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This Paper Not to Be Cited Without Prior Reference to the Author This paper not to be cited without prior reference to the author International Council for C.M. 1973/J:22 the Exploration of the Sea Pelagic Fish (Southern) Committee Investigations on midwater fish in the Atlantic Ocean by G. Krefft ßundlöl !orscnun san . Institut für .Seefischerei für Fischerei Hamburg der Bi bliothek Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei Hamburg In recent years a number of oceanic transects were carried out by FRS "Walther Herwig" in order to study the geographical distribution and taxonomy of the midwater fauna in the Atlantic Ocean. Two transects were run from the Bay of Biscay to the mouth of the La Plata River via Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands and Trindade Island(~~y 1966, January/February 1968); each of them covered abt. 5 800 n.m •• A third one crossed the South Atlantic between Mar deI Plata and Cape Town touching Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island (March 1971), its length was abt. 3 600 n.m•• The last of these transects (April 1971) crossed the eastern Atlantic in a lengthwise direction; it was run from Cape Town via St. Helena, Ascension, Cape Verde and Canary Islands to Madeira and covered abt. 4 800 n.m •• Stations along these transects are shown in fig.1. Benefiting from the facilities of a large stern trawler we used large commercial gear, a 1 600-meshes-herring trawl for sampling the midwater fauna instead of the more conventional IKMT's and • other small nets. Fishing depths were measured by using the "netsonde" down to 1 000 m, deep hauls beyond that depth were measured by using a time-depth recorder (Benthos Co.) attached to the trawl. Very few hauls were made in day-light, most of them after dusk when the fish had finished their vertical upward migrations. Step hauls at various depths choosen according to the deep scattering layers shown on the echo sounder were made in 1966 only. Lateron we decided to tow our gear in a single layer only, starting with the shallowest depth, and going deeper with the next tow(s). Two -2- -2- to threo hauls were executed as a rule, except whon shortnge or time did not allow more than one deep haul in abt. 2000 m. The towine time per haul ranged from 15 minutes in the shallower hauls to one hour in deep hauls at a speed or about 3 1/2 knots. ifuen fishing in 2 000 m, the process or hauling the gear had to bo intcrrupted twice, in 1 000 and 500 m depth for about 20 minu­ tos in order to cool the winch. The net then started fishing again, tho doep hauls thus.converting into step hauls. Because no opening'" closing device exists ror large trawls, the deeper hauls may have bcen contaminatcd to some extent with specimons caught while tho not waS being hauled back. Therefore, it is impossible to calculate actual numbers or rish/hour caught at aselected depth. The depth distribution or hauls, their numbers, nnd those or the specios and specimens obtained isshown on tables 1-4. -. The total catches were as rollows: Year No.or No.or 1) Haul depths Nos.or hauls hours m (range) Families Species Specimens . 1966 25 34,5 50-650 66 350 ·31 161 1968 72 26 40-2000 09 426 26 373 1971 I 30 17,25 70-2200 60 265 23 017 1971 11 39 19,5 74-2100 85 424 30 017 1) E:x:cept .. timo consumed ror hauline back and stops in deop hauls. Tho total number or specimens taken along the 4 transects was 110 568; About 500 species are represented, some.40 or which were new to science. or these 17 are published as yet, almost all or them in the "Archiv rür Fischereiwissenschart". Besides, quite a number • or taxonomical descriptions will be round in revisions or ramilies and genera to be published elsewhere. One of the major aims or our studies is the zoo­ gcoeraphical analysis of thc midwater rishes populating the mesopelagic and bathypelaeic realms of thc Atlantic Ocean. In spite of the encouragine work on the distribution or mesopelagic fishos bogun in rocent years by American scientists or the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution as weIl as of the Smithsonian Institution, we still are far away from a satisfying knowledge about the patterns -3- -3- of dintribution of North Atlantic mosopolagic fishes, and still farther from a thorough knowledge of the South Atlantic fauna. Even less is know about the physical and ?ioloeical factors controlling these patterns, though a number of fruitful hypothesos have been brought forward. As a matter of fact, the analysis of our catches is still at the very beginning and will need years to be finished. Much of the material has been and will be distributed to specialists all over the world, and the help of many colleagues of various countries is highly acknowledged. Here, only a fe,{ examples of typical distribution patterns ob­ served may be given. Major changes in the species composition