actives dans une région où les indices néotectoniques sont rares et controversés. L’alignement sismique ainsi défini correspond au The Chablais area is characterized by a complex geological setting, resulting plan nodal E-W du mécanisme au foyer du choc principal, permettant de défi- from the transport of nappes of various internal origins (the Prealpine nir une faille dextre, subverticale, orientée E-W. Ce régime décrochant, repla- nappes), thrusted in Oligocene times onto the Helvetic cover of the external cé dans son contexte tectonique régional, correspond à celui observé dans la zones of the Alps. While the structural setting and timing of nappe emplace- région Jura/Plateau Molassique, caractérisé par un système de décrochements ment are well understood, current tectonics and associated faulting remain un- conjugués (dextre orienté E-W, sénestre orienté NW-SE) et contraste avec clear. The detailed analysis of the Bonnevaux and Samoëns earthquakes, pre- celui exclusivement dextre, orienté NE-SW, observé au niveau de l’alignement sented in this study, constitutes a significant contribution to the active tecton- Wildhorn/Martigny. ics of the Chablais area. The associated seismotectonic regime appears to be constant with depth, both focal mechanisms yielding a strike-slip regime, one in the crystalline basement at around 17 km depth and the other probably cross-cutting the cover/basement interface at around 5km depth. Relative lo- cation techniques, applied in this study to the seismic sequence associated to ZUSAMMENFASSUNG the Samoëns earthquake, represents the best way to identify active faults in a region where neotectonic evidence is scarce and controversial. The resulting Das Chablaisgebiet zeichnet sich durch einen komplexen geologischen Aufbau seismic alignment corresponds to the E-W oriented nodal plane inferred from aus, welcher Resultat des Transportes eines aus Einheiten unterschiedlicher the Samoëns main shock focal mechanism, thus defining an active near vertical interner Herkunft aufgebauten Deckenstapels (die voralpinen Decken) ist, der E-W dextral fault. This strike-slip regime, compared to the current regional im Oligozän über die helvetische Bedeckung der externen Zone des Alpenbo- stress field, corresponds to the one observed in the Jura/Molasse basin area gens geschoben wurde. Während strukturgeologischer Aufbau und zeitlicher but contrasts with the exclusively dextral and NE-SW-oriented transcurrent Ablauf der tektonischen Bewegungen relativ gut bekannt sind, bleiben die tat- regime of the Wildhorn/Martigny region. sächlichen Verschiebungen und die damit verbundene Bruchtektonik weitge- hend unklar. Die in der vorliegenden Studie im Detail untersuchten Erdbeben von Bonnevaux und Samoëns ergeben ein ziemlich genaues Bild der aktiven Tektonik im Gebiet des Chablais. Das damit verbundene seismotektonische RESUME Regime erscheint in Abhängigkeit der Tiefe konstant. Die Herdmechanismen beider Erdbeben deuten auf ein Blattverschiebungsregime hin, wobei eines im La région du Chablais est caractérisée par une configuration géologique et kristallinen Sockel in ca. 17 km Tiefe lokalisiert wurde und das andere höchst- structurale complexe, résultant de la mise en place de nappes de charriage de wahrscheinlich die Übergangsszone zwischen Bedeckung und Sockel in ca. 5 provenances variées (nappes Préalpines) chevauchantes sur les unités externes km Tiefe überschneidet. Die in dieser Studie angewendeten relativen Lokali- Helvétiques durant l’Oligocène. Alors que l’historique de la mise en place de sierungstechniken (in der Zeitdomäne) für die seismische Sequenz des Samo- ces nappes est bien compris, le régime tectonique actuel reste à définir. L’ana- ëns-Erdbebens repräsentieren den besten (wenn nicht den einzigen) Ansatz lyse détaillée des séismes de Bonnevaux et de Samoëns présentées dans cette zur Identifizierung aktiver Brüche in einer Region in welcher neotektonische étude donne une bonne image du régime tectonique actuel de cette région. Le Indizien spärlich vorhanden und kontrovers sind. Die Ausrichtung der daraus régime sismotectonique associé à ces séismes apparaît stable en fonction de la resultierenden seismischen Linie ist in guter Übereinstimmung zu der dextra- profondeur, de type décrochant, l’un au niveau du socle cristallin (17 km de len E-W orientierten Verwerfung, welche dem Herdmechanismus entnommen profondeur), l’autre intersectant probablement l’interface socle/couverture werden kann. Dieses Regime ist gut mit dem regionalen Stressfeld und der (5 km de profondeur). Les techniques de relocalisations relatives, appliquées aktiven Tektonik im Gebiet Jura/Molassebecken vergleichbar, unterscheidet dans cette étude dans le domaine temporel sur la séquence sismique associée sich aber deutlich vom rein dextralen NE-SW gerichteten Blattverschiebungs- au choc de Samoëns, représentent le meilleur, si ce n’est l’unique, moyen regime im Gebiet Wildhorn/Martigny. 