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Die Asiatische Buschmücke: Die Lebenszyklusbiologie Als

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Die Asiatische Buschmücke: Die Lebenszyklusbiologie Als Die Asiatische Buschmücke: Die Lebenszyklusbiologie als Grundlage für Kontroll- maßnahmen Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biowissenschaften (FB 15) der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt von Friederike Reuß aus München-Pasing Frankfurt am Main 2020 (D30) vom Fachbereich Biowissenschaften (FB 15) der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt als Dissertation angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Sven Klimpel Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Markus Pfenninger, Prof. Dr. Jörg Oehlmann Datum der Disputation: 29. Mai 2020 Zusammenfassung I. Zusammenfassung Derzeit breiten sich gebietsfremde Stechmücken (Diptera: Culicidae) aufgrund von Globali- sierung und Klimawandel auf der ganzen Welt aus und bilden neue, stabile Populationen. Wegen ihrer hämatophagen Ernährungsweise sind sie Überträger von Pathogenen, die teilwei- se schwere bis tödliche Krankheiten beim Menschen, seinen Haustieren oder auch Wildtieren auslösen können. Mit den Stechmücken treten daher auch Infektionskrankheiten vermehrt in Gebieten auf, in denen sie vorher nicht vorkamen oder als bereits ausgerottet galten. Da die meisten im Menschen wirksamen Arboviren nicht durch Impfungen kontrolliert werden kön- nen, bleibt als eine der wenigen Möglichkeit der Krankheitsprävention die Dezimierung der Stechmückenpopulation. Daher sind Stechmücken momentan im Fokus der biologischen und epidemiologischen For- schung. Diese hat zum Ziel epidemische Krankheitsausbrüche vektorübertragener Krankhei- ten in der menschlichen Population zu verhindern. Eine Verringerung der lokalen Stechmü- ckenpopulation bis hin zu deren Aussterben kann durch die Verwendung von Insektiziden, die Vernichtung von Bruthabitaten oder anderen Kontrollmaßnahmen erreicht werden. Jedoch sind diese Maßnahmen unterschiedlich effektiv, haben zum Teil unerwünschte ökolo- gische und gesundheitsschädigende Folgen und sind unterschiedlich aufwendig und kostenin- tensiv in der Anwendung. Für die Entwicklung eines integrierten, effektiven, zielgerichteten und kostengünstigen Vektormanagements fehlen bislang jedoch die populationsbiologischen Grundlagen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist daher die Schaffung der Datengrundlage für ein Integriertes Stechmü- ckenmanagement für die Asiatische Buschmücke (Aedes japonicus japonicus THEOBALD 1901), die am weitesten verbreitete exotische Stechmücke in Deutschland. Schwerpunkte da- für wurden auf das zeitliche und räumliche Vorkommen, die Temperaturabhängigkeit des Lebenszyklus, sowie die Wirksamkeit von Kontrollmethoden gelegt. Die Kenntnis der räumlichen Verbreitung und saisonalen Häufigkeit der Stechmücken ist notwendig, um befallene Standorte und Zeitpunkte des größten Populationszuwachses defi- nieren zu können. Die Verbreitung und die Häufigkeit der endothermen Stechmücken sind stark von der Umgebungstemperatur abhängig, die beispielsweise deren Entwicklungsdauer und Sterblichkeit beeinflusst. Dabei entwickeln sich die verschiedenen Stadien (Ei, Larven, i Zusammenfassung Puppe, Imago), die eine Stechmücke während ihres Lebens durchläuft, in Abhängigkeit von der Umgebungstemperatur unterschiedlich und haben jeweils andere Temperaturpräferenzen. Lebenszyklustabellen geben die Entwicklungsdauer und Mortalität pro Stadium in Abhängig- keit von der Temperatur an. Mit ihrer Hilfe können somit die räumlichen und zeitlichen Vor- kommen und Häufigkeiten einer Stechmückenart berechnet werden. Dies ist insbesondere für Stechmücken in Gebieten mit jahreszeitlichen Temperaturveränderungen wichtig. Um Daten für eine solche Lebenszyklustabelle aufnehmen zu können, ist es notwendig Labo- rexperimente bei festgelegten Temperaturen durchzuführen. Die Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass die Stechmückenart im Labor optimale Bedingungen erhält, um ihren Lebenszyklus abschlie- ßen zu können. In dieser Arbeit wurde daher ein Laborprotokoll entwickelt, mithilfe dessen der Lebenszyklus der Asiatischen Buschmücke im Labor untersucht werden kann. Dazu wurden systematisch die Fütterung, die innerartliche Konkurrenz und das Wasservolu- men des Brutgefäßes für die aquatischen Stadien erprobt. Auf Basis dieses Protokolls wurden anschließend die Temperatureinflüsse auf die Entwicklung aller Stadien untersucht. Die Daten dienten der Parametrisierung eines populationsdynamischen Modells. Dieses wurde verwen- det, um Standorte mehrjähriger Populationen zu definieren, saisonale relative Häufigkeiten für Deutschland zu berechnen, durch Temperaturveränderungen hervorgerufene zukünftige Verbreitungsgebiete vorherzusagen, sowie Effekte von Kontrollmaßnahmen zu modellieren. Um eine dauerhafte Kontrolle der Stechmückenvektoren zu gewährleisten, ist weiterhin die permanente Neuentwicklung von wirksamen Kontrollmethoden notwendig. Dazu gehört die präventive Vermeidung von Bruthabitaten der aquatischen Stadien von Stechmücken. Die exotischen Stechmücken, die in Deutschland etabliert sind, gehören mehrheitlich der Gattung Aedes an und sind sogenannte Gefäßbrüter. Ihre bevorzugten Bruthabitate sind kleine Was- seransammlungen wie sie in Baumhöhlen, Gesteinsauswaschungen, Gießkannen, Regenton- nen und Blumenuntersetzern vorkommen. