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No Slide Title UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 9: Sulfides Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick Last Time Native elements 1. Chemistry and Crystallography (properties) 2. Occurrences and Associations 3. Economics (resources, reserves, extraction) Featured Minerals: Gold Native Elements Copper Cu Isometric Metals Gold Au* Isometric Silver Ag* Isometric Platinum Pt* Isometric Arsenic As Hexagonal Semi- metals Antimony Sb Hexagonal Bismuth Bi Hexagonal Tellurium Te Trigonal Sulfur S Orthorhombic Non-metals Graphite C* Hexagonal Diamond C* Isometric * primary production from native elements Metallic Native Elements Gold (Au) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m32/m─ Habit: octahedral, dendritic SG: 15.6-19.3 (depending on Ag content) H: 2.5-3* L: metallic Col: gold-yellow Str: gold-yellow http://www.rocksandgems.info Clev: none Optical: Opaque Name Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin. Metallic Native Elements Resources: a concentration of a material useful to humanity (water, food, minerals) Geological Resources: all materials (mineral and energy) including those only surmised to exist, that have present or anticipated future value and which can be extracted from the Earth via economically feasible methods ($$$) (i.e., gold, diamonds, coal, oil, natural gas, water) Reserve Base: The in-place demonstrated (measured+indicated) amount of a resource that can be extracted via current mining and production techniques (currently economical + marginal +/- subeconomical). Equivalent to the old “geological reserve” definition. Reserve (current): That part of the reserve base that could be economically extracted today Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons) Metallic Native Elements Gold (production, reserves in tonnes*) Production: refined metal produced per year (metric tons) *1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kg = 32,150.7 troy ounces http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2015/mcs2015.pdf Metallic Native Elements Gold (US data) 2015 Mineral Commodity Summaries. USGS Metallic Native Elements Silver (Ag) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m32/m─ Habit: massive, acicular SG: 10.1-10.5 H: 2.5-3 L: metallic Col: silver-white Str: silver-white Clev: none Optical: Opaque http://webmineral.com/specimens/picshow.php?id=1060 Name: Derivation: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin. Metallic Native Elements Platinum Group (Pt, Ir, Pa, Rh, Ru, Os,) Crystal: Isometric ─ Pt. Group: 4/m32/m Habit: massive, acicular SG: 21.47 H: 4-4.5 L: metallic Col: gray-silver Str: gray-silver Clev: none Optical: opaque Name Derivation: Spanish, platina = "silver." Non-metallic Native Elements Graphite (C) Crystal: Hexagonal Pt. Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m Habit: platey, massive SG: 2.1-2.2 H: 1-2 L: submetallic Col: lead-gray, black Str: black Clev: perfect basal {001} Optical: opaque Name derivation: From the Greek, graphein, "to write Gold Gold precipitation depends on: • Temperature • Pressure • pH • Cl- concentration of hydrothermal solutions • H2S fugacity* *pressure of an ideal gas which has the same chemical potential as the real gas. http://www.mawsonresources.com Gold - Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2 ] in systems hotter than 400 C. - [Au(HS)2 ] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures Maximum solubility occurs near the - 2- H2S-HS -SO4 equilibrium point Gold - Gold is usually transported as [AuCl2 ] in systems hotter than 400 C. - [Au(HS)2 ] is the dominant ion complex at lower temperatures AU dissolution (Zhu, An and Tan, 2011) Gold Precipitation of gold usually occurs following reduction in oxygen fugacity (Au-S complexes break down leading to precipitation of other sulfides like pyrite and precipitation of gold): AU precipitation (Zhu, An and Tan, 2011) Gold Gold is largely produced through hydrothermal precipitation http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_dep/gold/vms/pdf/deposit_synthesis.gold_vms.dube.pdf Gold Golden Giant Mine (Newmont) Gold Extraction Cyanide Leeching Method o - 2- - 4Au + 8CN + O2 + 2H2O = 4Au(CN) + 4OH http://www.daa.com.au/uploads/RTEmagicC_mm_leachfeed.jpg.jpg Gold Extraction Heap Cyanide Leeching Method Non-metallic Native Elements Diamond (C) Crystal: Isometric Pt. Group: 4/m32/m─ Habit: octahedral, twinned SG: 3.5 H: 10 L: adamantine Col: colorless, rare blue, red, yellow Str: n/a Optical: isotropic, n=2.419 Clev: perfect {111} Diamonds Diamond Phase diagram http://members.tm.net/lapointe/Carbon_Phase_Diagram.gif Diamonds Diamond Kimberlite Pipes http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/medium/kimberlite.jpg http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php Diamonds Diamond Kimberlite Pipes http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/diamonds/kirkland/images/c14_3.jpg http://www.kimcordiamonds.com/formation.php Diamonds Diamonds http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/mindep/synth_prov/slave/pdf/regional_synthesis.slave.bleeker.pdf Today’s Agenda Sulfides and Sulfosalts 1. Properties of select sulfides/sulfosalts 2. Occurrences and Associations Featured minerals: Cu-sulfides Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Pb-ore Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Zn-ore Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Mo-ore Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Ag-ore Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric Sulfides, Sulfosalts and Arsenides Mineral Formula System Argentite Ag2S Isometric Arsenopyrite FeAsS Monoclinic Bornite Cu5FeS4 Tetragonal/ Isometric Boulangerite Pb5Sb4S11 Orthorhombic Chalcocite Cu2S Monoclinic Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 Tetragonal Hg-ore Cinnabar HgS Hexagonal Cobaltite CoAsS Isometric Covellite CuS Hexagonal Domeykite Cu3As Isometric Digenite Cu9S5 Hexagonal (trigonal) Enargite Cu3AsS4 Orthorhombic Galena PbS Isometric Jamsonite Pb4FeSb6S14 Monoclinic Marcasite FeS2 Orthorhombic Millerite NiS Hexagonal Molybdenite MoS2 Hexagonal Nickeline/Niccolite NiAs Hexagonal Orpiment As2S3 Monoclinic (combined with realgar) Pararamnelsbergite NiAs2 Orthorhombic Pyrite FeS2 Isometric Pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S Variable Realgar AsS Monoclinic (combined with orpiment) Skutterudite/smaltite (Co,Ni)As2-3/(Co,Ni)As3x Isometric Sphalerite ZnS Isometric Stibnite Sb2S3 Orthorhombic Tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe)12Sb4S13 Isometric
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