along our transects were observod at faunal boundaries as f.i. built by convorgences, , ' curront systems, etc.' They correspond p1.rtly to those shown by • BACKUS et al., 1970. With these authors we distinguish a number of distribution patterns, the most remarkable ones exemplified here by figs. 2-12. The midwater fishes obtained by the "Walther IIerwig" can be arranged by their, distribution patterns in a number of well­ defined groups. I. The northern-temperate group. Several distribution patterns seem to be involved, the two most important being as folIows: a) The temperate pattern. Fishes showing this pattern are boreal specios found almost oxclusively north of 35°N. Thcy disappcar ,e from our catches just in front of Madeira. Due to thc small numbcr of hauls falling into this area they are represented in our catches by few specimens only. Examples are Nansenia groenlandica, Stomias boa ferox, MYctophum punctatum, Benthosema glaciale, Lampanyctus crocodilus and Uotoscopelus kro\yeri. The Blue \-Ihiting also belongs to that group. None of these species has a bipolar distribution. b) The temperate-subtropical pattern. Species showing this pattern have a similar distribution as those of pattern a), but range o farther southwardfinding their southern limits at about 20 U. Ichthyococcus ovatus, ArgyroTlelecus olfersi, Rhadinesthes dec'imus, -4- I \ -4- ,~----- IIygophum bonoiti, Symbolophorus voranyi, Diaphus holti, D. rafincoguei and Ceratospelus maderenois belong here. Aeain, none of thoso specios was met within subtropical or temperate' latitudoo of tho southern homispnere by USo II."The subtropical group. Most of the great number of species forming this group have an antitropical distribution in the subtropical balts of both hemispheros. ·00 . Almost all of them were found between 35 and 20 N, and between about 25 0 and 35 0 S again. In the eastern Atlantic the southern subtropical belt is broader stretching northward to the area of o . St. Helena (or about 16 S) due to the coöling effect of the Benguela ·Current. The bipolar subtropical pattern is exemplified by Mar~rethia obtusirostra, Astronesthes leucopogon, Paralepis atlantica (repre­ oonted in the South by a doubtfully distinct subspecies), }~croparalepis affinis (fig. 5), M. brevis (entering the tropics by submergence froc • 0 the South to about 10 S), Hygophum hygo~i (fig. 5), Diaphus effulgens, n. metopoclampus (fig. 7), Lampadena chavesi (fig. 5) and Lampanyctus pusillus. Others ohow a simila.r distribution pattern, 'l.lich, however, is restricted to either the northern or the southern subtropico. Such species may or may not be replaced in corresponding latitudes of the other hemisphere by closely related forms. Idiacanthus fasciola (Horth) and 1. atlanticus (South) are cxamples of such an "intrageneric" bipolarity. The fe" specimens of 1.fasciola found in the Cape area obviously are waifs carried into the Atlantic by the Agulhas Current (fig. 6). One other pair here to be mentioned is Cubiceps gracilis and C. coeruleus. Taken only in the northern subtropics were • Astronosthes neopogon, Bathophilus metallicus, Lampadena urophaos atlantica and Poromitra capito as were I~onesthes microcephalus, Grammatostomias dentatus, }Wctophum phengodes and Scopelopsis multipunctata in the southorn ones. 111. The tropical Broup. Soveral patterns of distribution of tropical specis can be observed as exemplified by BACKUS et 0.1., 1970. On hands of our own material we distinguish the following patterns: a) The broadly tropical pattern. We use this term introduced by BACKUS et al., 1970: 191 for the large group of species the distribution -5- -5- of which covers subtropical aS tropical waters as weIl. Such species entered our nets in the first two transects as a rule at rirst at }mdeira. They then continucd to be taken along the transect southward to the Subtropical Convergcnce at about 35°S. The most common representants of the broadly tropical pattern are a number of myctophids, e.g. Diaphus mollis, Cerato­ scopelus warmingi and Notoscopelus resplendens. ~owever, even the two last-mentioned species (figs. 11, 12) differ somewhat in their distribution. Thus, whereas f. warmingi does not show any gaps in its range between }~deira and the South Atlantic Subtropical Convergence, the distribution area of !. resplendens was found to 0 be interrupted between 3 and 23°S in the western Atlantic and 0 0 for a ohorter distance (2 30 1 ' to 11 S) in the eastern part of the ocean, i.e. in the area of the South Equatorial Current. In the • western Atlantic a countcr-clockwise gyral is built up by this current off the coast of.Brazil. The area has great similarity to the Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic. It is of very low productivity as marked by the sharp decline in numbers,of species and specimens in our catches at stations 189 to 190 (1966, tab.
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