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( ARC 60203 ) Koh Jing Hao National Mosque of Malaysia

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( ARC 60203 ) Koh Jing Hao National Mosque of Malaysia School of Architecture, Building and Design Bachelor of Science ( Honours ) in Architecture The Design School Bachelor of Arts ( Honours ) Interior Architecture Architecture Culture and History 2 ( ARC 60203 ) Tutor : Koh Jing Hao Building Proposed : National Mosque of Malaysia Group Members : Saw Sook Fang ( 0333151 ) Vanessa Christy Goonting ( 0333470 ) Chen Lian Lian ( 0333357 ) Kan Shih Seng ( 0333478 ) Kohei Watanabe ( 0332172 ) Lim Jan Zen ( 0331320 ) Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 2.0 Fast Facts of The Building ........................................................................... 2 3.0 History ...................................................................................................... 3- 3.1 Symbol of The Mosque 3.2 Name of The Mosque 3.3 Selecting A Site 3.4 Cost of Construction 3.5 Tenders For Construction 4.0 The Architect ............................................................................................. 5.0 Site Context Analysis ................................................................................ (By Kan Shih Seng) 6.0 Architectural Layout of Building ............................................................... (By Kohei Watanabe) 7.0 Architecture Style Analysis ....................................................................... 7.1 Modernist Expressionism (By Saw Sook Fang) 7.2 Islamic architecture 7.3 Local Adaptations of Modernism 8.0 Building Construction, Structure and Material Analysis ............................ 8.1 The main Construction (By Vanessa Christy Goonting) 8.2 Building Materials 8.3 Materials Used 9.0 Architectural Elements / Component Analysis ......................................... 9.1 Main Roof (By Chen Lian Lian) 9.1.1 The Concept and Design 9.1.2 Symbol and Meaning Behind the Concept 9.1.3 Details of The Roof 9.2. The Courtyard (By Chen Lian Lian) 9.2.1 The Purpose of The Courtyard 9.2.2 The Concept and Design 9.2.3 Details of The Courtyard 9.3 The Veranda and Wall Screens (By Chen Lian Lian) 9.3.1 The Purpose of The Veranda and the Wall Screen 9.3.2 The Concept and Design 9.3.3 Details of The Veranda 9.4 The Main Prayer Hall (By Chen Lian Lian) 9.4.1 Design 9.4.2 Lighting 9.5 10.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 11.0 Reference List ....................................................................................... 12.0 Appendices ......................................................................................... 1.0 Introduction Figure 1 : The view of the pleated roof from the position of the reflecting pool. (Lim, J., 2017) The National Mosque, which was built in 1965, marked an important event in our nation’s history as we had just gained Independence from the British a few years prior to the completion of the mosque. It was and still carries a certain kind of symbol or identity of a true “Malaysian” building - a building that was not solely built and donated by one particular group of race in this country but by all races and religions that united together to turn the idea of our nation’s forefathers to having a ‘national iconic building’ into reality. As the National Mosque had just approached into it’s 52th year since its completion in 1965, the architecture styles and elements which it embodies are still as being perceived as a timeless architectural beauty that speaks volumes for itself. Not only it is beautiful in terms of its overall appearance and outlook of the building, but it also a building that is truly functional from inside out, without losing its main identity and purpose as a place of worship as it was intended to be designed where people from all races could gather for social activities which helps to bind the community together as one. With that being said, the National Mosque truly reflects that cultural and patriotic values found in every race and religion in our nation, which is why in regardless of our creed and colour, the National Mosque stand strong as a symbol of unity and inspiration for all the citizens of Malaysia. 2.0 Fast Facts of The Building Name of The Building National Mosque of Malaysia or Masjid Negara Location Jalan Perdana, Tasik Perdana, 50450 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Architects Howard Ashley Hisham Albakri Dato’ Baharuddin Abu Kassim Year of Completion 1965 Cost of construction $ 10 million* Built-up Area 7,575 sq.m (81,536 sq. ft) Architecture Style Modern Islamic Capacity 15,000 people Building Highlights 73-metre-high minaret 16-pointed pleated roof *The symbol $ refers to the Malaya and British Borneo Dollar, the currency used in Malaysia before 1967, when Malaysian Ringgit was only introduced thereafter. 