1 Institut de Géologie, Université de Neuchâtel, rue Emile Argand 11, CP-2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Swiss Seismological Service, ETH-Zûrich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland. 3 Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique (LGIT), Maison des Géosciences, CNRS/UJF, Campus Universitaire, 1381 rue de la Piscine, BP 53, FR-38041 Grenoble Cedex 1, France. Active faulting in the Chablais area 189 Introduction and tectonic setting 1997; Wissing & Pfiffner 2002), with a top-NW transport di- rection, controlled by a thick evaporite detachment layer of The Chablais area is part of the Prealpine nappe system, which Triassic (Carnian) age in the “Préalpes Médianes Plastiques” consists of a complex stack of sedimentary nappes of various and at the base of the middle Trias in the “Préalpes Médianes internal origin (Valaisan, sub-Briançonnais, Briançonnais and Rigides” (Baud 1972). For macrotectonic reasons, the Klippen Piemontais), metamorphosed into anchizonal to greenschist fa- nappe is classically divided in two parts (Lugeon & Gagnebin cies (Mosar 1988) at around 27 Ma (Jaboyedoff & Cosca 1941): the fold-dominated “Préalpes Médianes Plastiques” in 1999). This nappe system was detached from its crystalline sub- the northwest, and the large imbricate structure of the stratum in Oligocene times and thrust onto more external units “Préalpes Médianes Rigides” in the southeast. The Breccia consisting of the autochthonous sedimentary cover of the ex- nappe is disharmonically folded with respect to the Klippen ternal massifs, the Helvetic nappes and the Subalpine Molasse nappe, implying an early phase of folding, prior to nappe em- (Schardt 1894; Schardt 1898; Escher et al. 1997; Mosar 1997; placement (Wissing & Pfiffner 2002). Underneath the Pre- Mosar 1999; Borel & Mosar 2000; Wissing & Pfiffner 2002). alpine nappe stack, the autochthonous and allochthonous The nappe stack, approximately 2 km thick, can be subdivided (Morcles nappe) Helvetic cover was folded and thrust in a NW into 4 different nappes, depending on their paleogeographic direction under anchizonal conditions during Oligo-Miocene origin and tectonic imbrication (Fig. 1). From external to inter- times (Burkhard & Sommaruga 1998). Finally, the crystalline nal, one can distinguish the Ultrahelvetic nappe, the Klippen basement was affected by large-scale buckling and uplifted in nappe, the Breccia nappe and the “Nappe Supérieure”; the Miocene times, forming the External Crystalline Massifs latter is subdivided into the Voirons and Simme nappes. The (ECM) of the Mont-Blanc and Aar massifs (Burkhard 1986). structural setting of the Prealps is dominated by kilometer- While tectonic setting and structural evolution of the Pre- scale folds and imbricate structures (Mosar et al. 1996; Mosar alps are relatively well-known, the current activity remains un- Fig. 1. Geology and seismicity of the Chablais area, with the locations of the Bonnevaux and Samoëns earthquakes analysed in this article. 190 B. Delacou et al. 10°E 4°E 5°E 6°E 7°E 8°E 9°E 48°N SLE N-37°CHE profileACB IRC TSB RBF ZLA WIL EIT BBS GEF GIF ZUA SAX BAL ENB 47°N ZAPL MUO DAV ZEHW LLS ROM ZFLI LLS2 OSS TORNY WIMIS BRI STG VDL WGST BIS VDL2 GIMEL AIGL SIE WLEU ZZG LKBD OG01 WBAR WAMI WTOE OG02 WAVE WAYE TMA EMV WNAX OG05 OG03 DIX MMK 46°N EMS DIX2 MMK2 OG06 OG04 WZMU RSL ORX OG09 OG08 OG11 LSD OG10 SSB GRN GDM OG18 RSP VAU 45°N OG17 RRL OG16 OG14 OG22 OG21 OG19 CBB PCP N-220° profile PZZ OG25 ROB STV ENR FIN Fig. 2. Location of seismic stations used in this OG33 44°N study. Grey dots: stations used for the study of the IMI Bonnevaux earthquake. White dots: stations used for the study of the Samoëns earthquake. Black dots: stations used for both studies. Underlined station names: stations used for the cross-correla- tion study of the Samoëns seismic sequence. The rectangle delimits the area shown in Figure 1 and 43°N the straight lines correspond to the ray-trace pro- files analysed in this study (see Fig.3 for the dia- gram of the N-37°
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