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Discourse, Power and Resistance in Nadine Gordimer's Occasion

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Discourse, Power and Resistance in Nadine Gordimer's Occasion 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies – Vol 23(3): 37 – 49 http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2017-2303-03 Discourse, Power and Resistance in Nadine Gordimer’s Occasion for Loving: A Foucaultian Reading SEYED MOHAMMAD MARANDI Department English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Iran ZOHREH RAMIN Department English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Iran ENSIEH SHABANIRAD (Corresponding Author) Department English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Iran [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with two fundamental phenomena in any society: discourse and power. It focuses on how power is being reproduced by discourse in society. Many forms of social inequality, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality and race, are construed, perpetuated and legitimated by discourse. The critical method in this study is influenced by Michel Foucault’s theories on power and discourse. It is in discourse, as Foucault puts it, that power and knowledge are joined together. However, Foucault argues that discourse is both the means of oppressing and the means of resistance. This study examines these forms of the discursive reproduction of power in Nadine Gordimer’s novel, Occasion for Loving (1963). The researchers aim to explore how the control and power shaping and defining discourse in the prison-society of apartheid South Africa reveals the inevitable entanglement of the personal and the political and how such a relationship can be used by the artist to resist and subvert the controlling social and political discourses. The paper also sheds light on how Gordimer generates a discourse that challenges the apartheid’s legal discourse on race and interracial sexuality. Keywords: Foucault; discourse; power; resistance; Gordimer INTRODUCTION This paper is concerned with two fundamental phenomena in any society: discourse and power. It focuses on how power is being reproduced by discourse in society. Many forms of social inequality, such as those based on gender, class, sexuality and race, are construed, perpetuated and legitimated by discourse. The critical method in this study is influenced by Michel Foucault’s (1920-1984) theories on power and discourse. This study examines the discursive reproduction of power in the racially- and culturally-divided society of apartheid South Africa in Nadine Gordimer’s (1923-2014) third novel, Occasion for Loving (1963). As Fowler and his team showed in Language and Control (Fowler et al. 1979), the crucial theoretical notion of power and domination is ‘control.’ Applying this to discourse means that we must ask who has access to the fundamental power resource of discourse in any society. Power is related to control, and control of discourse means preferential access to its production and hence to its contents and style, and finally to the public mind. It is demonstrated that the reproduction of political power needs to be backed by political discourse, and that such discourse again needs to be produced and understood in terms of various kinds of political cognition, such as ideologies. Foucault’s work is largely concerned with the relation between social structures and institutions and the individual, the analysis of the effects of various institutions on groups of people and the role that those people play in 37 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies – Vol 23(3): 37 – 49 http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2017-2303-03 affirming or resisting those effects. The present paper explores the discourses of race and interracial sexuality and the institution of white family and its collusion with apartheid in Gordimer’s Occasion for Loving in the light of Foucault’s theories. The paper also explores how Gordimer’s fiction per se serves as a discourse resisting and opposing the institution of apartheid. LITERATURE REVIEW This study differs from that of other critics who have written on various aspects of Gordimer's writing since its emergence more than six decades ago. Although an enormous body of criticism has been done on Gordimer’s work, very few studies of Gordimer’s novels through the lens of Foucault’s theories have been attempted so far. Rita Barnard stresses the need for a new characterisation of South African literature: Despite the fact that two South African writers have been awarded the Nobel Prize, South African literature is still in some ways an emerging field of enquiry and one that continues to require redefinition in view of the changed circumstances in the country. (Barnard 2007, p. 4) The current study has been made to fill the gap in Gordimer’s studies. Any reader of Gordimer’s work will want to be aware of the following significant studies. Abdul Jan Mohamed’s Manichean Aesthetics: The Politics of Literature in Colonial Africa (1983) examines Gordimer’s work in the context of colonialist society’s