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, welche Farben und Volumina von Plastikbechern die Asiatische Buschmücke zur Eiablage bevorzugt, um präferierte Bruthabitate gezielt zu identifizieren und verringern zu können. Auch die Bereitstellung von Insektiziden wird durch in Stechmücken auftretende Insektizidre- sistenzen erschwert. Insektizide sollen dabei umweltfreundlich, spezifisch für den Zielorga- nismus und nicht gesundheitsschädlich für den Menschen sein. Weiterhin sind eine gute An- wendbarkeit, geringe Kosten und eine hohe Effizienz wünschenswert. ii Zusammenfassung Eine Quelle für potentielle Insektizide sind pflanzliche Stoffe, zum Beispiel ätherische Öle. Diese sind leicht erhältlich, natürlichen Ursprungs und häufig wirksame Vergrämungsmittel gegen stechbereite Stechmückenweibchen. In dieser Arbeit wurde nach einer Literaturrecher- che Nelkenöl ausgewählt und als Insektizid gegen Larven der Asiatischen Buschmücke getes- tet. Dafür wurden die akute toxische Wirkung von Nelkenöl bei drei Temperaturen untersucht und zusätzlich die Wirkung von Nelkenöl auf die Eiablage im Freiland. Nelkenöl zeigte dabei sowohl eine larvizide als auch eine eiablagehemmende Wirkung. Weiterhin wurde Kupfer in Form von kupferhaltigen Euromünzen als Larvizid untersucht. Kupfer ist ein wirksamer Stoff gegen die aquatischen Stadien von Stechmücken. Allerdings wurde der Stoff noch nicht in Form der einfach zu handhabenden, leicht erhältlichen Kupfer- münzen getestet. Dazu wurden Vorexperimente durchgeführt, um herauszufinden, wieviel Kupferionen sich aus den Münzen lösen lassen. Anschließend wurde der akut toxische Effekt auf Larven der Asiatischen Buschmücke untersucht. Neben den lebenzyklusbiologischen Faktoren haben auch soziale Faktoren einen Effekt auf den Erfolg von Kontrollmethoden. Dies wurde einbezogen, in dem Befragungen von zwei potentiell betroffenen Fokusgruppen (Gärtner/inne, Grabpflegende) durchgeführt wurden. Dies geschah im Hinblick auf die Anwendbarkeit von Nelkenöl und Kupfermünzen durch Privatpersonen. Ein Integriertes Stechmückenmanagement hat zum Ziel, die lokale Stechmückenpopulation zu kontrollieren, um so Stichen und daraus resultierender Krankheitsübertragung vorzubeugen. Dies erfolgt über die Aufklärung von Betroffenen, der Überwachung der Stechmückenpopula- tion, dem Testen auf Pathogenbefall und der direkten Kontrolle von Stechmücken. Diese Ar- beit leistet einen Beitrag zu den Kenntnissen über die Laborhaltung einer exotischen Stech- mückenart, zur Identifizierung von Bruthabitaten, zur zeitlichen und räumlichen Festlegung von Kontrollmaßnahmen und zur Anwendung von Larviziden und eines Vergrämungsmittels. Mit dieser Arbeit wurde die Grundlage eines lebenszyklusbasierten Integrativen Stechmü- ckenmanagements für die Asiatische Buschmücke entwickelt, das eventuell auch auf weitere Aedes-Arten übertragbar ist, und als Handlungsempfehlung für politische Entscheidungstra- gende dienen kann. iii Summary II. Summary Currently, non-native mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) spread around the world due to global- ization and climate change and form new stable populations. Because of their hematophagous diet, they are vectors of pathogens that can sometimes cause severe or even fatal diseases in humans, livestock or animals. With the mosquitoes, therefore, infectious diseases occur increasingly in areas in which they did not occur before or were con- sidered already eradicated. Since most arboviruses causing human diseases cannot be con- trolled by vaccination, only the decimation of mosquito population remains as one of the few ways of disease prevention. Accordingly, mosquitoes are currently the focus of biological and epidemiological research. Its aim is to prevent epidemic disease outbreaks of vector-borne diseases in the human popu- lation. Reducing the local mosquito population even to extinction can be achieved through the use of insecticides, the removal of breeding habitats or other control measures. However, these measures differ in efficacy: some have undesirable environmental and health- related consequences, and are cumbersome or costly. For the development of an integrated, effective, target-specific, and cost-effective vector management, however, knowledge of the population traits are missing, so far. The aim of this work is the creation of the data base of an Integrated Vector Management for the Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus
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