3.0 History Figure 2: An archive photo of the National Mosque dated back in the 1980s before the refurbishment was carried out. (ATSA Architects, 2015) Upon instigation by Tunku Abdul Rahman, who was the Prime Minister at that time and also the one who provided the initial design brief, the National Mosque in Kuala Lumpur was later built in 1965 as a symbol of unity of this multiracial country. The Public Works Department which is currently known as Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) was in-charged of the construction. A team of architects behind the design of the National Mosque was led by Howard Ashley in the Public Works Department which included Baharuddin Kasim and Hisham Albakri. When Hisham was offered a scholarship to study tropical architecture in London, he left the project just as construction started and Baharuddin Kassim carried on with the project until its completion in August 1965. It took them 3 years to construct the National Mosque. For Baharuddin, the design of the mosque was a continuation of his search for a modern mosque form that had commenced with his final-year thesis design project at the University of Manchester. A flat-roofed modernist “concrete cube” with the ceiling space articulated as a pyramid was created in his exercise. With that being said, the National Mosque design was primarily an abstraction of a traditional Malay house set within a natural landscape. (Lim, T. N., 2010) Later, as a partner of Jurubena Bertiga, Baharuddin Kassim was responsible for the building extension in the late 1980s. 3.1 Symbol of The MosQue The importance of the mosque was spelt out by the commemorative publication as twofold: to serve as a symbol of the importance of the state religion, Islam; and as “a permanent edifice to commemorate the achievement of Merdeka or independence on August 31st, 1957”. The Prime Minister justified the mosque as a national project in the following way; “To me Masjid Negara stands for the unity of all the people of Malaysia, for it has been built not only with donations from Muslims alone but from non-Muslims as well, who are imbued with the spirit of co-orperation and owe undivided loyalty to this country. This is one of the special characteristics of our country.” (Lai, C. K., 2007) At other occasions, the mosque was described as multi-racial and inclusive because diffferent races were also involved in its construction. The brochure continued with this description that it was “...designed by a Malay, constructed by Chinese and Indians and financed by contributions from Buddhists, Hindus, Christians and Muslims.” (Lai, C. K., 2007) 3.2 Name of The MosQue The Federal Executive Council in charge of developing the capital city decided that a mosque be built and named after the Prime Minister. After Merdeka celebrations, the Conference of Rulers gave its blessing and a central organising committee was appointed, led by the Deputy Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak. Declining the offer to have the mosque so named, the Prime Minister ecided it should instead be designated Masjid Negara (National Mosque). (Lai, C. K., 2007) 3.3 Selecting A Site Figure 3: The former site of the National Mosque on Valley Road, where the Galloway Club and a school once stood before being relocated to another premise. Figure 4: The site of the National Mosque where the ongoing land clearing activity was carried out while the construction of the Kinabalu flyover bridge could be notice on the right side of the photo. (ATSA Architects, 2015) The Prime Minister insisted on another site he had chosen: a valley adjacent to the Railway Station and the Railway Administration Offices. The main reasons cited for this particular area was the site’s proximity to key transport infrastructure which would be highly convenient for Muslims across the country to visit the mosque. The decision made by Tunku was later prevailed. (Lai, C. K., 2007) 3.4 Cost of Construction The original estimated cost of 5 million was raised to 8.5 around April 1962 and then to its eventual figure of 10 million in November the same year. The Cabinet contributed 4.5 million dollars in January 1959 to its building fund. A further 2.5 million was raised from other state governments and 3 million from public donations. Apart frm Shaw Foundation’s $26,000 contribution, the Bruneian government donated $25,000. The Chinese community as represented by the Malayan Chinese Association raised $59,265, and the South Indian Muslim Mosque committee donated $18,716. (Aziz, A., 2015) 3.5 Tenders For Construction Several tenders were received by 13th August 1962. The tenders were called only after the site has been prepared and the qibla fixed. (Aziz, A., 2015) When the quotations were received, it was found to be too high and hence, the building specifications had to be changed in order to reduce as much as two million from the actual cost. The mosque finally accepted the tender submitted by Messrs. Lim Chong Construction Company Ltd. 4.0 The Architect Figure 5: Baharuddin Kassim along with Tunku Abdul Rahman as well as other ministers at the time of the construction period during a site inspection. (ATSA Architects, 2015) Born on the 1st October 1929, Baharuddin Kassim had not only lived through the period of British colonial and Malaysia’s Independence, but also through the eras of all of the country’s six Prime Ministers to-date. Figure 6: Baharuddin Kassim standing in front of the completed National Mosque.
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