Manichean structure and ultimately saves her from the label of colonial writer. Stephen Clingman, author of The Novels of Nadine Gordimer: History from the Inside (1986), shows how Gordimer’s work is caught up in the major literary and ideological movements of South Africa. He examines Gordimer’s apprehension of how she as writer acts upon history, while at the same time history is acting or shaping her conscious thoughts as well. Clingman examines Gordimer's work within a historical framework and notes how Gordimer’s development, both political and formal, can be traced in her writing. His contribution to the critique of Gordimer's writing is crucial to the exploration of the close relationship between the historical change inside South Africa and Gordimer's development as a writer which is sensitively manifested in each of her texts. Clingman remains the leading critic of the historical and political dimensions of her work, while other critics focus on other conditioning factors. John Cooke's study, The Novels of Nadine Gordimer: Private Lives/Public Landscapes (1985), looks at the link between the private and public domains in Gordimer's novels. It explores the ways in which Gordimer intertwines her private and personal preoccupations with her political and public themes. Cooke argues that the private and the political in her novels unite through the “gradual accretion of public resonances around her private themes” (Cooke, 1985, p. 10). Cooke examines how the private theme concerning the liberation of children from powerful parents is associated with the political situation of Gordimer's society and the greater liberation of the country itself. The researchers share Cooke's argument that “complete liberation from private, familial restraints requires challenging the dominant political order as well” (p. 11). The focus of this paper is on that liberation in Gordimer's work which is continually explored in the very nexus of racial and sexual relations. Judie Newman's Nadine Gordimer (1988) examines the way gender complicates the intersecting themes of race, sex, and colonialism in the novels. Newman draws attention to the connection between the psychological and political in Gordimer's writing, particularly in relation to the categories of gender and sexuality. Rowland Smith’s Critical Essays on 38 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies – Vol 23(3): 37 – 49 http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2017-2303-03 Nadine Gordimer (1990) and Bruce King’s The Later Fiction of Nadine Gordimer (1993), whose focus is “the changing face” of Gordimer’s later fiction, are two collections of essays that provide a variety of challenging readings of Gordimer’s novels and short fiction. Dominic Head in Nadine Gordimer (1994) discusses each of her novels in detail, paying close attention to the texts both as a reflection of events and situations in the real world, and as evidence of her constant rethinking of her craft. His discussion of the novel is focused mainly on the idea of the construction of identity; but he makes some fine observations regarding the way this matter is implicated in the politics of the body. Head (1994) shows how Gordimer's concerns, apparent in her earliest novels, are developed through increasing stress on the politics of sexuality and he pursues the implications of this development to consider how Gordimer's later work contributes to a recentring of political engagement in an era of uncertainty. Emerging out of the author's long-standing interests in the history of racial segregation, Saul Dubow’s Apartheid, 1948-1994 (2014) offers a fresh interpretation of apartheid South Africa. Dubow situates apartheid in global as well as local contexts. The overall conception of this new study is to integrate studies of resistance with the analysis of power, paying attention to the importance of ideas, institutions, and culture. Dubow approaches South Africa's white supremacist past from new perspectives. He asks not only why apartheid was defeated, but how it survived so long. He neither presumes the rise of apartheid nor its demise. Many articles have also been written on discourse and power and on issues related to race, sexuality and transgression. Simon Lewis in his article Under the Sign of the Gun: Welcome to the Postmodern Melancholy of Gordimer's Post-Apartheid World (1999) discusses how Gordimer's 1994 publications, and The House Gun (1998) in particular, lend to being read as illustrative of two of Michel Foucault's insights: the ubiquity of power, and the consequent idea that given that ubiquity, care of one's self becomes of political obligation. Lewis explores how The House Gun indicates a new looking at an old subject facing new circumstances - the old subject being the psychological and material effects of white racism in the apartheid era, the new circumstances being those of post-apartheid South Africa. Collin Jerome in his article entitled Sexual Identities of the Malay Male in Karim Raslan’s Go East and Neighbours (2008) investigates the formation of sexual identity in Karim Raslan’s short stories.
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